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Boshra MH, El-Housseiny GS, Farag MMS, Aboshanab KM. Innovative approaches for mycotoxin detection in various food categories. AMB Express 2024; 14:7. [PMID: 38216801 PMCID: PMC10786816 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins (MTs), produced by filamentous fungi, represent a severe hazard to the health of humans and food safety, affecting the quality of various agricultural products. They can contaminate a wide range of foods, during any processing phase before or after harvest. Animals and humans who consume MTs-contaminated food or feed may experience acute or chronic poisoning, which may result in serious pathological consequences. Accordingly, developing rapid, easy, and accurate methods of MTs detection in food becomes highly urgent and critical as a quality control and to guarantee food safety and lower health hazards. In this review, we highlighted and discussed innovative approaches like biosensors, fluorescent polarization, capillary electrophoresis, infrared spectroscopy, and electronic noses for MT identification pointing out current challenges and future directions. The limitations, current challenges, and future directions of conventional detection methods versus innovative methods have also been highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina H Boshra
- Department of Mycotoxins, Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Ministry of Health, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghadir S El-Housseiny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Organization of African Unity St., Ain Shams University, Abbassia, PO: 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M S Farag
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
- Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Aboshanab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Organization of African Unity St., Ain Shams University, Abbassia, PO: 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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2
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Ciaccheri L, De Girolamo A, Cervellieri S, Lippolis V, Mencaglia AA, Pascale M, Mignani AG. Low-Cost Pocket Fluorometer and Chemometric Tools for Green and Rapid Screening of Deoxynivalenol in Durum Wheat Bran. Molecules 2023; 28:7808. [PMID: 38067538 PMCID: PMC10708224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal crops are frequently contaminated by deoxynivalenol (DON), a harmful type of mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species fungi. The early detection of mycotoxin contamination is crucial for ensuring safety and quality of food and feed products, for preventing health risks and for avoiding economic losses because of product rejection or costly mycotoxin removal. A LED-based pocket-size fluorometer is presented that allows a rapid and low-cost screening of DON-contaminated durum wheat bran samples, without using chemicals or product handling. Forty-two samples with DON contamination in the 40-1650 µg/kg range were considered. A chemometric processing of spectroscopic data allowed distinguishing of samples based on their DON content using a cut-off level set at 400 µg/kg DON. Although much lower than the EU limit of 750 µg/kg for wheat bran, this cut-off limit was considered useful whether accepting the sample as safe or implying further inspection by means of more accurate but also more expensive standard analytical techniques. Chemometric data processing using Principal Component Analysis and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis demonstrated a classification rate of 79% in cross-validation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a pocket-size fluorometer was used for DON screening of wheat bran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ciaccheri
- CNR—Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” (IFAC), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (A.A.M.); (A.G.M.)
| | - Annalisa De Girolamo
- CNR—Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari (ISPA), Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Salvatore Cervellieri
- CNR—Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari (ISPA), Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Vincenzo Lippolis
- CNR—Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari (ISPA), Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Andrea Azelio Mencaglia
- CNR—Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” (IFAC), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (A.A.M.); (A.G.M.)
| | - Michelangelo Pascale
- CNR—Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione (ISA), Via Roma, 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy;
| | - Anna Grazia Mignani
- CNR—Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” (IFAC), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (A.A.M.); (A.G.M.)
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Janik E, Niemcewicz M, Podogrocki M, Ceremuga M, Gorniak L, Stela M, Bijak M. The Existing Methods and Novel Approaches in Mycotoxins' Detection. Molecules 2021; 26:3981. [PMID: 34210086 PMCID: PMC8271920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins represent a wide range of secondary, naturally occurring and practically unavoidable fungal metabolites. They contaminate various agricultural commodities like cereals, maize, peanuts, fruits, and feed at any stage in pre- or post-harvest conditions. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed can cause acute or chronic toxicity in human and animals. The risk that is posed to public health have prompted the need to develop methods of analysis and detection of mycotoxins in food products. Mycotoxins wide range of structural diversity, high chemical stability, and low concentrations in tested samples require robust, effective, and comprehensible detection methods. This review summarizes current methods, such as chromatographic and immunochemical techniques, as well as novel, alternative approaches like biosensors, electronic noses, or molecularly imprinted polymers that have been successfully applied in detection and identification of various mycotoxins in food commodities. In order to highlight the significance of sampling and sample treatment in the analytical process, these steps have been comprehensively described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Janik
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Marcin Podogrocki
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Michal Ceremuga
