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Delgado J, Álvarez M, Cebrián E, Martín I, Roncero E, Rodríguez M. Biocontrol of Pathogen Microorganisms in Ripened Foods of Animal Origin. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1578. [PMID: 37375080 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ripened foods of animal origin comprise meat products and dairy products, being transformed by the wild microbiota which populates the raw materials, generating highly appreciated products over the world. Together with this beneficial microbiota, both pathogenic and toxigenic microorganisms such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum, Escherichia coli, Candida spp., Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp., can contaminate these products and pose a risk for the consumers. Thus, effective strategies to hamper these hazards are required. Additionally, consumer demand for clean label products is increasing. Therefore, the manufacturing sector is seeking new efficient, natural, low-environmental impact and easy to apply strategies to counteract these microorganisms. This review gathers different approaches to maximize food safety and discusses the possibility of their being applied or the necessity of new evidence, mainly for validation in the manufacturing product and its sensory impact, before being implemented as preventative measures in the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Delgado
- Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria, Instituto de Investigación de Carne y Productos Cárnicos (IProCar), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Micaela Álvarez
- Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria, Instituto de Investigación de Carne y Productos Cárnicos (IProCar), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Eva Cebrián
- Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria, Instituto de Investigación de Carne y Productos Cárnicos (IProCar), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Irene Martín
- Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria, Instituto de Investigación de Carne y Productos Cárnicos (IProCar), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Elia Roncero
- Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria, Instituto de Investigación de Carne y Productos Cárnicos (IProCar), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Mar Rodríguez
- Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria, Instituto de Investigación de Carne y Productos Cárnicos (IProCar), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
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Targeting Other Mycotoxin Biosynthetic Genes. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27924541 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6707-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Real-time PCR (qPCR) methods are adequate tools for sensitive and rapid detection and quantification of toxigenic molds contaminating food commodities. Methods of qPCR for quantifying zearalenone (ZEA)-, sterigmatocystin (ST)-, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)-, and patulin (PAT)-producing molds have been designed on the basis of specific target genes involved in the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins. In this chapter reliable qPCR protocols to detect and quantify such toxigenic molds are described. All of these methods are suitable when working with mold pure cultures and mold contaminated foods. For ZEA-producing molds, two qPCR using the SYBR Green fluorochrome and based on two polyketide synthase (PKS) genes are detailed. qPCR protocols relied on the fluG and the idh genes able to quantify ST- and PAT-producing molds, respectively, which can be performed by both SYBR Green and TaqMan methodologies are described. Regarding CPA-producing molds a TaqManq PCR method including a competitive internal amplification control is detailed. Since DNA extraction is a critical step in the detection and quantification of toxigenic molds by qPCR, a protocol for extracting DNA from mold pure cultures and food is also described.
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Song Z, Schlatter D, Kennedy P, Kinkel LL, Kistler HC, Nguyen N, Bates ST. Effort versus Reward: Preparing Samples for Fungal Community Characterization in High-Throughput Sequencing Surveys of Soils. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127234. [PMID: 25974078 PMCID: PMC4431839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation fungal amplicon sequencing is being used with increasing frequency to study fungal diversity in various ecosystems; however, the influence of sample preparation on the characterization of fungal community is poorly understood. We investigated the effects of four procedural modifications to library preparation for high-throughput sequencing (HTS). The following treatments were considered: 1) the amount of soil used in DNA extraction, 2) the inclusion of additional steps (freeze/thaw cycles, sonication, or hot water bath incubation) in the extraction procedure, 3) the amount of DNA template used in PCR, and 4) the effect of sample pooling, either physically or computationally. Soils from two different ecosystems in Minnesota, USA, one prairie and one forest site, were used to assess the generality of our results. The first three treatments did not significantly influence observed fungal OTU richness or community structure at either site. Physical pooling captured more OTU richness compared to individual samples, but total OTU richness at each site was highest when individual samples were computationally combined. We conclude that standard extraction kit protocols are well optimized for fungal HTS surveys, but because sample pooling can significantly influence OTU richness estimates, it is important to carefully consider the study aims when planning sampling procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dan Schlatter
