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Evaluation of the Adsorption Efficacy of Bentonite on Aflatoxin M 1 Levels in Contaminated Milk. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020107. [PMID: 36828421 PMCID: PMC9966358 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw milk results in economic losses and public health risks. This research aims to examine the capability of bentonite to adsorb and/or eliminate AFM1 from various raw milk types. In addition, the effects of numerous bentonites (HAFR 1, 2, 3 and 4) on the nutritional characteristics of the milk were studied. Our findings revealed that goat milk had the highest value of AFM1 (490.30 ng/L) in comparison to other milks. AFM1 adsorption was influenced by applying bentonite (0.5 and 1 g) in a concentration-dependent manner for different time intervals (from 0 to 12 h). The percentage of AFM1 reached the maximum adsorption level after 12 h to 100, 98.5 and 98% for bentonites HAFR 3, 1 and 2, respectively. HAFR 3 (1 g bentonite) presented higher adsorption efficiency than other bentonites used in the phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and milk. Residual levels of AFM1 reached their lowest values of 0 and 1.5 ng/L while using HAFR 3 in PBS and milk, respectively. With regard to the influence of bentonite on the nutritional characteristics of milk, there was an increase in fat, protein and solid non-fat ratio while using HAFR 3 and 4, yet decreased lactose in comparison with the control. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy both identified bentonites as superior AFM1 binders. The results demonstrated that bentonite, particularly HAFR 3, was the most effective adsorbent and could thus be a promising candidate for the decontamination of AFM1 in milk.
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Benkerroum N, Ismail A. Human Breast Milk Contamination with Aflatoxins, Impact on Children's Health, and Possible Control Means: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16792. [PMID: 36554670 PMCID: PMC9779431 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are natural toxicants produced mainly by species of the Aspergillus genus, which contaminate virtually all feeds and foods. Apart from their deleterious health effects on humans and animals, they can be secreted unmodified or carried over into the milk of lactating females, thereby posing health risks to suckling babies. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major and most toxic aflatoxin type after aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). It contaminates human breast milk upon direct ingestion from dairy products or by carry-over from the parent molecule (AFB1), which is hydroxylated in the liver and possibly in the mammary glands by cytochrome oxidase enzymes and then excreted into breast milk as AFM1 during lactation via the mammary alveolar epithelial cells. This puts suckling infants and children fed on this milk at a high risk, especially that their detoxifying activities are still weak at this age essentially due to immature liver as the main organ responsible for the detoxification of xenobiotics. The occurrence of AFM1 at toxic levels in human breast milk and associated health conditions in nursing children is well documented, with developing countries being the most affected. Different studies have demonstrated that contamination of human breast milk with AFM1 represents a real public health issue, which should be promptly and properly addressed to reduce its incidence. To this end, different actions have been suggested, including a wider and proper implementation of regulatory measures, not only for breast milk but also for foods and feeds as the upstream sources for breast milk contamination with AFM1. The promotion of awareness of lactating mothers through the organization of training sessions and mass media disclosures before and after parturition is of a paramount importance for the success of any action. This is especially relevant that there are no possible control measures to ensure compliance of lactating mothers to specific regulatory measures, which can yet be appropriate for the expansion of breast milk banks in industrialized countries and emergence of breast milk sellers. This review attempted to revisit the public health issues raised by mother milk contamination with AFM1, which remains undermined despite the numerous relevant publications highlighting the needs to tackle its incidence as a protective measure for the children physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Expertise Aliments Santé, Food Health Consultancy, 7450 Dollier Str., Montréal, QC H1S 2J6, Canada
| | - Amir Ismail
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan
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Doğan RA, Afacan M, Ozdemir M. Determination of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk and related factors. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2022; 68:1000-1005. [PMID: 36000599 PMCID: PMC9575001 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20211077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Breastfeeding in women with aflatoxin M1 exposure may be a risk factor for the newborn. Thus, it is crucial to determine aflatoxin M1 levels in breast milk and raise mothers’ awareness about nutrition in lactation and other periods. This study was carried out to determine aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk samples taken from mothers who gave birth. METHODS: The study was carried out in the postpartum department of Training and Research Hospital between December 31, 2018, and June 31, 2019, and 90 breastfeeding mothers were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 75 (83.3%) of the examined samples were found positive. The mean aflatoxin M1 ratio in positive samples was 12.16 pg/mL (5.00–23.18 pg/mL). Mothers’ consumption of processed food was associated with aflatoxin M1 levels (p=0.043). It was determined that the aflatoxin M1 levels of mothers who consumed processed food products 1 or 2 times a month were 3.22 times lower than those who consumed 1–2 times a week. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasized the importance of monitoring aflatoxin M1 levels in breast milk for infant health. It is thought that nutrition education given to mothers during pregnancy will significantly impact aflatoxin M1 results. In addition, the dangers of mycotoxins in mother-infant nutrition should be emphasized regularly in health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhan Aydın Doğan
- Karabuk University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery - Karabük, Turkey
| | - Merve Afacan
- Karabuk University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery - Karabük, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozdemir
- Karabuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology - Karabük, Turkey
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4
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Ganime Aygün E, Tümentemur G. Effects of stem cells and amniotic fluid on uterus and ovaries on a rat model with abdominal adhesions: a controlled study. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2022; 23:154-166. [PMID: 35781797 PMCID: PMC9450920 DOI: 10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2022.2022-1-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs), amniotic fluid (AF), and a combination of both on the uterus and ovaries in a rat model of abdominal adhesions. Material and Methods: This study was designed as a controlled study. Four groups, each consisting of six rats, were randomly formed. One group was designated as the control (CNT). hUCMSCs - applied (hUCSC), AF-applied (AMN), and a combination of both (hUCSC + AMN) were the experimental groups. All rats were given intraperitoneal talc powder to create adhesions. After 21 days, animals in experimental groups were further treated with hUCMSC, AF or a combination of these. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in primordial follicle count, endometrial gland number, and endometrial blood vessel count (p<0.05). AMN provided the best results in the endometrial vessel and primordial follicle count. The average endometrial gland count in AMN and hUCSC + AMN was similarly higher than CNT and hUCSC alone. Conclusion: There were significantly higher for counts for endometrial glands, endometrial blood vessels, and primordial follicles in the hUCSC, AMN and hUCSC + AMN groups compared to controls. Animals in the AMN group had the best result for endometrial vessel and highest primordial follicle count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Ganime Aygün
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atakent Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gamze Tümentemur
- Department of Anatomy, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Vocational School of Health Services, İstanbul, Turkey
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Yalçin SS, Güneş B, Yalçin S. Influence of season and lactational stage on aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A in human milk in a cohort study from southeastern region of Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1192-1203. [PMID: 33307760 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1860200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the changes in aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in human breast milk (HBM) during the first five postpartum months according to the sampling season in a cohort study from Şanlıurfa. From 78 healthy lactating mothers, HBM was taken at the 5-14 days postpartum (D5-14) and the 6th and 18th weeks postpartum (W6 and W18). Mycotoxin levels were analyzed with competitive ELISA. Generalized Estimating Equations with repeated measures (three-correlation matrix dimension) revealed a significantly higher mean AFM1 level at W6 than that on D5-14. AFM1 and OTA levels in winter and spring were considerably higher than that in summer and autumn. Maternal smoke exposure, body mass index, history of moldy food exposure, birth order, and breastfeeding type did not influence the results. Whilst season had a marked effect on the milk levels of both analytes, lactation stage affected AFM1 more notable than OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bülent Güneş
