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Pérez-Garza J, Franco-Frías E, García-Heredia A, García S, Leon JS, Jaykus LA, Heredia N. The Cantaloupe Farm Environment Has a Diverse Genetic Pool of Antibiotic-Resistance and Virulence Genes. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:469-476. [PMID: 33900863 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cantaloupes contaminated with pathogens have led to many high-profile outbreaks and illnesses. Since bacterial virulence genes (VGs) can act in tandem with antibiotic-resistance and mobile genetic elements, there is a need to evaluate these gene reservoirs in fresh produce, such as cantaloupes. The goal of this study was to assess the distribution of antibiotic-resistance, virulence, and mobile genetic elements genes (MGEGs) in cantaloupe farm environments. A total of 200 samples from cantaloupe melons (n = 99), farm workers' hands (n = 66), and production water (n = 35) were collected in México. Each sample was assayed for the presence of 14 antibiotic-resistance genes, 15 VGs, and 5 MGEGs by polymerase chain reaction. Our results indicated that tetracycline (tetA and tetB) (18% of cantaloupe, 45% of hand samples) and sulfonamide (sul1) (30% of cantaloupe, 71% of hand samples) resistance genes were frequently detected. The colistin resistance gene (mcr1) was detected in 10% of cantaloupe and 23% of farm workers' hands. Among VGs, Salmonella genes invA and spiA were the most abundant. There was a significantly higher likelihood of detecting antibiotic-resistance, virulence, and MGEGs on hands compared with water samples. These results demonstrate a diverse pool of antibiotic-resistance and VGs in cantaloupe production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeth Pérez-Garza
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de los Garza, México
| | - Eduardo Franco-Frías
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de los Garza, México
| | - Alam García-Heredia
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Santos García
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de los Garza, México
| | - Juan S Leon
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Norma Heredia
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de los Garza, México
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2
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Wang P, Pitts KB, Chen J. Efficacy of commercial overhead washing and waxing systems on the microbiological quality of fresh peaches. Food Microbiol 2021; 97:103761. [PMID: 33653531 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Overhead spray washing and waxing systems (WWS) are used commercially to reduce the risk of microbial contamination and improve the quality of fresh produce during packing. This study evaluated the microbiological quality of overhead spray water and spent peach wash water, as well as fresh peaches before and after they pass the WWS. Pre- and post-washed/waxed peach samples (n = 192) and overhead spray water and spent peach wash water samples (n = 54) were collected several times over the course of a processing day in three packing facilities located in the state of Georgia. Populations of total aerobes (TA), yeasts and molds (YM), and coliforms (TC) and the presence of thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) and enterococci (EC) were measured in collected samples. The average TA and TC counts and the incidences of TTC and EC were significantly higher (P < 0.05) on peach samples collected after the WWS compared to those collected before the WWS. Counts and incidences of TA, YM, and TC in spent peach wash water were significantly higher than in the overhead spray water where neither TTC nor EC was detected. Results suggest that the commercial washing and waxing systems had little effect in improving the microbiological quality of fresh peaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peien Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223-1797, USA
| | - Katie B Pitts
- Georgia Peach Council, P.O. Box 2133, Fort Valley, GA, 31030, USA
| | - Jinru Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223-1797, USA.
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3
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Hudson LK, Constantine-Renna L, Thomas L, Moore C, Qian X, Garman K, Dunn JR, Denes TG. Genomic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Javiana. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10256. [PMID: 33240617 PMCID: PMC7682435 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Javiana is the fourth most reported serovar of laboratory-confirmed human Salmonella infections in the U.S. and in Tennessee (TN). Although Salmonella ser. Javiana is a common cause of human infection, the majority of cases are sporadic in nature rather than outbreak-associated. To better understand Salmonella ser. Javiana microbial population structure in TN, we completed a phylogenetic analysis of 111 Salmonella ser. Javiana clinical isolates from TN collected from Jan. 2017 to Oct. 2018. We identified mobile genetic elements and genes known to confer antibiotic resistance present in the isolates, and performed a pan-genome-wide association study (pan-GWAS) to compare gene content between clades identified in this study. The population structure of TN Salmonella ser. Javiana clinical isolates consisted of three genetic clades: TN clade I (n = 54), TN clade II (n = 4), and TN clade III (n = 48). Using a 5, 10, and 25 hqSNP distance threshold for cluster identification, nine, 12, and 10 potential epidemiologically-relevant clusters were identified, respectively. The majority of genes that were found to be over-represented in specific clades were located in mobile genetic element (MGE) regions, including genes encoding integrases and phage structures (91.5%). Additionally, a large portion of the over-represented genes from TN clade II (44.9%) were located on an 87.5 kb plasmid containing genes encoding a toxin/antitoxin system (ccdAB). Additionally, we completed phylogenetic analyses of global Salmonella ser. Javiana datasets to gain a broader insight into the population structure of this serovar. We found that the global phylogeny consisted of three major clades (one of which all of the TN isolates belonged to) and two cgMLST eBurstGroups (ceBGs) and that the branch length between the two Salmonella ser. Javiana ceBGs (1,423 allelic differences) was comparable to those from other serovars that have been reported as polyphyletic (929–2,850 allelic differences). This study demonstrates the population structure of TN and global Salmonella ser. Javiana isolates, a clinically important Salmonella serovar and can provide guidance for phylogenetic cluster analyses for public health surveillance and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Hudson
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | | | - Linda Thomas
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Christina Moore