- Military Institute of Armament Technology, Prymasa Stefana Wyszyńskiego 7, 05-220 Zielonka, Poland;
| | - Leslaw Gorniak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Maksymilian Stela
- CBRN Reconnaissance and Decontamination Department, Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Antoniego Chrusciela “Montera” 105, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
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Anastasiadis V, Raptis I, Economou A, Kakabakos SE, Petrou PS. Fast Deoxynivalenol Determination in Cereals Using a White Light Reflectance Spectroscopy Immunosensor. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10110154. [PMID: 33113758 PMCID: PMC7692517 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by certain Fusarium species and found in a high percentage of wheat and maize grains cultured worldwide. Although not so toxic as other mycotoxins, it exhibits both chronic and acute toxicity, and therefore methods for its fast and accurate on-site determination are highly desirable. In the current work, we employ an optical immunosensor based on White Light Reflectance Spectroscopy (WLRS) for the fast and sensitive immunochemical label-free determination of DON in wheat and maize samples. The assay is completed in 12 min and has a quantification limit of 2.5 ng/mL in buffer corresponding to 125 μg/kg in whole grain which is lower than the maximum allowable concentrations set by the regulatory authorities for grains intended for human consumption. Several extraction protocols have been compared, and the highest recovery (>90%) was achieved employing distilled water. In addition, identical calibration curves were received in buffer and wheat/maize extraction matrix providing the ability to analyze the grain samples using calibrators in buffer. Recoveries of DON from spiked wheat and maize grain samples ranged from 92.0(±4.0) to 105(±4.0)%. The analytical performance of the WLRS immunosensor, combined with the short analysis time and instrument portability, supports its potential for on-site determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Anastasiadis
- Immunoassays-Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Safety & Energy, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; (V.A.); (S.E.K.)
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Zografou, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Raptis
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece;
- ThetaMetrisis S.A., 12132 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Economou
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Zografou, Greece;
| | - Sotirios E. Kakabakos
- Immunoassays-Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Safety & Energy, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; (V.A.); (S.E.K.)
| | - Panagiota S. Petrou
- Immunoassays-Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Safety & Energy, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; (V.A.); (S.E.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2106503819
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5
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Fluorescence polarization assays for chemical contaminants in food and environmental analyses. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Lattanzio VMT, von Holst C, Lippolis V, De Girolamo A, Logrieco AF, Mol HGJ, Pascale M. Evaluation of Mycotoxin Screening Tests in a Verification Study Involving First Time Users. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E129. [PMID: 30791649 PMCID: PMC6410077 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(AFB₁) in maize and wheat using LFD and LC-HRMS, respectively. The results of analyses were used to calculate intermediate precision (RSDip, covering the inter-analyst variability in preparing the analytical samples and the precision under repeatability conditions) cut-off values and false suspect rates. RSDip ranged from 6.5% to 30% for DON, and from 16% to 33% for AFB₁. The highest obtained variances were associated with the AFB₁ analyses due to working with much lower mass fractions. The rate of false suspect results were lower than 0.1% for all tested methods. All methods showed a fit-for-purpose method performance profile, which allowed a clear distinction of samples containing the analytes at the screening target concentration (STC) from negative control samples. Moreover, the first time users obtained method performances similar to those obtained for validation studies previously performed on the screening methods included in the training course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M T Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Christoph von Holst
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2440 Geel, 111 Retieseweg, Belgium.
| | - Vincenzo Lippolis
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Annalisa De Girolamo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Hans G J Mol
- RIKILT-Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Michelangelo Pascale
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Determination of Ochratoxin A in Rye and Rye-Based Products by Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100305. [PMID: 28954398 PMCID: PMC5666352 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) was optimized and validated for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) in rye and rye crispbread. Samples were extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile/water (60:40, v/v) and purified by SPE-aminopropyl column clean-up before performing the FPIA. Overall mean recoveries were 86 and 95% for spiked rye and rye crispbread with relative standard deviations lower than 6%. Limits of detection (LOD) of the optimized FPIA was 0.6 μg/kg for rye and rye crispbread, respectively. Good correlations (r > 0.977) were observed between OTA contents in contaminated samples obtained by FPIA and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with immunoaffinity cleanup used as reference method. Furthermore, single laboratory validation and small-scale collaborative trials were carried out for the determination of OTA in rye according to Regulation 519/2014/EU laying down procedures for the validation of screening methods. The precision profile of the method, cut-off level and rate of false suspect results confirm the satisfactory analytical performances of assay as a screening method. These findings show that the optimized FPIA is suitable for high-throughput screening, and permits reliable quantitative determination of OTA in rye and rye crispbread at levels that fall below the EU regulatory limits.