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
| | - Peter Kennedy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
| | - Linda L. Kinkel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
| | - H. Corby Kistler
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
- USDA ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
| | - Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
| | - Scott T. Bates
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
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Lozano-Ojalvo D, Rodríguez A, Cordero M, Bernáldez V, Reyes-Prieto M, Córdoba JJ. Characterisation and detection of spoilage mould responsible for black spot in dry-cured fermented sausages. Meat Sci 2015; 100:283-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cordero M, Córdoba JJ, Bernáldez V, Rodríguez M, Rodríguez A. Quantification of Penicillium nalgiovense on Dry-Cured Sausage ‘Salchichón’ Using a SYBR Green-Based Real-Time PCR. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-0078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bernáldez V, Rodríguez A, Martín A, Lozano D, Córdoba JJ. Development of a multiplex qPCR method for simultaneous quantification in dry-cured ham of an antifungal-peptide Penicillium chrysogenum strain used as protective culture and aflatoxin-producing moulds. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Luque MI, Córdoba JJ, Rodríguez A, Núñez F, Andrade MJ. Development of a PCR protocol to detect ochratoxin A producing moulds in food products. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rodríguez A, Werning ML, Rodríguez M, Bermúdez E, Córdoba JJ. Quantitative real-time PCR method with internal amplification control to quantify cyclopiazonic acid producing molds in foods. Food Microbiol 2012; 32:397-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Development of a Multiplex PCR Method for the Detection of Patulin-, Ochratoxin A- and Aflatoxin-Producing Moulds in Foods. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Development of a Protocol for Efficient DNA Extraction of Patulin-Producing Molds from Food for Sensitive Detection by PCR. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A comparative study of DNA extraction methods to be used in real-time PCR based quantification of ochratoxin A-producing molds in food products. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Rodríguez A, Córdoba JJ, Gordillo R, Córdoba MG, Rodríguez M. Development of Two Quantitative Real-Time PCR Methods Based on SYBR Green and TaqMan to Quantify Sterigmatocystin-Producing Molds in Foods. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rodríguez A, Rodríguez M, Luque MI, Martín A, Córdoba JJ. Real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of aflatoxin-producing molds in foods. Food Microbiol 2012; 31:89-99. [PMID: 22475946 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are among the most toxic mycotoxins. Early detection and quantification of aflatoxin-producing species is crucial to improve food safety. In the present work, two protocols of real-time PCR (qPCR) based on SYBR Green and TaqMan were developed, and their sensitivity and specificity were evaluated. Primers and probes were designed from the o-methyltransferase gene (omt-1) involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Fifty-three mold strains representing aflatoxin producers and non-producers of different species, usually reported in food products, were used as references. All strains were tested for aflatoxins production by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The functionality of the proposed qPCR method was demonstrated by the strong linear relationship of the standard curves constructed with the omt-1 gene copy number and Ct values for the different aflatoxin producers tested. The ability of the qPCR protocols to quantify aflatoxin-producing molds was evaluated in different artificially inoculated foods. A good linear correlation was obtained over the range 4 to 1 log cfu/g per reaction for all qPCR assays in the different food matrices (peanuts, spices and dry-fermented sausages). The detection limit in all inoculated foods ranged from 1 to 2 log cfu/g for SYBR Green and TaqMan assays. No significant effect was observed due to the different equipment, operator, and qPCR methodology used in the tests of repeatability and reproducibility for different foods. The proposed methods quantified with high efficiency the fungal load in foods. These qPCR protocols are proposed for use to quantify aflatoxin-producing molds in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rodríguez
- Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n., 10071 Cáceres, Spain