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Xiaorong Qian
- Division of Laboratory Services, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Katie Garman
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - John R Dunn
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Thomas G Denes
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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4
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Ruiz-Llacsahuanga B, Hamilton A, Zaches R, Hanrahan I, Critzer F. Utility of rapid tests to assess the prevalence of indicator organisms (Aerobic plate count, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Listeria spp.) in apple packinghouses. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108949. [PMID: 33220648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The 2014 listeriosis outbreak caused by caramel-coated apples was linked to apples cross-contaminated within an apple packing facility. This outbreak has increased the focus on effective cleaning and sanitation methods that must be validated and monitored during apple packing. Thus, rapid and reliable testing methods are necessary for assessing cleanliness in the apple packing industry. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of common indicator organisms [Aerobic plate count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Listeria spp.] on food contact surfaces (zone 1) in apple packinghouses and to evaluate the utility and accuracy of currently used rapid tests (ATP and glucose/lactose residue swabs). Food contact surfaces were sampled over a 100 cm2 area in five commercial apple packinghouses to evaluate populations of indicator organisms APC, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, E. coli (n = 741), and rapid test readings (n = 659). Petrifilm plates were used for the quantification of APC, Enterobacteriaceae, and coliform/E. coli. Rapid tests [ATP swabs (UltraSnap) and glucose/lactose residue swabs (SpotCheck Plus)] were processed on-site. A larger area (0.93 m2) was sampled for the detection of Listeria spp. (n = 747), following a modified protocol of the FDA's Bacteriological Analytical Manual method, and confirmed with PCR and gel electrophoresis via the iap gene. No significant association was found between either rapid test and populations of APC, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, E. coli, and Listeria spp. detection. However, recovery of APC (log CFU/100 cm2) was higher with a failed glucose/lactose residue swab surface hygiene result (3.1) than a passed result (2.9) (p = 0.03). Populations of APC, Enterobacteriaceae, and coliforms were significantly different at each unit operation during the packing process (p ≤ 0.05). This study concluded that ATP and glucose/lactose residue rapid tests were poorly suited for determining microbial load since they were not related to populations of any common indicator organisms or the detection of Listeria spp. These findings emphasize the need to utilize a rapid test, which can be a good indicator of residual matter on a surface, along with traditional microbiological methods to assess cleaning and sanitation practices in apple packinghouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Ruiz-Llacsahuanga
- School of Food Science, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Alexis Hamilton
- School of Food Science, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Robyn Zaches
- School of Food Science, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Ines Hanrahan
- Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, 1719 Springwater Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Faith Critzer
- School of Food Science, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA.
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5
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The Role of Pathogenic E. coli in Fresh Vegetables: Behavior, Contamination Factors, and Preventive Measures. Int J Microbiol 2019; 2019:2894328. [PMID: 31885595 PMCID: PMC6899298 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2894328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many raw vegetables, such as tomato, chili, onion, lettuce, arugula, spinach, and cilantro, are incorporated into fresh dishes including ready-to-eat salads and sauces. The consumption of these foods confers a high nutritional value to the human diet. However, the number of foodborne outbreaks associated with fresh produce has been increasing, with Escherichia coli being the most common pathogen associated with them. In humans, pathogenic E. coli strains cause diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and other indications. Vegetables can be contaminated with E. coli at any point from pre- to postharvest. This bacterium is able to survive in many environmental conditions due to a variety of mechanisms, such as adhesion to surfaces and internalization in fresh products, thereby limiting the usefulness of conventional processing and chemical sanitizing methods used by the food industry. The aim of this review is to provide a general description of the behavior and importance of pathogenic E. coli in ready-to-eat vegetable dishes. This information can contribute to the development of effective control measures for enhancing food safety.
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6
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V T Nair D, Venkitanarayanan K, Kollanoor Johny A. Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella in the Food Supply and the Potential Role of Antibiotic Alternatives for Control. Foods 2018; 7:E167. [PMID: 30314348 PMCID: PMC6210005 DOI: 10.3390/foods7100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is one of the most ubiquitous enteropathogenic bacterial species on earth, and comprises more than 2500 serovars. Widely known for causing non-typhoidal foodborne infections (95%), and enteric (typhoid) fever in humans, Salmonella colonizes almost all warm- and cold-blooded animals, in addition to its extra-animal environmental strongholds. The last few decades have witnessed the emergence of highly virulent and antibiotic-resistant Salmonella, causing greater morbidity and mortality in humans. The emergence of several Salmonella serotypes resistant to multiple antibiotics in food animals underscores a significant food safety hazard. In this review, we discuss the various antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serotypes in food animals and the food supply, factors that contributed to their emergence, their antibiotic resistance mechanisms, the public health implications of their spread through the food supply, and the potential antibiotic alternatives for controlling them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divek V T Nair
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA.
| | | | - Anup Kollanoor Johny
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA.