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, De Saeger S, Eriksen GS, Farmer P, Fremy JM, Gong YY, Meyer K, Naegeli H, Parent-Massin D, Rietjens I, van Egmond H, Altieri A, Eskola M, Gergelova P, Ramos Bordajandi L, Benkova B, Dörr B, Gkrillas A, Gustavsson N, van Manen M, Edler L. Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04718. [PMID: 32625635 PMCID: PMC7010102 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurring predominantly in cereal grains. Following the request of the European Commission, the CONTAM Panel assessed the risk to animal and human health related to DON, 3-acetyl-DON (3-Ac-DON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-Ac-DON) and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed. A total of 27,537, 13,892, 7,270 and 2,266 analytical data for DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside, respectively, in food, feed and unprocessed grains collected from 2007 to 2014 were used. For human exposure, grains and grain-based products were main sources, whereas in farm and companion animals, cereal grains, cereal by-products and forage maize contributed most. DON is rapidly absorbed, distributed, and excreted. Since 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON are largely deacetylated and DON-3-glucoside cleaved in the intestines the same toxic effects as DON can be expected. The TDI of 1 μg/kg bw per day, that was established for DON based on reduced body weight gain in mice, was therefore used as a group-TDI for the sum of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. In order to assess acute human health risk, epidemiological data from mycotoxicoses were assessed and a group-ARfD of 8 μg/kg bw per eating occasion was calculated. Estimates of acute dietary exposures were below this dose and did not raise a health concern in humans. The estimated mean chronic dietary exposure was above the group-TDI in infants, toddlers and other children, and at high exposure also in adolescents and adults, indicating a potential health concern. Based on estimated mean dietary concentrations in ruminants, poultry, rabbits, dogs and cats, most farmed fish species and horses, adverse effects are not expected. At the high dietary concentrations, there is a potential risk for chronic adverse effects in pigs and fish and for acute adverse effects in cats and farmed mink.
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Shen X, Chen J, Li X, Lei H, Xu Z, Liu Y, Huang X, Eremin SA, Wu C, Jia A. Monoclonal antibody-based homogeneous immunoassay for three banned agonists and molecular modeling insight. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1347149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Meiweixian Seasoning Food Co., Ltd., Zhongshan, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangmei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenlin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingju Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinan Huang
- Tropical Medicine Institute & South China Chinese Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sergei A. Eremin
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Cuihua Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aijuan Jia
- Guangdong Meiweixian Seasoning Food Co., Ltd., Zhongshan, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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Alshannaq A, Yu JH. Occurrence, Toxicity, and Analysis of Major Mycotoxins in Food. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E632. [PMID: 28608841 PMCID: PMC5486318 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi (molds). These low molecular weight compounds (usually less than 1000 Daltons) are naturally occurring and practically unavoidable. They can enter our food chain either directly from plant-based food components contaminated with mycotoxins or by indirect contamination from the growth of toxigenic fungi on food. Mycotoxins can accumulate in maturing corn, cereals, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, and other food and feed crops in the field and in grain during transportation. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food or feed can cause acute or chronic toxicity in human and animals. In addition to concerns over adverse effects from direct consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated foods and feeds, there is also public health concern over the potential ingestion of animal-derived food products, such as meat, milk, or eggs, containing residues or metabolites of mycotoxins. Members of three fungal genera, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium, are the major mycotoxin producers. While over 300 mycotoxins have been identified, six (aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, ochratoxins, and patulin) are regularly found in food, posing unpredictable and ongoing food safety problems worldwide. This review summarizes the toxicity of the six mycotoxins, foods commonly contaminated by one or more of them, and the current methods for detection and analysis of these mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alshannaq
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Advances in Biosensors, Chemosensors and Assays for the Determination of Fusarium Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8060161. [PMID: 27231937 PMCID: PMC4926128 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The contaminations of Fusarium mycotoxins in grains and related products, and the exposure in human body are considerable concerns in food safety and human health worldwide. The common Fusarium mycotoxins include fumonisins, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. For this reason, simple, fast and sensitive analytical techniques are particularly important for the screening and determination of Fusarium mycotoxins. In this review, we outlined the related advances in biosensors, chemosensors and assays based on the classical and novel recognition elements such as antibodies, aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers. Application to food/feed commodities, limit and time of detection were also discussed.
