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OUP accepted manuscript. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:910-920. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Beier RC, Andrews K, Hume ME, Sohail MU, Harvey RB, Poole TL, Crippen TL, Anderson RC. Disinfectant and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Studies of Staphylococcus aureus Strains and ST398-MRSA and ST5-MRSA Strains from Swine Mandibular Lymph Node Tissue, Commercial Pork Sausage Meat and Swine Feces. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112401. [PMID: 34835526 PMCID: PMC8621428 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes gastrointestinal illness worldwide. Disinfectants are used throughout the food chain for pathogenic bacteria control. We investigated S. aureus bioavailability in swine Mandibular lymph node tissue (MLT) and pork sausage meat (PSM), established susceptibility values for S. aureus to disinfectants, and determined the multilocus sequence type of MRSA strains. Antimicrobial and disinfectant susceptibility profiles were determined for 164 S. aureus strains isolated from swine feces (n = 63), MLT (n = 49) and PSM (n = 52). No antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was detected to daptomycin, nitrofurantoin, linezolid, and tigecycline, while high AMR prevalence was determined to erythromycin (50.6%), tylosin tartrate (42.7%), penicillin (72%), and tetracycline (68.9%). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, ST398 (n = 6) and ST5 (n = 1), were found in the MLT and PSM, 4 MRSA in MLT and 3 MRSA strains in the PSM. About 17.5% of feces strains and 41.6% of MLT and PSM strains were resistant to chlorhexidine. All strains were susceptible to triclosan and benzalkonium chloride, with no cross-resistance between antimicrobials and disinfectants. Six MRSA strains had elevated susceptibilities to 18 disinfectants. The use of formaldehyde and tris(hydroxylmethyl)nitromethane in DC&R was not effective, which can add chemicals to the environment. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride and benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride were equally effective disinfectants. ST398 and ST5 MRSA strains had elevated susceptibilities to 75% of the disinfectants tested. This study establishes susceptibility values for S. aureus strains from swine feces, mandibular lymph node tissue, and commercial pork sausage against 24 disinfectants. Since it was demonstrated that S. aureus and MRSA strains can be found deep within swine lymph node tissue, it may be beneficial for the consumer if raw swine lymph node tissue is not used in uncooked food products and pork sausage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C. Beier
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kathleen Andrews
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
| | - Michael E. Hume
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
| | - Muhammad Umar Sohail
- Proteomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, Qatar Foundation—Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar;
| | - Roger B. Harvey
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
| | - Toni L. Poole
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
| | - Tawni L. Crippen
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
| | - Robin C. Anderson
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
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Faccia M, D’Alessandro AG, Summer A, Hailu Y. Milk Products from Minor Dairy Species: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081260. [PMID: 32722331 PMCID: PMC7460022 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk processing is one of the most ancient food technologies, dating back around 6000 BC. The majority of dairy products are manufactured from cows, buffaloes, goats, and sheep; their production technologies are mostly standardized and have been widely investigated. Milk and dairy products from minor species are less important under the economic point of view, but they play a fundamental social role in many marginal and poor areas. Due to scarce interest of the dairy industry, their technological characteristics and related issues have been investigated less. Recently, the increasing interest toward ethnic foods and food biodiversity is helping these minor products to emerge from the "darkness" in which they have remained for long time. Some of them are increasingly seen as useful for the valorization of marginal areas, while others are recognized as innovative or healthy foods. The present review aims to resume the most recent knowledge about these less-known dairy products. The first part summarizes the main technological properties of equine, camel, and yak milk with a view to processing. The second is a survey on the related dairy products, both the traditional ones that have been manufactured for a long time and those that have been newly developed by food researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Faccia
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences (DiSSPA), University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-544-3012
| | | | - Andrea Summer
- Department of Veterinary Science (DSMV), University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Yonas Hailu
- School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa 3000, Ethiopia;
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Ou Q, Zhou J, Lin D, Bai C, Zhang T, Lin J, Zheng H, Wang X, Ye J, Ye X, Yao Z. A large meta-analysis of the global prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA contamination of milk. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2213-2228. [PMID: 28686461 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1308916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Past reports have indicated a high prevalence of milk contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA in pasteurized and boiled cow's milk, raw cow's milk, and raw Caprinae milk (raw sheep's milk and raw goat's milk) and across different periods, continents, economic conditions and purchase locations remain inconsistent. We searched relevant articles published in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science before July 2016. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement was used to evaluate the quality of 93 included studies. We observed that the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus contamination in pasteurized and boiled cow's milk, raw cow's milk, and raw Caprinae milk were 15.4% (95% CI, 6.1-27.5%), 33.5% (95% CI, 29.5-37.7%) and 25.8% (95% CI, 17.5-35.0%), respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of MRSA contamination were 4.9% (95% CI, 0.0-15.7%), 2.3% (95% CI, 1.3-3.6%), and 1.1% (95% CI, 0.5-1.8%), respectively. The prevalence of S. aureus contamination in raw cow's milk increased over time. However, the pooled prevalence of raw cow's milk contaminated with S. aureus was lowest in European studies. These findings give an indication of the consequence of better milk regulation in Europe. High S. aureus prevalence rates in raw milk collected from farms and processing companies pose a potential threat to consumers. The implementation of good hygiene practices, appropriate health knowledge, and food safety principles at the farm level, as well as the prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and heat treatment before drinking, are necessary to reduce the potential risk of S. aureus and MRSA contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Ou