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7
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Verma P, Saharan VV, Nimesh S, Singh AP. Phenotypic and virulence traits of Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains isolated from vegetables and fruits from India. J Appl Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29512849 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study was designed to assess the phenotypic traits and virulence determinants of vegetable-/fruit-origin Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 520 fresh vegetables/fruits samples were analysed for the presence of E. coli, including Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), and Salmonella. The vegetable-/fruit-origin E. coli and Salmonella strains were further assessed for antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, extracellular matrix production and in vitro invasion/intracellular survivability assays. A total of 73 E. coli, including four STEC, and 26 Salmonella strains were recovered from vegetables/fruits in the present study. Most of the E. coli and Salmonella isolates were able to form biofilm with higher production of cellulose/curli-fimbriae. Furthermore, more resistance was observed in E. coli isolates (61·6%) than in Salmonella isolates (38·5%) against tested antimicrobials. Additionally, invasion/intracellular survival results showed that majority of the E. coli and Salmonella isolates were able to efficiently invade/replicate intracellularly in the human epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that vegetable-/fruit-origin E. coli and Salmonella significantly exhibited distinct phenotypic/virulence traits which could be linked to their plant-associated lifestyle with food safety issues. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The present study provides valuable baseline information that E. coli and Salmonella may use plants as an alternative host with significant clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Verma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - V V Saharan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - S Nimesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - A P Singh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
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8
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Macarisin D, Wooten A, De Jesus A, Hur M, Bae S, Patel J, Evans P, Brown E, Hammack T, Chen Y. Internalization of Listeria monocytogenes in cantaloupes during dump tank washing and hydrocooling. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 257:165-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Newman KL, Bartz FE, Johnston L, Moe CL, Jaykus LA, Leon JS. Microbial Load of Fresh Produce and Paired Equipment Surfaces in Packing Facilities Near the U.S. and Mexico Border. J Food Prot 2017; 80:582-589. [PMID: 28271928 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several produce-associated outbreaks have been linked to the packing facility. Equipment surfaces may be an important source of contamination. The goal was to assess whether the microbial load of packing facility surfaces is associated with the microbial load of produce. From November 2000 to December 2003, 487 matched produce (14 types) and equipment surfaces (six production steps) were sampled from eight packing facilities in the United States near the border with Mexico and enumerated for aerobic plate counts (APC), Escherichia coli , Enterococcus, and coliforms. Bivariate correlations were assessed by Spearman's ρ, and adjusted associations were assessed by multilevel mixed linear regression models. In general, the microbial load both increased and decreased on produce (0.2 to 1.0 log CFU/g) and equipment surfaces (0.5 to 3.0 log CFU/cm2) across production steps. Equipment surface and produce microbial loads were correlated, but correlations varied from none to high depending on the equipment surface. For example, significant correlations (P < 0.01) included APC (ρ = 0.386) and Enterococcus (ρ = 0.562) with the harvest bin, E. coli (ρ = 0.372) and Enterococcus (ρ = 0.355) with the merry-go-round, Enterococcus (ρ = 0.679) with rinse cycle equipment, APC (ρ = 0.542) with the conveyer belt, and for all indicators with the packing box (ρ = 0.310 to 0.657). After controlling for crop type, sample replicate group, and sample location, there were significant positive associations between the log concentration of Enterococcus on produce and the harvest bin (β = 0.259, P < 0.01) and the rinse cycle (β = 0.010, P = 0.01), and between the log concentration of all indicators on produce and the packing box (β = 0.155 to 0.500, all P < 0.01). These statistically significant associations between microbial loads on packing facility surfaces and fresh produce confirm the importance of packing facility sanitation to protect produce quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L Newman
- 1 Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322; and
| | - Faith E Bartz
- 1 Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322; and
| | - Lynette Johnston
- 2 North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624, USA
| | - Christine L Moe
- 1 Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322; and
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- 2 North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624, USA
| | - Juan S Leon
- 1 Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322; and
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10
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Gomba A, Chidamba L, Korsten L. Viable microbial loads on citrus carpoplane during packhouse processing and survival of foodborne pathogens in reconstituted postharvest fungicides. J Food Saf 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gomba
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences; University of Pretoria; Hatfield 0028 South Africa
| | - L. Chidamba
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences; University of Pretoria; Hatfield 0028 South Africa
| | - L. Korsten
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences; University of Pretoria; Hatfield 0028 South Africa
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11
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Duvenage S, Korsten L. Effect of Temperature and Nutrient Concentration on Survival of Foodborne Pathogens in Deciduous Fruit Processing Environments for Effective Hygiene Management. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1959-1964. [PMID: 28221909 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Temperature and good sanitation practices are important factors for controlling growth of microorganisms. Fresh produce is stored at various temperatures to ensure quality and to prolong shelf life. When foodborne pathogens survive and grow on fresh produce at storage temperatures, then additional control strategies are needed to inactivate these pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine how temperatures associated with deciduous fruit processing and storage facilities (0.5, 4, and 21°C) affect the growth and/or survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes , Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus under different nutrient conditions (nutrient rich and nutrient poor) and on simulated contact surfaces (vinyl coupons). Information on the growth and survival of foodborne pathogens at specific deciduous fruit processing and storage temperatures (0.5°C) is not available. All pathogens except E. coli O157:H7 were able to survive on vinyl coupons at all temperatures. L. monocytogenes proliferated under both nutrient conditions independent of temperature. S. aureus was the pathogen least affected by nutrient conditions. The survival of foodborne pathogens on the vinyl coupons, a model system for studying surfaces in fruit preparation and storage environments, indicates the potential for cross-contamination of deciduous fruit products under poor sanitation conditions. Foodborne pathogens that can proliferate and survive at various temperatures under different nutrient conditions could lead to fruit cross-contamination. Temperature mismanagement, which could allow pathogen proliferation in contaminated fruit packing houses and storage environments, is a concern. Therefore, proper hygiene and sanitation practices, removal of possible contaminants, and proper food safety management systems are needed to ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Duvenage
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa 0001
| | - Lise Korsten
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa 0001
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12
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Gomba A, Chidamba L, Korsten L. Prevalence and serovar diversity of Salmonella spp. in primary horticultural fruit production environments. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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Gomba A, Chidamba L, Korsten L. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles ofSalmonellaspp. from Agricultural Environments in Fruit Production Systems. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:495-501. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annancietar Gomba
- Department of Plant Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Well-Being, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Lizyben Chidamba
- Department of Plant Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Well-Being, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Lise Korsten
- Department of Plant Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Well-Being, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
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14