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12
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Li C, Mi T, Conti GO, Yu Q, Wen K, Shen J, Ferrante M, Wang Z. Development of a screening fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of fumonisins B₁ and B₂ in maize. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4940-4946. [PMID: 25942573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of a screening fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for the simultaneous detection of fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) in maize. Three FB1 tracers including FB1-fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer I (FB1-FITC), FB1-5-([4,6-dichlorotriazine-2-yl]amino)-fluorescein (FB1-5-DTAF), and FB1-Texas Red-X succinimidyl ester (FB1-TRX) were synthesized and studied to select appropriate tracer-antibody pairs using seven previously produced monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). An FPIA employing the pair of FB1-FITC and mAb 4B9 showing 98.9% cross-reactivity (CR) toward FB2 was used to simultaneously detect FB1 and FB2. Maize flour samples were extracted with methanol/water (2:3, v/v). After optimization, the FPIA revealed a limit of detection (LOD) of 157.4 μg/kg for FB1 and an LOD of 290.6 μg/kg for FB2, respectively. Recoveries were measured for spiked samples of FB1 or FB2 separately, ranging from 84.7 to 93.6%, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of <9.9%. Total time needed for FPIA including sample pretreatment was <30 min. The FPIA was used to screen naturally contaminated maize samples. Results detected by FPIA showed good agreement with that of HPLC-MS/MS with a fit of R(2) = 0.99 for the simultaneous detection of FB1 and FB2. The established method offered a rapid, simple, sensitive, and high-throughput screening tool for the detection of fumonisins in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Li
- †College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Mi
- †College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- §Department "GF Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, Laboratory of Environmental and Food Hygiene, University of Catania, 87 Avenue S. Sofia, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Qing Yu
- †College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wen
- †College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- †College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- #National Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Residues, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- §Department "GF Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, Laboratory of Environmental and Food Hygiene, University of Catania, 87 Avenue S. Sofia, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- †College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- #National Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Residues, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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13
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Lippolis V, Pascale M, Cervellieri S, Damascelli A, Visconti A. Screening of deoxynivalenol contamination in durum wheat by MOS-based electronic nose and identification of the relevant pattern of volatile compounds. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Maragos CM. Production of anti-idiotype antibodies for deoxynivalenol and their evaluation with three immunoassay platforms. Mycotoxin Res 2014; 30:103-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-014-0190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Li W, Powers S, Dai S. Using commercial immunoassay kits for mycotoxins: ‘joys and sorrows’? WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rapid test methods are widely used for measuring mycotoxins in a variety of matrices. This review presents an overview of the current commercially available immunoassay rapid test formats. Enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA), lateral flow tests, flow through immunoassay, fluorescent polarisation immunoassay, and immunoaffinity columns coupled with fluorometric assay are common formats in the current market. The two existing evaluation programs for commercial testing kits by United State Department of Agricultural Grain Inspection, Packers & Stockyards Administration (USDA-GIPSA) and AOAC Research Institute are introduced. The strengths and weaknesses of these test kits are discussed with regard to the application scope, variance, specificity and cross reactivity, accuracy and precision, and measurement range. Generally speaking, the current commercially available testing kits meet research and industrial needs as ‘fit-for-purpose’. Furthermore, quality assurance concerns and future perspectives are elaborated for broader application of commercial test kits in research, industry and regulatory applications. It is expected that new commercial kits based on advanced technologies such as electrochemical affinity biosensors, molecularly imprinted polymers, surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, aptamer-based biosensors and dynamic light scattering might be available to users in the future. Meanwhile, harmonisation of testing kit evaluation, incorporation of more quality assurance into the testing kit utilisation scheme, and a larger variety of kits available at lower cost will expand the usage of testing kits for food safety testing worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas A&M University, 445 Agronomy Road, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - S. Powers
- VICAM, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 02157, USA
| | - S.Y. Dai
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, USA
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16
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Zachariasova M, Cuhra P, Hajslova J. Cross-reactivity of rapid immunochemical methods for mycotoxins detection towards metabolites and masked mycotoxins: the current state of knowledge. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cross-reactivity of antibodies employed within immunochemistry-based analytical methods may lead to overestimation of the results. Under certain conditions, specifically when controlling mycotoxin maximum limits serious problems can be encountered. Not only the structurally related mycotoxins, such as their masked (conjugated) forms, but also the unidentified matrix components are responsible for concentration overestimation of respective target analytes. The cross-reactivity phenomenon may also pose a risk of miss-interpretation of the proficiency tests results, when the assigned value becomes influenced by over-estimated results reported by users of immunochemical tests. In this paper, the current state of the knowledge on trueness problems associated with the rapid screening immunochemical methods have been reviewed. Special attention is focused on discussion of cross-reactivity in the ELISA tests, because this rapid test dominates the routine screening practice. However, the cross-reactions reported in lateral flow test strips, fluorescence polarisation immunoassay, or immunosensors have also been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Zachariasova