- Child Health and Disease Service, Özel Şan Med Hospital, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Suzan Yalçin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Hernández M, Juan-García A, Moltó JC, Mañes J, Juan C. Evaluation of Mycotoxins in Infant Breast Milk and Infant Food, Reviewing the Literature Data. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:535. [PMID: 34437408 PMCID: PMC8402439 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, an analysis focusing on mycotoxin determination in infant breast milk and infant food has been summarised for the last fifteen years of research focused on the intended population group of 1-9 months. The objective was to know the level of exposure of the child population to an estimated daily intake (EDI) of mycotoxins from the consumption of habitual foods. The EDI was compared with the tolerable daily intake (TDI) established by EFSA to estimate risk. In breast milk, the high prevalence and levels were for samples from Africa (Egypt and Tanzania) with aflatoxin M1 (1.9 μg/L and 10%), and Asia (Iran) with ochratoxin-A (7.3 μg/L and 100%). In infant formulas, high incidences and values were for samples with aflatoxin M1 from Burkina Faso (167 samples, 84%, 87 μg/kg). In cereal products, the highest incidence was for DON from the United States (96 samples), and the highest value was an Italian sample (0.83 μg/kg of enniatin B). In fruit products, patulin was the most detected in Italian (78) and Spanish (24) samples. The highest risk was observed in breast milk during the first month of age, the highest EDI for aflatoxin M1 was reported for Egypt (344-595 ng/kg bw/day) and ochratoxin-A for Iran (97-167ng/kg bw/day), representing a public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (M.H.); (J.C.M.); (J.M.)
| | | | | | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (M.H.); (J.C.M.); (J.M.)
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Saha Turna N, Wu F. Aflatoxin M1 in milk: A global occurrence, intake, & exposure assessment. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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The challenges of global occurrence of aflatoxin M1 contamination and the reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk over the past decade. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Samiee F, Kharazi A, Elaridi J, Taravati Javad M, Leili M. An assessment of the occurrence and nutritional factors associated with aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone in the breast milk of nursing mothers in Hamadan, Iran. Toxicon 2020; 187:209-213. [PMID: 32971098 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This research investigated the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEN) in human milk samples in the Hamadan city, Iran. The study was carried out using the milk of nursing mothers from ten governmental health care centers. Mycotoxin content of ninety milk samples measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All samples that tested positive for AFM1 with the ELISA test were subsequently analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mean ± SD concentrations of AFM1, determined by ELISA and HPLC were 5.98 ± 1.47 and 4.36 ± 1.23 ng/L, respectively. OTA and ZEN levels were below the detection limit (<5 ng/L) in all samples. None of the contaminated samples exceeded the regulation limit set by the European Commission (25 ng/L) for AFM1 in infant formula. We found a significant correlation between the AFM1 concentration in breast milk and infant age and milk consumption by the nursing mother (p < 0.05). These findings revealed that infants are susceptible to AFM1 exposure from their mother's milk. The authors recommend that additional research be conducted on the analysis of foodstuff and biological fluids for various mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Samiee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ava Kharazi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jomana Elaridi
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Masoumeh Taravati Javad
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Leili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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10
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Aflatoxin M1 prevalence in breast milk in Morocco: Associated factors and health risk assessment of newborns "CONTAMILK study". Toxicon 2020; 187:203-208. [PMID: 32971097 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the contamination of breast milk by aflatoxin M1 among nursing mothers from Rabat, Morocco, and to explore its association with several maternal parameters and dietary habits. In addition, the health risk assessment of the newborns by the estimation of the daily intake. A competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay method was used for the analysis of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk samples. Analytical results indicate that out of 82 total samples, 43 samples (52.4%) of milk were positive. Aflatoxin M1 levels ranged from undetectable to 13.33 ng/L, while the mean level was 5.75 ± 3.44 ng/L. Besides, several factors and foodstuffs seem to increase the level of AFM1 in breast milk. As regards the estimated daily intake of aflatoxin M1, it varies between immeasurable and a maximum of 1.16 ng/kg.bw. The degree of exposure to AFB1 and the levels of its metabolite AFM1 in breast milk were low, compared to some studies from other countries. Further investigations and periodic monitoring programs are recommended in large samples and in many cities of morocco to assess the level of exposure of the Moroccan population.