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Heredia N, Caballero C, Cárdenas C, Molina K, García R, Solís L, Burrowes V, Bartz FE, de Aceituno AF, Jaykus LA, García S, Leon J. Microbial Indicator Profiling of Fresh Produce and Environmental Samples from Farms and Packing Facilities in Northern Mexico. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1197-209. [PMID: 27357040 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To compare microbiological indicator and pathogen contamination among different types of fresh produce and environmental samples along the production chain, 636 samples of produce (rinsates from cantaloupe melons, jalapeño peppers, and tomatoes) and environmental samples (rinsates from hands of workers, soil, and water) were collected at four successive steps in the production process (from the field before harvest through the packing facility) on 11 farms in northern Mexico during 2011 and 2012. Samples were assayed for enteric pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7, other Shiga toxigenic E. coli, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes) and microbial indicators (coliforms, other E. coli strains, and Enterococcus spp.). Salmonella was the only pathogen detected; it was found in one preharvest jalapeño sample (detection limits: 0.0033 CFU/ml in produce and hand samples, 0.0013 CFU/ml in water, and 0.04 CFU/g in soil). Microbial indicator profiles for produce, worker hands, and soil from jalapeño and tomato farms were similar, but cantaloupe farm samples had higher indicator levels (P < 0.05 for all comparisons) on fruit (6.5, 2.8, and 7.2 log CFU per fruit) and hands (6.6, 3.1, and 7.1 log CFU per hand) for coliforms, E. coli, and Enterococcus, respectively, and lower E. coli levels in soil (<1 CFU/g). In water from tomato farms, E. coli indicators were significantly more prevalent (70 to 89% of samples were positive; P = 0.01 to 0.02), and geometric mean levels were higher (0.3 to 0.6 log CFU/100 ml) than those in cantaloupe farm water (32 to 38% of samples were positive, geometric mean <1 CFU/100 ml). Microbial indicators were present during all production steps, but prevalence and levels were generally highest at the final on-farm production step (the packing facility) (P < 0.03 for significant comparisons). The finding that microbial contamination on produce farms is influenced by produce type and production step can inform the design of effective approaches to mitigate microbial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Heredia
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Léon, Apostado Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, Nuevo Léon 66451, México
| | - Cindy Caballero
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Léon, Apostado Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, Nuevo Léon 66451, México
| | - Carmen Cárdenas
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apostado Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, Nuevo León 66451, México
| | - Karina Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apostado Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, Nuevo León 66451, México
| | - Rafael García
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apostado Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, Nuevo León 66451, México
| | - Luisa Solís
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apostado Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, Nuevo León 66451, México
| | - Vanessa Burrowes
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Faith E Bartz
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
| | - Anna Fabiszewski de Aceituno
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 339-A Schaub Hall, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Santos García
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apostado Postal 124-F, San Nicolás, Nuevo León 66451, México
| | - Juan Leon
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Partyka ML, Bond RF, Chase JA, Kiger L, Atwill ER. Multistate Evaluation of Microbial Water and Sediment Quality from Agricultural Recovery Basins. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:657-665. [PMID: 27065413 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.06.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural recovery basins are an important conservation practice designed to provide temporary storage of sediment and water on farms before low-volume discharge. However, food safety concerns have been raised regarding redistribution of captured sediment and water to fields used for human food production. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential microbiological risk that recovery basins may contribute to nearby produce fields and to evaluate characteristics that may influence or mitigate those risks. Water and sediment samples were collected from participating farms in three states and evaluated for bacterial indicators and pathogens over several months. Overall, 45% ( = 48) of water samples and less than 15% ( = 13) of sediment samples were positive for spp. In water samples, the occurrence of was positively associated with the use of surface water as a source of irrigation compared with groundwater as well as log-scale increases in concentration. In sediment samples, was associated with basin location (region) and basin fill levels. Sediment exposed to drying during dewatering had lower concentrations of indicator and a lower proportion of positives than submerged sediment from the same pond. Surrounding landscape characteristics, including vegetative coverage, proximity to livestock operations, and evidence of wildlife, were not correlated with pathogen occurrence in either sediment or water samples, suggesting that although habitat surrounding ponds may be an attractant to wildlife, those features may not contribute to increased pathogen occurrence in agricultural recovery basins.
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Marcela SB, Nohelia CDC, Juan CS, Roberto AB, Cristobal C. Prevalence of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and coliforms on bell peppers from the field to the packing house process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2014.7341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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17
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Gelting RJ, Baloch MA, Zarate-Bermudez M, Hajmeer MN, Yee JC, Brown T, Yee BJ. A systems analysis of irrigation water quality in an environmental assessment of an E. coli O157:H7 outbreak in the United States linked to iceberg lettuce. AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT 2015; 150:11-118. [PMID: 35923433 PMCID: PMC9345567 DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A foodborne Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak in December 2006 included 77 illnesses reported in Iowa and Minnesota. Epidemiologic investigations by health departments in those states and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified shredded iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as the vehicle of transmission. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Minnesota and California public health agencies traced the lettuce to several growing regions in California based on information from a lettuce processor in Minnesota. Samples from an environmental investigation initiated by the California Food Emergency Response Team (CalFERT) revealed a genetic match between the outbreak strain and environmental samples from a single farm, leading to an in-depth systems-based analysis of the irrigation water system on that farm. This paper presents findings from that systems-based analysis, which assessed conditions on the farm potentially contributing to contamination of the lettuce. The farm had three sources of irrigation water: groundwater from onsite wells, surface water delivered by a water management agency and effluent from wastewater lagoons on nearby dairy farms. Wastewater effluent was blended with the other sources and used only to irrigate animal feed crops. However, water management on the farm, including control of wastewater blending, appeared to create potential for cross-contamination. Pressure gradients and lack of backflow measures in the irrigation system might have created conditions for cross-contamination of water used to irrigate lettuce. The irrigation network on the farm had evolved over time to meet various needs, without an overall analysis of how that evolution potentially created vulnerabilities to contamination of irrigation water. The type of systems analysis described here is one method for helping to ensure that such vulnerabilities are identified and addressed. A preventive, risk-based management approach, such as the Water Safety Plan process for drinking water, may also be useful in managing irrigation water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Gelting
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Health Systems Reconstruction Team, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F-57, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Mansoor A. Baloch
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Environmental Health Services Branch, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F-58, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Max Zarate-Bermudez
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Environmental Health Services Branch, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F-58, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Maha N. Hajmeer
- California Department of Public Health, Food and Drug Branch, 1500 Capitol Ave, MS 7602, Sacramento, CA 95899-7435, USA
| | - J. Christopher Yee
- Food and Drug Administration, Pacific Region, 1301 Clay St., Suite 1180N, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Teresa Brown
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1412 Circle Drive, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Benson J. Yee
- California Department of Public Health, Food and Drug Branch, 1500 Capitol Ave, MS 7602, Sacramento, CA 95899-7435, USA
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The growing season, but not the farming system, is a food safety risk determinant for leafy greens in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2395-407. [PMID: 25616798 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00051-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small- and medium-size farms in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States use varied agricultural practices to produce leafy greens during spring and fall, but the impact of preharvest practices on food safety risk remains unclear. To assess farm-level risk factors, bacterial indicators, Salmonella enterica, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from 32 organic and conventional farms were analyzed. A total of 577 leafy greens, irrigation water, compost, field soil, and pond sediment samples were collected. Salmonella was recovered from 2.2% of leafy greens (n = 369) and 7.7% of sediment (n = 13) samples. There was an association between Salmonella recovery and growing season (fall versus spring) (P = 0.006) but not farming system (organic or conventional) (P = 0.920) or region (P = 0.991). No STEC was isolated. In all, 10% of samples were positive for E. coli: 6% of leafy greens, 18% of irrigation water, 10% of soil, 38% of sediment, and 27% of compost samples. Farming system was not a significant factor for levels of E. coli or aerobic mesophiles on leafy greens but was a significant factor for total coliforms (TC) (P < 0.001), with higher counts from organic farm samples. Growing season was a factor for aerobic mesophiles on leafy greens (P = 0.004), with higher levels in fall than in spring. Water source was a factor for all indicator bacteria (P < 0.001), and end-of-line groundwater had marginally higher TC counts than source samples (P = 0.059). Overall, the data suggest that seasonal events, weather conditions, and proximity of compost piles might be important factors contributing to microbial contamination on farms growing leafy greens.