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Rodríguez A, Rodríguez M, Andrade MJ, Córdoba JJ. Development of a multiplex real-time PCR to quantify aflatoxin, ochratoxin A and patulin producing molds in foods. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 155:10-8. [PMID: 22326179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex real-time PCR (qPCR) method to quantify aflatoxin, ochratoxin A (OTA) and patulin producing molds in foods was developed. For this, the primer pairs F/R-omt, F/R-npstr and F/R-idhtrb and the TaqMan probes, OMTprobe, NPSprobe and IDHprobe targeting the omt-1, otanpsPN and idh genes involved in aflatoxin, OTA and patulin biosynthesis, respectively, were used. The functionality of the developed qPCR method was demonstrated by the high linear relationship of the standard curves constructed with the omt-1, otanpsPN and idh gene copies and threshold cycle (Ct) values for the respective producing molds tested to quantify aflatoxin, OTA and patulin producing molds. The ability of the optimized qPCR protocol to quantify producing molds was evaluated in different artificially inoculated foods (fruits, nuts, cereals and dry-ripened meat and cheese products). Efficiency values ranged from 81 to 110% in all inoculated foods. The detection limit was between 3 and 1logcfu/g for aflatoxin, OTA and patulin producing molds. The developed multiplex qPCR was shown be an appropriate tool for sensitive quantification of growth of toxigenic fungi in foods throughout the incubation time. Thus, the multiplex qPCR is a useful, rapid and efficient method to quantify simultaneously aflatoxin, OTA and patulin producing molds in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rodríguez
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n., Cáceres, Spain
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Rodríguez A, Córdoba JJ, Werning ML, Andrade MJ, Rodríguez M. Duplex real-time PCR method with internal amplification control for quantification of verrucosidin producing molds in dry-ripened foods. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 153:85-91. [PMID: 22119450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Verrucosidin, which is a tremorgenic mycotoxin responsible for neurological diseases, has been detected in different dry-ripened foods as consequence of the growth of toxigenic molds. To improve food safety, the presence of verrucosidin producing molds in these kind foods should be quantified. The aim of this study was to design a duplex real-time PCR (qPCR) protocol based on TaqMan methodology with an internal amplification control (IAC). Eleven verrucosidin producing and 11 non producing strains belonging to different species often reported in food products were used. Verrucosidin production was tested by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis (MECE) and high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). A primer pair (VerF1/VerR1) and a TaqMan probe (Verprobe) were designed from the SVr1 probe sequence of a verrucosidin producing Penicillium polonicum. The conserved regions of the β-tubulin gene were used to design primers (TubF1/TubR1) and probe (Tubprobe) of the non-competitive IAC. The functionality of the developed method was demonstrated by the high linear relationship of the standard curves which relating Ct values and DNA template of the tested verrucosidin producers using the verrucosidin and IAC primers. The ability to quantify verrucosidin producers of the developed TaqMan assay in all artificially inoculated food samples was successful, with a minimum detection limit of 1 log cfu per gram of food. This qPCR protocol including an IAC could be very useful to quantify verrucosidin producing molds in dry-ripened foods avoiding false negative results. This method should be proposed to monitor the target molds in HACCP programs to prevent the risk of verrucosidin formation and consequently avoid its presence in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rodríguez
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Universidad, s/n. 10003-Cáceres, Spain
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Rodríguez A, Rodríguez M, Luque MI, Justesen AF, Córdoba JJ. Quantification of ochratoxin A-producing molds in food products by SYBR Green and TaqMan real-time PCR methods. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 149:226-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rodríguez A, Luque MI, Andrade MJ, Rodríguez M, Asensio MA, Córdoba JJ. Development of real-time PCR methods to quantify patulin-producing molds in food products. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:1190-9. [PMID: 21645819 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by different Penicillium and Aspergillus strains isolated from food products. To improve food safety, the presence of patulin-producing molds in foods should be quantified. In the present work, two real-time (RTi) PCR protocols based on SYBR Green and TaqMan were developed. Thirty four patulin producers and 28 non-producers strains belonging to different species usually reported in food products were used. The patulin production was tested by mycellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis (MECE) and high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). A primer pair F-idhtrb/R-idhtrb and the probe IDHprobe were designed from the isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh) gene, involved in patulin biosynthesis. The functionality of the developed method was demonstrated by the high linear relationship of the standard curves constructed with the idh gene copy number and Ct values for the different patulin producers tested. The ability to quantify patulin producers of the developed SYBR Green and TaqMan assays in artificially inoculated food samples was successful, with a minimum threshold of 10 conidia g(-1) per reaction. The developed methods quantified with high efficiency fungal load in foods. These RTi-PCR protocols, are proposed to be used to quantify patulin-producing molds in food products and to prevent patulin from entering the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rodríguez
- Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 10003-Cáceres, Spain
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