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11
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Fusco V, Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Logrieco AF, Cho G, Kabisch J, Böhnlein C, Franz CMAP. Microbial quality and safety of milk and milk products in the 21st century. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2013-2049. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Daniele Chieffi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Gyu‐Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Christina Böhnlein
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
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12
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Kamali M, Kamali A, Taheri sarvtin M. Evaluation of Aflatoxin M1 Level in Human Breast Milk samples from Jiroft, South of Iran. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.14.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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13
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Karayağiz Muslu G, Özdemir M. Occurrence of and Factors Associated With the Presence of Aflatoxin M 1 in Breast Milk of Mothers in Fethiye, Turkey. Biol Res Nurs 2020; 22:362-368. [PMID: 32314592 DOI: 10.1177/1099800420919900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins comprise a group of mycotoxins that are found in the environment. Exposure to aflatoxins has been reported to cause serious health problems in humans. Since aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is secreted in breast milk, the exposure of infants to this toxin is an important concern. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, levels of, and factors associated with the presence of AFM1 in breast milk of mothers in Fethiye, Turkey. Breast milk samples were taken from 100 mothers who had given birth over the period of October-November 2017. The AFM1 content of the samples was determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The lowest limit for milk samples in the Ridascreen® AFM1 commercial test kit is 5 ng/L. Because of this, AFM1 levels below 5 ng/L in the breast milk samples were assessed as negative. Of the breast milk samples tested, 53 were positive. The average AFM1 amount in the positive samples was 6.36 ng/L (ppt; range 5.10-8.31 ng/L). Mothers who were housewives, lived in damp, humid houses, or ate spices or dried fruits and vegetables had significantly greater prevalence of AFM1 in their breast milk than those who were employed, did not report dampness or mold in the home, or did not eat spices or dried fruits and vegetables. AFM1 in breast milk could be an important risk factor for infant health. Informing the public about food safety could reduce the amount of AFM1 being transferred into breast milk via food channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Karayağiz Muslu
- Department of Nursing, Fethiye Faculty of Health Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Özdemir
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Karabük University, Turkey
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Sengling Cebin Coppa CF, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Alvito P, Assunção R, Martins C, Eş I, Gonçalves BL, Valganon de Neeff D, Sant'Ana AS, Corassin CH, Oliveira CAF. The occurrence of mycotoxins in breast milk, fruit products and cereal-based infant formula: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Fakhri Y, Rahmani J, Oliveira CAF, Franco LT, Corassin CH, Saba S, Rafique J, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk: A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and risk assessment study (Monte Carlo simulation). Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Fakhri Y, Ghorbani R, Taghavi M, Keramati H, Amanidaz N, Moradi B, Nazari SH, Shariatifar N, Khaneghah AM. Concentration and Prevalence of Aflatoxin M 1 in Human Breast Milk in Iran: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment: A Review. J Food Prot 2019; 82:785-795. [PMID: 30995144 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis was designed to review the published reports regarding the concentration and/or prevalence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in human breast milk in Iran. The carcinogenic risk for Iranian infants consuming this milk was estimated with the hazard index. The PubMed and Scopus databases and the Scientific Information Database were screened for relevant studies between 1995 and 2017, and 11 of the 112 collected studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The mean (95% confidence interval) concentration of AFM1 was 5.85 ng/L (4.54 to 7.15 ng/L), which was lower than the European Union standard (25 ng/L). The mean prevalence of AFM1 in breast milk in Iran was 42% (11 to 77%). The estimated daily intakes for male and female infants were 0.02 to 5.57 ng/kg and 0.02 to 3.68 ng/kg of body weight per day, respectively. The rank order of estimated daily intake for both male and female infants according to age was 1 week > 1 month > 6 months > 12 months. The hazard index for all age groups of infants in all provinces in Iran was less than 1. Therefore, infants in Iran were not considered at carcinogenic risk from AFM1 in human breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadolah Fakhri
- 1 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheb Ghorbani
- 2 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Taghavi
- 3 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Hassan Keramati
- 2 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Nazak Amanidaz
- 4 Environmental Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Bigard Moradi
- 5 Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Simin Hagh Nazari
- 6 Department Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- 7 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- 8 Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-0004 )