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Holvoet K, Sampers I, Callens B, Dewulf J, Uyttendaele M. Moderate prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from lettuce, irrigation water, and soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6677-83. [PMID: 23974140 PMCID: PMC3811515 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01995-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fresh produce is known to carry nonpathogenic epiphytic microorganisms. During agricultural production and harvesting, leafy greens can become contaminated with antibiotic-resistant pathogens or commensals from animal and human sources. As lettuce does not undergo any inactivation or preservation treatment during processing, consumers may be exposed directly to all of the (resistant) bacteria present. In this study, we investigated whether lettuce or its production environment (irrigation water, soil) is able to act as a vector or reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli. Over a 1-year period, eight lettuce farms were visited multiple times and 738 samples, including lettuce seedlings (leaves and soil), soil, irrigation water, and lettuce leaves were collected. From these samples, 473 isolates of Escherichia coli were obtained and tested for resistance to 14 antimicrobials. Fifty-four isolates (11.4%) were resistant to one or more antimicrobials. The highest resistance rate was observed for ampicillin (7%), followed by cephalothin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and streptomycin, with resistance rates between 4.4 and 3.6%. No resistance to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, or kanamycin was observed. One isolate was resistant to cefotaxime. Among the multiresistant isolates (n = 37), ampicillin and cephalothin showed the highest resistance rates, at 76 and 52%, respectively. E. coli isolates from lettuce showed higher resistance rates than E. coli isolates obtained from soil or irrigation water samples. When the presence of resistance in E. coli isolates from lettuce production sites and their resistance patterns were compared with the profiles of animal-derived E. coli strains, they were found to be the most comparable with what is found in the cattle reservoir. This may suggest that cattle are a potential reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli strains in plant primary production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Holvoet
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Imca Sampers
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Callens
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Pedroso AA, Hurley-Bacon AL, Zedek AS, Kwan TW, Jordan APO, Avellaneda G, Hofacre CL, Oakley BB, Collett SR, Maurer JJ, Lee MD. Can probiotics improve the environmental microbiome and resistome of commercial poultry production? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:4534-59. [PMID: 24071920 PMCID: PMC3823317 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10104534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Food animal production systems have become more consolidated and integrated, producing large, concentrated animal populations and significant amounts of fecal waste. Increasing use of manure and litter as a more "natural" and affordable source of fertilizer may be contributing to contamination of fruits and vegetables with foodborne pathogens. In addition, human and animal manure have been identified as a significant source of antibiotic resistance genes thereby serving as a disseminator of resistance to soil and waterways. Therefore, identifying methods to remediate human and animal waste is critical in developing strategies to improve food safety and minimize the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria. In this study, we sought to determine whether withdrawing antibiotic growth promoters or using alternatives to antibiotics would reduce the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes or prevalence of pathogens in poultry litter. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) paired with high throughput sequencing was used to evaluate the bacterial community composition of litter from broiler chickens that were treated with streptogramin growth-promoting antibiotics, probiotics, or prebiotics. The prevalence of resistance genes and pathogens was determined from sequencing results or PCR screens of litter community DNA. Streptogramin antibiotic usage did not elicit statistically significant differences in Shannon diversity indices or correlation coefficients among the flocks. However, T-RFLP revealed that there were inter-farm differences in the litter composition that was independent of antibiotic usage. The litter from all farms, regardless of antibiotic usage, contained streptogramin resistance genes (vatA, vatB, and vatE), macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance genes (ermA and ermB), the tetracycline resistance gene tetM and class 1 integrons. There was inter-farm variability in the distribution of vatA and vatE with no statistically significant differences with regards to usage. Bacterial diversity was higher in litter when probiotics or prebiotics were administered to flocks but as the litter aged, diversity decreased. No statistically significant differences were detected in the abundance of class 1 integrons where 3%-5% of the community was estimated to harbor a copy. Abundance of pathogenic Clostridium species increased in aging litter despite the treatment while the abundance of tetracycline-resistant coliforms was unaffected by treatment. However some treatments decreased the prevalence of Salmonella. These findings suggest that withdrawing antibiotics or administering alternatives to antibiotics can change the litter bacterial community and reduce the prevalence of some pathogenic bacteria, but may not immediately impact the prevalence of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana A. Pedroso
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center/Center for Food Safety, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.P.); (T.W.K.); (C.L.H.); (S.R.C.); (J.J.M.)