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - P. Cuhra
- Czech Agriculture and Food Inspection Authority, Za Opravnou 300/6, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - J. Hajslova
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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17
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Lippolis V, Maragos C. Fluorescence polarisation immunoassays for rapid, accurate and sensitive determination of mycotoxins. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence polarisation immunoassay (FPIA) is a type of homogeneous assay. For low molecular weight antigens, such as mycotoxins, it is based on the competition between an unlabeled antigen and its fluorescent-labelled derivative (tracer) for an antigen-specific antibody. The antigen content is determined by measuring the reduction of fluorescence polarisation signal, which in turn is determined by the reduction of tracer molecules able to bind antibody in solution. To develop a competitive FPIA for mycotoxin measurement the tracer has to be synthesised and its binding response with a specific antibody should be tested. Selectivity and sensitivity of the FPIA methods are strictly related to the antibody/tracer combination used. Several FPIA methods for the detection of the major mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and zearalenone in food and beverages have been developed in the last decade. Basic principles, key elements, advantages and limitations of these methods are reviewed. These FPIA methods are simple, readily automated, rapid, and suitable for high-throughput screening, as well as for the reliable quantitative determination of mycotoxins in foods and commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Lippolis
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C. Maragos
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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18
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Valenzano S, Lippolis V, Pascale M, De Marco A, Maragos CM, Suman M, Visconti A. Determination of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat Bran and Whole-Wheat Flour by Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Lippolis V, Pascale M, Valenzano S, Porricelli ACR, Suman M, Visconti A. Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for Rapid, Accurate and Sensitive Determination of Ochratoxin A in Wheat. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Meneely J, Quinn J, Flood E, Hajšlová J, Elliott C. Simultaneous screening for T-2/HT-2 and deoxynivalenol in cereals using a surface plasmon resonance immunoassay. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes a rapid surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunoassay for the simultaneous determination of the sum of T-2/HT-2 toxins (T-2/HT-2) and deoxynivalenol (DON), in cereals and cereal-based products. The assay is based on an inhibition format employing a monoclonal antibody raised against HT-2 with cross reactivity to T-2 and a polyclonal antibody raised against DON, thereby enabling the detection of the three trichothecene mycotoxins (types A and B). The surface chemistry involved an equal mixture of HT-2 and DON covalently coupled onto a high capacity COOH5 sensor chip. Using the specified antibodies and a mixed toxin sensor surface, and running calibration curves (HT-2 and DON) and samples in parallel it has been proven that it is feasible to develop a multiplex assay on this SPR platform. In-house validation has shown limits of detection of 12, 1 and 29 μg/kg for DON and 31, 47 and 36 μg/kg for HT-2 in wheat, breakfast cereal and maize-based baby food, respectively. Both intra-assay and inter-assay precision were calculated using fortified DON and HT-2 samples. Durum wheat, wheatbased breakfast cereal and maize-based baby food were spiked at various concentration levels and the coefficients of variation calculated ranged from 1.1% to 9.9% for DON and from 1.4% to 11.3% for HT-2. A high correlation was observed between the screening assay and confirmatory mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.P. Meneely
- Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - J.G. Quinn
- FLIR/ICx Nomadics Bioinstrumentation Group, 800 Research Parkway, Suite 100, Oklahoma City, OK 73104-3623, USA
| | - E.M. Flood
- FLIR/ICx Nomadics Bioinstrumentation Group, 800 Research Parkway, Suite 100, Oklahoma City, OK 73104-3623, USA
| | - J. Hajšlová
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C.T. Elliott
- Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
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21
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Multiplex dipstick immunoassay for semi-quantitative determination of Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 718:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Maragos CM, Li L, Chen D. Production and characterization of a single chain variable fragment (scFv) against the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2011.598921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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23