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17
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Memiş EY, Yalçın SS. Human milk mycotoxin contamination: smoking exposure and breastfeeding problems. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:31-40. [PMID: 30810418 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1586879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Mammalian milk may contain pollutants as a result of the maternal exposure. The objective was to determine the presence of selected mycotoxins in human milk and to investigate the effect of maternal characteristics on breastmilk mycotoxin levels and to examine the effect of mycotoxin contamination on lactational problems.Materials and methods: Information about maternal characteristics were taken by a questionnaire and breast milk samples were collected. Levels of aflatoxins M1 (AFM1), ochratoxins A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), Deoxynivalenol (DON) were determined by the solid-phase direct competitive enzyme immunoassay.Results: Median levels of breast milk AFM1 and OTA was 3.07 pg/mL and 1.38 ng/mL, respectively. ZEN and DON levels were higher than 0.3 ng/mL in 59% and higher than 10 ng/mL in 37.7%. After controlling for confounding factors, mothers who experienced "delayed onset of lactogenesis" had odds 3.33 times more for the highest quartile of ZEN and mothers with cracked nipples had odds 8.36 times more for the highest quartile of DON. Multiple regression analysis revealed that smoking exposure (environmental, maternal smoking versus never) significantly affected being in the highest quartile of OTA.Conclusion: Mycotoxin can pass to breast milk and smoking exposure of the mother may influence this situation. Mycotoxin exposure may lead to lactation problems. Maternal and infant health can be protected by preventing smoking exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Yasemin Memiş
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sıddıka Songül Yalçın
- Unit of Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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The prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in milk of Middle East region: A systematic review, meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:653-666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Jafari T, Fallah AA, Kheiri S, Fadaei A, Amini SA. Aflatoxin M 1 in human breast milk in Shahrekord, Iran and association with dietary factors. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2017; 10:128-136. [PMID: 28091279 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1282545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This survey was conducted to determine the occurrence and levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in 250 breast milk samples of lactating mothers, obtained from urban and rural regions of Shahrekord, Iran. Moreover, the association between AFM1 occurrence levels and dietary factors was assessed. AFM1 analysis was carried out using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique for screening and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for confirmatory purposes. The toxin was detected in 39 samples (15.6%), ranging from 11.1 to 39.3 ng/l, of which 8 samples (3.2%) had levels above the Iranian national standard limit (25 ng/l). AFM1 occurrence and levels in breast milk samples obtained from rural regions were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those obtained from urban ones. It might be due to the different dietary patterns in these regions. It was found that dietary habits with more tendencies to consume bread, rice and non-alcoholic beer beverage significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) the risk of AFM1 occurrence in breast milk. In addition, higher consumption of bread, olive and traditional cream significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) the levels of AFM1 in breast milk samples. Further investigations should be performed to determine more precisely the association between AFM1 occurrence and dietary factors and also the risk of infant exposure to this mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jafari
- a Clinical Biochemistry Research Center , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran.,b Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Aziz A Fallah
- c Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Soleiman Kheiri
- d Social Health Determinants Research Center , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Fadaei
- e Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Sayed Asadollah Amini
- a Clinical Biochemistry Research Center , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
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Aflatoxin M 1 in human breast milk in southeastern Turkey. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 33:103-107. [PMID: 28032266 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to determine aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in human breast milk samples collected in Şanlıurfa, located in Southeastern region of Turkey, and to investigate a possible correlation between AFM1 occurrence (frequency and levels) and sampling seasons. Human breast milk samples collected in December 2014 and in June 2015 from a total of 74 nursing women, both outpatient and inpatient volunteers in hospitals located in Şanlıurfa, Turkey, were analyzed using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of AFM1. AFM1 was detected in 66 (89.2%) out of 74 samples at an average concentration of 19.0 ± 13.0 ng/l (min.-max., 9.6-80 ng/l). There was a statistically significant difference between December and June concerning AFM1 levels (p < 0.05). Further detailed studies will be needed to determine the main sources of aflatoxins in food, to establish protection strategies against maternal and infant exposure to these mycotoxins.