| | | | | | - Tiffany W. Kwan
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center/Center for Food Safety, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.P.); (T.W.K.); (C.L.H.); (S.R.C.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Andrea P. O. Jordan
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Gloria Avellaneda
- Loehmann Animal Health International, Waterville, ME 0491, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Charles L. Hofacre
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center/Center for Food Safety, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.P.); (T.W.K.); (C.L.H.); (S.R.C.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Brian B. Oakley
- Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, South Atlantic Area, Athens, GA 30605, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Stephen R. Collett
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center/Center for Food Safety, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.P.); (T.W.K.); (C.L.H.); (S.R.C.); (J.J.M.)
| | - John J. Maurer
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center/Center for Food Safety, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.P.); (T.W.K.); (C.L.H.); (S.R.C.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Margie D. Lee
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center/Center for Food Safety, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.P.); (T.W.K.); (C.L.H.); (S.R.C.); (J.J.M.)
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21
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Fecal shedding of zoonotic food-borne pathogens by wild rodents in a major agricultural region of the central California coast. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6337-44. [PMID: 23934490 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01503-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of food-borne illness associated with the consumption of produce have increased concern over wildlife reservoirs of food-borne pathogens. Wild rodents are ubiquitous, and those living close to agricultural farms may pose a food safety risk should they shed zoonotic microorganisms in their feces near or on agricultural commodities. Fecal samples from wild rodents trapped on 13 agricultural farms (9 produce, 3 cow-calf operations, and 1 beef cattle feedlot) in Monterey and San Benito Counties, CA, were screened to determine the prevalence and risk factors for shedding of several food-borne pathogens. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were the most abundant rodent species trapped (72.5%). Cryptosporidium species (26.0%) and Giardia species (24.2%) were the predominant isolates from rodent feces, followed by Salmonella enterica serovars (2.9%) and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (0.2%). Rodent trap success was significantly associated with detection of Salmonella in rodent feces, while farm type was associated with fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Seasonal shedding patterns were evident, with rodents trapped during the spring and summer months being significantly less likely to be shedding Cryptosporidium oocysts than those trapped during autumn. Higher rodent species diversity tended to correlate with lower fecal microbial prevalence, and most spatiotemporal pathogen clusters involved deer mice. Rodents in the study area posed a minimal risk as environmental reservoirs of E. coli O157:H7, but they may play a role in environmental dissemination of Salmonella and protozoa. Rodent control efforts that potentially reduce biodiversity may increase pathogen shedding, possibly through promotion of intraspecific microbial transmission.
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22
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Benjamin L, Atwill ER, Jay-Russell M, Cooley M, Carychao D, Gorski L, Mandrell RE. Occurrence of generic Escherichia coli, E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. in water and sediment from leafy green produce farms and streams on the Central California coast. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 165:65-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Lopez-Velasco G, Tomas-Callejas A, Diribsa D, Wei P, Suslow T. Growth of Salmonella enterica
in foliar pesticide solutions and its survival during field production and postharvest handling of fresh market tomato. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1547-58. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Lopez-Velasco
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - A. Tomas-Callejas
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - D. Diribsa
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - P. Wei
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - T.V. Suslow
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of California; Davis CA USA
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Singh G, Vajpayee P, Rani N, Jyoti A, Gupta KC, Shanker R. Bio-capture of S. Typhimurium from surface water by aptamer for culture-free quantification. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 78:320-326. [PMID: 22226327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a DNA aptamer was used to bio-capture Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium from surface water collected from highly endemic zone prior to culture-free detection through Molecular-Beacon based real-time PCR assay targeting invA gene. The assay could detect S. Typhimurium cells (1 CFU/PCR or 100 CFU/ml) selectively captured by serovar specific DNA aptamer. The observations indicate that all the water samples (n=40) collected from the river Gomti were contaminated by S. Typhimurium (31400-1 × 10(7) CFU/100 ml). The pre-analytical step in the form of serovar specific DNA aptamer based bio-capture of the bacterial cell was found to enhance the sensitivity of the florescent probe based real-time PCR assay during detection of S. Typhimurium in environmental samples exhibiting natural PCR inhibitors and high background bacterial flora. The assay could be used for the regular monitoring of surface waters for forecasting and management of non-typhoidal Salmonellosis in south Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshan Singh
- Environmental Microbiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India
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25
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Levantesi C, Bonadonna L, Briancesco R, Grohmann E, Toze S, Tandoi V. Salmonella in surface and drinking water: Occurrence and water-mediated transmission. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Pathogen-produce pair attribution risk ranking tool to prioritize fresh produce commodity and pathogen combinations for further evaluation (P3ARRT). Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Jyoti A, Vajpayee P, Singh G, Patel CB, Gupta KC, Shanker R. Identification of environmental reservoirs of nontyphoidal salmonellosis: aptamer-assisted bioconcentration and subsequent detection of salmonella typhimurium by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:8996-9002. [PMID: 21875107 DOI: 10.1021/es2018994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, identification of environmental reservoirs of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (abbreviated as Salmonella Typhimurium) in sediments, water, and aquatic flora collected from the Ganges River (Ganges riverine material) was carried out by adopting a two-step strategy. Step 1 comprised a selective serovar-specific capture of Salmonella Typhimurium from potential reservoirs. Step 2 involved culture-free detection of selectively captured Salmonella Typhimurium by ttr gene-specific molecular beacon (MB) based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). The ttr gene-specific MB designed in this study could detect 1 colony-forming unit (cfu)/PCR captured by serovar-specific DNA aptamer. Sediments, water, and aquatic flora collected from the Ganges River were highly contaminated with Salmonella Typhimurium. The preanalytical step in the form of serovar-specific DNA aptamer-based biocapture of bacterial cells was found to enhance the sensitivity of the fluorescent probe in the presence of nonspecific DNA . Information about the presence of environmental reservoirs of Salmonella Typhimurium in the Ganges River region may pave the way for forecasting and management of nontyphoidal salmonellosis in south Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Jyoti
- Environmental Microbiology, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Uttar Pradesh, India
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28