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Lippolis V, Pascale M, Valenzano S, Pluchinotta V, Baumgartner S, Krska R, Visconti A. A rapid fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in wheat. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2561-71. [PMID: 21901458 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A rapid fluorescence polarization (FP) immunoassay has been developed for the simultaneous determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in naturally contaminated wheat samples. Syntheses of four fluorescein-labelled T-2 or HT-2 toxin tracers were carried out and their binding response with seven monoclonal antibodies was evaluated. The most sensitive antibody-tracer combination was obtained by using an HT-2-specific antibody and a fluorescein-HT-2 tracer. The developed competitive FP immunoassay in solution showed high cross-reactivity for T-2 toxin (CR% = 100%) while a very low CR% for neosolaniol (0.12%) and no cross-reactivity with other mycotoxins frequently occurring in wheat. A rapid extraction procedure using 90% methanol was applied to wheat samples prior to FP immunoassay. The average recovery from spiked wheat samples (50 to 200 μg kg(-1)) was 96% with relative standard deviation generally lower than 8%. A limit of detection of 8 μg kg(-1) for the combined toxins was determined. Comparative analyses of 45 naturally contaminated and spiked wheat samples by both the FP immunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography/immunoaffinity clean-up showed a good correlation (r = 0.964). These results, combined with the rapidity (10 min) and simplicity of the assay, show that this method is suitable for high throughput screening as well as for quantitative determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lippolis
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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24
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Choi EH, Kim DM, Choi SW, Eremin SA, Chun HS. Optimisation and validation of a fluorescence polarisation immunoassay for rapid detection of zearalenone in corn. Int J Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Dorokhin D, Haasnoot W, Franssen MCR, Zuilhof H, Nielen MWF. Imaging surface plasmon resonance for multiplex microassay sensing of mycotoxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:3005-11. [PMID: 21484244 PMCID: PMC3102835 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A prototype imaging surface plasmon resonance-based multiplex microimmunoassay for mycotoxins is described. A microarray of mycotoxin-protein conjugates was fabricated using a continuous flow microspotter device. A competitive inhibition immunoassay format was developed for the simultaneous detection of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), using a single sensor chip. Initial in-house validation showed limits of detection of 21 and 17 ng/mL for DON and 16 and 10 ng/mL for ZEN in extracts, which corresponds to 84 and 68 μg/kg for DON and 64 and 40 μg/kg for ZEN in maize and wheat samples, respectively. Finally, the results were critically compared with data obtained from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmatory analysis method and found to be in good agreement. The described multiplex immunoassay for the rapid screening of several mycotoxins meets European Union regulatory limits and represents a robust platform for mycotoxin analysis in food and feed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Dorokhin
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Haasnoot
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice C. R. Franssen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W. F. Nielen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Maragos CM. Detection of deoxynivalenol using biolayer interferometry. Mycotoxin Res 2011; 27:157-65. [PMID: 23605795 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-011-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biolayer interferometry allows for the real time monitoring of the interactions between molecules without the need for reagents with enzymatic, fluorescent, or radioactive labels. The technology is based upon the changes in interference pattern of light reflected from the surface of an optical fiber when materials bind to the tip of the fiber. The technique represents an alternative to technologies such as surface plasmon resonance, with an advantage in that the flow of extracts through small capillaries is not required. In this report, a deoxynivalenol-bovine serum albumin (DON-BSA) conjugate was non-covalently immobilized to the surface of aminopropylsilane sensors and the change in interference pattern resulting from the binding of DON-specific antibodies was measured. The basis for the assay was the competition between DON and the immobilized DON-BSA for binding to limited amounts of antibody. The technique was used to measure DON in extracts of spiked whole wheat flour, with a limit of detection of 0.10 mg DON/kg. Matrix interferences were an issue, and adequate quantification required using matrix-matched standards. When samples were tested with sensors that had not been conditioned to remove loosely attached DON-BSA, the recoveries at five spiking levels over the range from 0.2 to 5 mg/kg averaged 108.8% [relative standard deviation (RSD) 16.0%]. Using sensors that had been conditioned lowered the average recovery (101.4%) and improved the RSD (13.2%). This suggests that conditioning the sensors helped reduce a bias in the assay towards overestimation. These results, and the ease with which assays can be conducted, suggest further exploration of this technology for detection of mycotoxins is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Maragos
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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27
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Meneely J, Fodey T, Armstrong L, Sulyok M, Krska R, Elliott C. Rapid surface plasmon resonance immunoassay for the determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat, wheat products, and maize-based baby food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:8936-8941. [PMID: 23654230 DOI: 10.1021/jf101517s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A rapid screening assay (9 min/sample) has been developed and validated for the detection of deoxynivalenol in durum wheat, wheat products, and maize-based baby foods using an SPR biosensor. Through a single laboratory validation, the limits of detection (LOD) for wheat, wheat-based breakfast cereal, and maize-based baby food were 57, 9, and 6 μg/kg, respectively. Intra-assay and interassay precisions were calculated for each matrix at the maximum and half-maximum European Union regulatory limits and expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV). All CVs fell below 10% with the exception of the between-run CV for breakfast cereal. Recoveries at the concentrations tested ranged from 92 to 115% for all matrices. Action limits of 161, 348, and 1378 μg/kg were calculated for baby food, wheat-based breakfast cereal, and wheat, respectively, and the linear range of the assay was determined as 250-2000 μg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meneely
- Institute of Agri-food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, David Keir Building, Queen's University of Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland.