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Junli Zhou
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Dongxin Lin
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chan Bai
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ting Zhang
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jialing Lin
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Haoqu Zheng
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jiaping Ye
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhenjiang Yao
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
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Reddy PN, Srirama K, Dirisala VR. An Update on Clinical Burden, Diagnostic Tools, and Therapeutic Options of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017; 10:1179916117703999. [PMID: 28579798 PMCID: PMC5443039 DOI: 10.1177/1179916117703999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen responsible for a variety of diseases ranging from mild skin and soft tissue infections, food poisoning to highly serious diseases such as osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and toxic shock syndrome. Proper diagnosis of pathogen and virulence factors is important for providing timely intervention in the therapy. Owing to the invasive nature of infections and the limited treatment options due to rampant spread of antibiotic-resistant strains, the trend for development of vaccines and antibody therapy is increasing at rapid rate than development of new antibiotics. In this article, we have discussed elaborately about the host-pathogen interactions, clinical burden due to S aureus infections, status of diagnostic tools, and treatment options in terms of prophylaxis and therapy.
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Coagulase gene polymorphism of Staphylococcus aureus isolates: A study on dairy food products and other foods in Tehran, Iran. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Riva A, Borghi E, Cirasola D, Colmegna S, Borgo F, Amato E, Pontello MM, Morace G. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Milk: Prevalence, SCCmec Typing, Enterotoxin Characterization, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1142-6. [PMID: 26038904 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a known major cause of foodborne illnesses, and raw milk and dairy products are often contaminated by enterotoxigenic and antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus strains. In the present study, 35 S. aureus strains were isolated from 383 raw milk samples collected from various dairy herds in the province of Milan (northern Italy). The isolates were characterized based on their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, sed, and see). About half (45.7%) of the strains were enterotoxigenic, and 37.1% were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobial drugs tested. Seven (20%) of 35 isolates were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and SCCmec typing performed with a multiplex PCR assay revealed the presence of gene cassettes IV and V, typical of community-acquired MRSA, and I and II, characteristic of health care-associated MRSA. The MRSA strains were evaluated for the presence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene, but this gene was not found. The results of the present study revealed the presence of toxin-producing S. aureus and MRSA strains in raw milk. MRSA and enterotoxigenic S. aureus in dairy farms are an important risk factor for the spread of staphylococcal infections; therefore, further studies are needed to find strategies for monitoring and controlling the presence of S. aureus, especially MRSA, in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Riva
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Daniela Cirasola
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Colmegna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Borgo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Amato
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Mirella Maria Pontello
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Morace
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
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Enterotoxinomics: The omic sciences in the study of staphylococcal toxins analyzed in food matrices. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Dambrosio A, Quaglia NC, Saracino M, Malcangi M, Montagna C, Quinto M, Lorusso V, Normanno G. Microbiological quality of Burrata cheese produced in Puglia region: southern Italy. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1981-4. [PMID: 24215706 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Burrata cheese is a popular typical Italian food product, produced in Puglia (an administrative region of southern Italy), and this study investigated the microbiological quality of 404 samples of this cheese. The samples were analyzed in order to quantify Escherichia coli and to detect the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes. No sample exceeded the values of E. coli set by EC Regulation 1441/07 for some dairy products, while 15 (3.7%) samples tested coagulase-positive staphylococci positive, with values greater than 10(3) CFU/g. One strain of S. aureus was identified and characterized from each of these positive samples, and of these strains, 7 (46.6%) produced staphylococcal enterotoxin A, 5 (33.3%) produced staphylococcal enterotoxin C, 2 (13.3%) produced staphylococcal enterotoxin D, and 1 (6.6%) produced both staphylococcal enterotoxins A and D. All strains were mecA negative. The 15 S. aureus isolates were tested for their antimicrobial resistance patterns, and all analyzed strains showed antimicrobial resistance properties for at least one of the tested antibiotics. Testing for the other pathogens mentioned above gave negative results. The results of our study mean that the microbiological quality of Burrata cheese can be assumed to be good, although care must be taken with raw materials and good hygiene during processing in order to guarantee greater food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Dambrosio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplant, University of Bari Aldo Moro, SP Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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