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Gortáres-Moroyoqui P, Castro-Espinoza L, Naranjo JE, Karpiscak MM, Freitas RJ, Gerba CP. Microbiological water quality in a large irrigation system: El Valle del Yaqui, Sonora México. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:1708-1712. [PMID: 22175874 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.623968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to determine the microbial water quality of a large irrigation system and how this quality varies with respect to canal size, impact of near-by communities, and the travel distance from the source in the El Valle del Yaqui, Sonora, México. In this arid region, 220,000 hectares are irrigated with 80% of the irrigation water being supplied from an extensive irrigation system including three dams on the Yaqui River watershed. The stored water flows to the irrigated fields through two main canal systems (severing the upper and lower Yaqui Valley) and then through smaller lateral canals that deliver the water to the fields. A total of 146 irrigation water samples were collected from 52 sample sites during three sampling events. Not all sites could be accessed on each occasion. All of the samples contained coliform bacteria ranging from 1,140 to 68,670 MPN/100 mL with an arithmetic mean of 11,416. Ninety-eight percent of the samples contained less than 1,000 MPN/100 mL Escherichia coli, with an arithmetic mean of 291 MPN/100 mL. Coliphage were detected in less than 30% of the samples with an arithmetic average equal to 141 PFU/100 mL. Enteroviruses, Cryptosporidium oocysts, and Giardia cysts were also detected in the canal systems. No significant difference was found in the water quality due to canal system (upper or lower Yaqui Valley), canal-size (main vs. lateral), distance from source, and the vicinity of human habitation (presence of various villages and towns along the length of the canals). There was a significant decrease in coliforms (p < 0.011) and E. coli (< 0.022) concentrations as travel distance increased from the City of Obregón.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gortáres-Moroyoqui
- Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y del Medio Ambiente, Dirección de Recursos Naturales, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Sonora , México
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Singh G, Vajpayee P, Ram S, Shanker R. Environmental reservoirs for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in south Asian Gangetic riverine system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:6475-6480. [PMID: 20704250 DOI: 10.1021/es1004208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Forecasting diarrheagenic E. coli contamination of aquatic resources to prevent outbreaks largely depends on rapid and accurate diagnostic testing in a few hours. Real-time PCR is widely used for quick culture-free quantitative enumeration of pathogenic bacteria in environmental samples. In this study, real-time PCR in molecular beacon format was used for detection and culture-free quantitative enumeration of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) harboring LT1 gene in a sewage-impacted south Asian Gangetic riverine system. The quantitative budget for ETEC in surface water was observed to vary significantly (DMRT, p < 0.05) among the sites. Aquatic flora (Eichhornia crassipes, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton pectinatus, Ranunculus sceleratus, Polygonum glabrum, Pontederia cordata, Najas indica and strands of Spirogyra spp.) collected between sites 1 and 9 exhibited significant high levels of ETEC in comparison to their representatives collected from pristine area. The level of ETEC harboring LT1 gene observed in leafy vegetables cultivated along the banks was in the following order: mint leaves > coriander > spinach > methi leaves. The study suggests that the aquatic flora and cultivated leafy vegetables in the south Asian Gangetic riverine system are environmental reservoirs for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshan Singh
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (C.S.I.R.), Post Box No. 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg Lucknow -226001, U.P., India
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Alakomi HL, Saarela M. Salmonellaimportance and current status of detection and surveillance methods. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-837x.2009.00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu L, Tan S, Jun W, Smith A, Meng J, Bhagwat AA. Osmoregulated periplasmic glucans are needed for competitive growth and biofilm formation bySalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium in leafy-green vegetable wash waters and colonization in mice. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 292:13-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Izumi H, Hisa K, Murakami Y. Sanitation and Microbiological Quality in Production Field and Fruit-Packing Shed of Persimmon and Satsuma Mandarin in Japan. Microbiol Insights 2008. [DOI: 10.4137/mbi.s868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of sanitation treatments including chlorination (ca 10 ppm available chlorine) of agricultural water and ethyl alcohol (70%) spraying on packing shed equipment on microbial contamination on fruits and the environment were determined and compared with those in conventionally managed field and packing shed in persimmon and satsuma mandarin orchards. Chlorinated water reduced the microbial counts to levels below the lower limit of detection (1.4 log CFU/ml for bacteria and 2.0 log CFU/ml for fungi) in most agricultural water samples. Microbial counts of pesticide solution, which contained the agricultural water or chlorinated water for the mixture, were lower in sanitary field than in control field in both fruit orchards. The number of bacterial and mold species detected in agricultural water, chlorinated water, and pesticide solution were almost proportional to microbial counts in each sample throughout the year. The chlorination treatment of agricultural water tended to reduce the counts of mesophiles and fungi on the peel of persimmon fruit during production season. The ethyl alcohol spray treatment on packing shed equipment resulted in a substantial microbial reduction on plastic harvest basket and container in persimmon orchard and plastic harvest basket and container, gloves, scissors, and size sorter in satsuma mandarin orchard. The spray application on packing shed equipment reduced the counts of mesophiles and fungi on the peel of persimmon fruit by >1 log CFU/g. The number of satsuma mandarin packing shed equipment containing the species found on fruit peel was higher in control than in sanitary packing shed. No human pathogens such as verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella were detected in any of the fruit and environmental samples. These results indicate that uses of sanitizers such as chlorine for agricultural water and ethyl alcohol for packing shed equipment would be useful in a good agricultural practices program of persimmons and satsuma mandarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemi Izumi
- School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hisa
- BML Food Science Solutions, Inc., 2-51-13 Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-0014, Japan
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Yukari Murakami
- School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
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Izumi H, Poubol J, Hisa K, Sera K. Potential sources of microbial contamination of satsuma mandarin fruit in Japan, from production through packing shed. J Food Prot 2008; 71:530-8. [PMID: 18389696 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.3.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Potential sources of microbial contamination of satsuma mandarin fruit were investigated from production through the packing shed in the 2005 season. Microbial counts in the peel and flesh during the fruit development stage were below 2.4 log CFU/g for bacteria and 3 log CFU/g for fungi, except for the peel in August and September. In the field environment, the highest microbial counts were found in fallen leaves on the ground, followed by soil, organic fertilizer, and agricultural water. Only the pesticide solution collected in July was positive for Salmonella, while no verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli was detected from any of the samples. The bacterial and mold flora in the peel comprised phytopathogenic organisms such as bacteria genus Pantoea and mold genus Mycosphaerella and soilborne organisms such as bacteria genus Bacillus and mold genus Cladosporium, which were found in soil, fallen leaves, agricultural water, and cloth mulch throughout the production season. After fruit harvest and sorting, microbial counts of the peel increased, while those of the flesh remained below the lower limit of detection. Although some of the preharvest sources could also be postharvest sources, some packing shed equipment was assumed to be postharvest sources, because Bacillus cereus was not identified from the fruit in the production field but was detected on the peel after sorting and on equipment such as gloves, plastic harvest basket, and size sorter. These results suggest that using sanitizers for agricultural water and packing sheds to prevent cross-contamination would be useful in a good agricultural practices program of the satsuma mandarin in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemi Izumi
- School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.