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28
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De Girolamo A, Lippolis V, Nordkvist E, Visconti A. Rapid and non-invasive analysis of deoxynivalenol in durum and common wheat by Fourier-Transform Near Infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 26:907-17. [PMID: 19680966 DOI: 10.1080/02652030902788946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) was used for rapid and non-invasive analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON) in durum and common wheat. The relevance of using ground wheat samples with a homogeneous particle size distribution to minimize measurement variations and avoid DON segregation among particles of different sizes was established. Calibration models for durum wheat, common wheat and durum + common wheat samples, with particle size <500 microm, were obtained by using partial least squares (PLS) regression with an external validation technique. Values of root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP, 306-379 microg kg(-1)) were comparable and not too far from values of root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV, 470-555 microg kg(-1)). Coefficients of determination (r(2)) indicated an "approximate to good" level of prediction of the DON content by FT-NIR spectroscopy in the PLS calibration models (r(2) = 0.71-0.83), and a "good" discrimination between low and high DON contents in the PLS validation models (r(2) = 0.58-0.63). A "limited to good" practical utility of the models was ascertained by range error ratio (RER) values higher than 6. A qualitative model, based on 197 calibration samples, was developed to discriminate between blank and naturally contaminated wheat samples by setting a cut-off at 300 microg kg(-1) DON to separate the two classes. The model correctly classified 69% of the 65 validation samples with most misclassified samples (16 of 20) showing DON contamination levels quite close to the cut-off level. These findings suggest that FT-NIR analysis is suitable for the determination of DON in unprocessed wheat at levels far below the maximum permitted limits set by the European Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Girolamo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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29
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Urusov AE, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. Immunochemical methods of mycotoxin analysis (review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683810030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Maragos C, Busman M. Rapid and advanced tools for mycotoxin analysis: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:688-700. [DOI: 10.1080/19440040903515934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Visconti A, Pascale M. REVIEW: An Overview onFusariumMycotoxins in the Durum Wheat Pasta Production Chain. Cereal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-87-1-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Visconti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Corresponding author. Phone: +39 080 5929333. Fax: +39 080 5929373. E-mail:
| | - Michelangelo Pascale
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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32
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Fluorescence polarization immunoassay of mycotoxins: a review. Toxins (Basel) 2009; 1:196-207. [PMID: 22069541 PMCID: PMC3202780 DOI: 10.3390/toxins1020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoassays are routinely used in the screening of commodities and foods for fungal toxins (mycotoxins). Demands to increase speed and lower costs have lead to continued improvements in such assays. Because many reported mycotoxins are low molecular weight (below 1 kDa), immunoassays for their detection have generally been constructed in competitive heterogeneous formats. An exception is fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), a homogeneous format that does not require the separation of bound and free labels (tracer). The potential for rapid, solution phase, immunoassays has been realized in the development of FPIA for many of the major groups of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, fumonisins, group B trichothecenes (primarily deoxynivalenol), ochratoxin A, and zearalenone. This review describes the basic principles of FPIA and summarizes recent research in this area with regard to mycotoxins.
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33
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Fluorescence polarization immunoassay for rapid screening of ochratoxin A in red wine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1317-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Goryacheva IY, Rusanova TY, Burmistrova NA, De Saeger S. Immunochemical methods for the determination of mycotoxins. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934809080024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Lattanzio VM, Pascale M, Visconti A. Current analytical methods for trichothecene mycotoxins in cereals. Trends Analyt Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Maragos C. Biosensors for mycotoxin analysis: recent developments and future prospects. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2009. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity and prevalence of mycotoxins in commodities and foods has necessitated the development of rapid methods in order to ensure the protection of human food and animal feed supplies. Testing for mycotoxins can be accomplished by many techniques that range from determinative tests in which the presence of the toxin is confirmed, to presumptive tests in which the presence of the toxin is inferred from the presence of markers. This review focuses on tests that fall into a third category, namely indirect assays, where the presence of the toxin is established by it's interaction with an intermediary. Such intermediaries include biological materials that bind mycotoxins, such as antibodies, as well as synthetic materials such as polymers and man-made peptides. The diversity of assays within this category is extraordinary and includes assays based upon traditional microwell formats, microbeads, membranes, electrodes, wave-guides, and solution-phase assays. The microbead format includes platforms as diverse as flow injection immunoassays, tandem column immunoassays, and immunoaffinity columns. The membrane-based formats include flow-through as well as lateral-flow assays. The electrode-based formats incorporate miniaturised immunoassays with electrochemical endpoints. The wave-guide-based devices include formats such as surface plasmon resonance, and fluorescence array biosensors, and the solution phase formats include homogeneous assays such as fluorescence polarisation immunoassay. The breadth of technologies brought to bear upon solving the need for rapid, accurate, detection of mycotoxins is impressive and includes technologies currently available commercially and those which appear poised to enter the marketplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Maragos
- Mycotoxin Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, ARS, USDA, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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37