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Izumi H, Tsukada Y, Poubol J, Hisa K. On-farm sources of microbial contamination of persimmon fruit in Japan. J Food Prot 2008; 71:52-9. [PMID: 18236662 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Potential sources of microbial contamination for persimmon fruit during growing and harvesting in the 2005 season were investigated to provide a baseline to design the good agricultural practices program for persimmons in Japan. Microbial counts in the peel of persimmon fruit during production season were close to or below 2.4 log CFU/g for bacteria and 3.0 log CFU/g for fungi but were above these values on harvested fruit. The counts in the flesh were below the detection level with all fruit. Bacteria and molds isolated from peel and flesh of persimmons during growing were phytopathogenic and soilborne organisms such as bacteria genera Enterobacter and Bacillus and mold genera Fusarium and Cladosporium, which were found in soil, weeds, agricultural water, and pesticide solution throughout the production season. The agricultural water was one of the most important potential preharvest sources, because Escherichia coli O157:H7 was identified from agricultural water in May, and Salmonella was detected in agricultural water, pesticide solution containing the agricultural water for the mixture, and soil after application of the pesticide solution in June. Neither of the two pathogenic bacteria was detected in any of the fruit samples. Microbial counts and diversity in the peel of persimmons at harvest increased after contact with plastic harvest basket and container, which could be sources of contamination during harvesting. Therefore, monitoring and management on-farm should focus on agricultural water and harvest equipment as important control points to reduce microbial contamination on persimmons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemi Izumi
- School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.
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Arthur L, Jones S, Fabri M, Odumeru J. Microbial survey of selected Ontario-grown fresh fruits and vegetables. J Food Prot 2007; 70:2864-7. [PMID: 18095445 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.12.2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent produce-related outbreaks have been receiving heightened media coverage, which has increased public concern toward the safety of fresh fruits and vegetables. In response, the microbial contamination of Ontario-grown fresh fruits and vegetables was evaluated by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs during the summer of 2004. Prior to this survey, information specific to the microbial contamination of Ontario-produced fruits and vegetables was limited. This nonregulatory survey had two objectives: (i) to obtain a general microbiological profile of selected fruits and vegetables produced in Ontario and (ii) to use the information and knowledge gained from this survey to direct and support future on-farm food safety research and food safety programs to manage potential risks. In all, 1,183 samples, including muskmelon (151), scallions and green onions (173), leaf lettuce (263), organic leaf lettuce (112), head lettuce (155), parsley (127), cilantro (61), and fresh market tomatoes (141), were collected and analyzed. Samples were analyzed for Salmonella, Shigella, and generic E. coli. Enrichment cultures positive for E. coli were further assessed for verotoxigenicity. One sample each of Roma tomato and organic leaf lettuce were positive for Salmonella, with no samples yielding Shigella or verotoxigenic E. coli. The E. coli prevalence was highest in parsley (13.4%), followed by organic leaf lettuce (11.6%), leaf lettuce (6.5%), scallions (6.4%), cilantro (4.9%), muskmelon (1.3%), head lettuce (0%), and fresh market tomatoes (0%). These findings, in combination with foodborne illness data, will help target those commodities that require more focused risk mitigation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Arthur
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 1 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 4Y2.
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Sharma M, Adler BB, Harrison MD, Beuchat LR. Thermal tolerance of acid-adapted and unadapted Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes in cantaloupe juice and watermelon juice. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005; 41:448-53. [PMID: 16305669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A study was performed to determine D values of acid-adapted and unadapted cells of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes in cantaloupe juice and watermelon juice. METHODS AND RESULTS Salmonella enterica serotype Poona, S. enterica serotype Saphra, two strains of E. coli O157:H7, and two strains of L. monocytogenes were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and TSB supplemented with 1% glucose for 24 h at 37 degrees C. Decimal reduction times (D values) of cells suspended in unpasteurized cantaloupe juice and watermelon juice were determined. Acid-adapted cells of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7, but not L. monocytogenes, had increased thermal tolerance compared with cells that were not acid-adapted. There was no correlation between soluble solids content of the two types of juice and thermal resistance. CONCLUSIONS Growth of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 in cantaloupe juice, watermelon juice, or other acidic milieu, either in preharvest or postharvest environments, may result in cross protection to heat. The pasteurization conditions necessary to achieve elimination of pathogens from these juices would consequently have to be more severe if cells are habituated to acidic environments. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Insights from this study provide guidance to developing pasteurization processes to eliminate Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and L. monocytogenes in cantaloupe juice and watermelon juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sharma
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, 30223, USA
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