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Alldrick A, van Egmond H, Solfrizzo M. Commercial use of rapid mycotoxin test kits: significance and potential harmonisation issues. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2009. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2009.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A key requirement of any food safety management system is the process of demonstrating its continuous effectiveness (verification). Increasingly, rapid test methods are being used by food businesses as a tool to assist them in this process. This includes management of hazards presented by mycotoxins. These compounds provide a significant challenge to both food processors and regulatory agencies, since they are usually present in the raw material on receipt and subsequent process steps have only limited efficiency in effecting their removal. Within the commercial environment it is critical for those purchasing raw materials to satisfy themselves that any delivery meets regulatory and specification requirements. Decisions to accept or reject deliveries usually need to be taken within short time periods (minutes rather than hours). This requires the use of rapid and - at the same time - reliable analytical methodology; furthermore, the methods need to be of minimal complexity. Within the European Union (EU), analytical methods to determine mycotoxin levels for regulatory purposes must fulfil to certain performance criteria. This principle also holds true for rapid test kits. Current activities within the EU-funded project MoniQA have identified a number of areas in relation to the use of rapid test kits which need to be addressed. These include the criteria which determine robustness of such kits, operator competence and the issues relating to the fate of the rejected lots. Given the diverse stakeholder (e.g. regulator, food business and consumer) interest in the data generated from rapid test kits, a harmonised rationale for their use and also the actions taken upon the results obtained, is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Alldrick
- Campden BRI, Chipping Campden GL55 6LD, United Kingdom
| | - H. van Egmond
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Cozzini P, Ingletto G, Singh R, Dall’Asta C. Mycotoxin detection plays "cops and robbers": cyclodextrin chemosensors as specialized police? Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:2474-2494. [PMID: 19330087 PMCID: PMC2635654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9122474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As in a cops and robbers play we discover new mycotoxins and metabolites everyday and we are forced to develop new molecules quickly as chemo- or biosensors or to modify existing molecules able to recognize these new hazardous compounds. This will result in an enormous cost saving to agro-food industry through the prevention and reduction of product recalls and reduced treatment costs. Here we present a brief review of the rapid methods used to detect mycotoxins, considering usefulness and limits. Then we propose a new fast, efficient and cheap methodology, based on a combination of computer chemistry aided design and fluorescence, that can help to drive synthesis in a more efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Cozzini
- Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 17/A 43100, Parma, Italy. E-Mails:
(G. I.);
(R. S.)
- INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, Viale Medaglie d’oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Ingletto
- Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 17/A 43100, Parma, Italy. E-Mails:
(G. I.);
(R. S.)
| | - Ratna Singh
- Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 17/A 43100, Parma, Italy. E-Mails:
(G. I.);
(R. S.)
| | - Chiara Dall’Asta
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 17/A 43100, Parma, Italy. E-Mail:
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Böhm C, Cichna-Markl M, Brenn-Struckhofova Z, Razzazi-Fazeli E. Development of a selective sample clean-up method based on immuno-ultrafiltration for the determination of deoxynivalenol in maize. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1202:111-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kolosova AY, Sibanda L, Dumoulin F, Lewis J, Duveiller E, Van Peteghem C, De Saeger S. Lateral-flow colloidal gold-based immunoassay for the rapid detection of deoxynivalenol with two indicator ranges. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 616:235-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Smith DS, Eremin SA. Fluorescence polarization immunoassays and related methods for simple, high-throughput screening of small molecules. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1499-507. [PMID: 18264817 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) is a homogeneous (without separation) competitive immunoassay method based on the increase in fluorescence polarization (FP) of fluorescent-labeled small antigens when bound by specific antibody. The minimum detectable quantity of FPIAs with fluorescein label (about 0.1 ng analyte) is comparable with chromatography and ELISA methods, although this may be limited by sample matrix interference. Because of its simplicity and speed, FPIA is readily automated and therefore suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS) in a variety of application areas. Systems that involve binding of ligands to receptor proteins are also susceptible to analysis by analogous FP methods employing fluorescent-labeled ligand and HTS applications have been developed, notably for use in candidate drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Smith
- MicroPharm Ltd, 51-53 Bartholomew Close, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
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Pascale M, De Girolamo A, Visconti A, Magan N, Chianella I, Piletska EV, Piletsky SA. Use of itaconic acid-based polymers for solid-phase extraction of deoxynivalenol and application to pasta analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 609:131-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Development of a colloidal gold-based lateral-flow immunoassay for the rapid simultaneous detection of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:2103-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Goryacheva IY, De Saeger S, Eremin SA, Van Peteghem C. Immunochemical methods for rapid mycotoxin detection: Evolution from single to multiple analyte screening: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:1169-83. [PMID: 17886190 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701557179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent developments in immunochemical methods for detection of mycotoxins, with a particular emphasis on simultaneous multiple analyte determination. This includes high-throughput instrumental analysis for the laboratory environment (microtitre plate enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA), different kinds of immunosensors, fluorescence polarization immunoassay, and capillary electrophoretic immunoassay), as well as rapid visual tests for on-site testing (lateral-flow, dipstick, flow-through and column tests). For each type of immunoassay, perspectives for multiple analyte application are discussed and examples cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Y Goryacheva
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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