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Warth B, Braun D, Ezekiel CN, Turner PC, Degen GH, Marko D. Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Human Breast Milk: Current State and Future Perspectives. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1087-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department
of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
- Partnership
for Aflatoxin Control in Africa, Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Paul C. Turner
- Maryland
Institute for Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gisela H. Degen
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystraße 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Cherkani-Hassani A, Mojemmi B, Mouane N. Occurrence and levels of mycotoxins and their metabolites in human breast milk associated to dietary habits and other factors: A systematic literature review, 1984–2015. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Fromme H, Gareis M, Völkel W, Gottschalk C. Overall internal exposure to mycotoxins and their occurrence in occupational and residential settings – An overview. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:143-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Atasever M, Yildirim Y, Atasever M, Tastekin A. Assessment of aflatoxin M1 in maternal breast milk in Eastern Turkey. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 66:147-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Turner PC. The molecular epidemiology of chronic aflatoxin driven impaired child growth. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:152879. [PMID: 24455429 PMCID: PMC3881689 DOI: 10.1155/2013/152879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that contaminate dietary staples in tropical regions; chronic high levels of exposure are common for many of the poorest populations. Observations in animals indicate that growth and/or food utilization are adversely affected by aflatoxins. This review highlights the development of validated exposure biomarkers and their use here to assess the role of aflatoxins in early life growth retardation. Aflatoxin exposure occurs in utero and continues in early infancy as weaning foods are introduced. Using aflatoxin-albumin exposure biomarkers, five major studies clearly demonstrate strong dose response relationships between exposure in utero and/or early infancy and growth retardation, identified by reduced birth weight and/or low HAZ and WAZ scores. The epidemiological studies include cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys, though aflatoxin reduction intervention studies are now required to further support these data and guide sustainable options to reduce the burden of exposure. The use of aflatoxin exposure biomarkers was essential in understanding the observational data reviewed and will likely be a critical monitor of the effectiveness of interventions to restrict aflatoxin exposure. Given that an estimated 4.5 billion individuals live in regions at risk of dietary contamination the public health concern cannot be over stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Craig Turner
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Degen GH, Muñoz K, Hengstler JG. Occurrence of mycotoxins in breast milk. HANDBOOK OF DIETARY AND NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN BREAST MILK 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-764-6_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. H. Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - K. Muñoz
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J. G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Modulation of macrophage activity by aflatoxins B1 and B2 and their metabolites aflatoxins M1 and M2. Toxicon 2012; 59:644-50. [PMID: 22402176 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are natural contaminants frequently found both in food and feed. Many of them exert immunomodulatory properties in mammals; therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate immune-effects of AFB1, AFB2, AFM1 and AFM2, alone and differently combined, in J774A.1 murine macrophages. MTT assay showed that AFB1, alone and combined with AFB2, possess antiproliferative activity only at the highest concentration; such effect was not shown by their hydroxylated metabolites, AFM1 and AFM2, respectively. However, the immunotoxic effects of the aflatoxins evaluated in the current study may be due to the inhibition of production of active oxygen metabolites such as NO. Cytofluorimetric assay in macrophages exposed to aflatoxins (10-100 μM) revealed that their cytoxicity is not related to apoptotic pathways. Nevertheless, a significant increase of the S phase cell population accompanied by a decrease in G0/G1 phase cell population was observed after AFB1 treatment. In conclusion, the results of the current study suggest that aflatoxins could compromise the macrophages functions; in particular, co-exposure to AFB1, AFB2, AFM1 and AFM2 may exert interactions which can significantly affect immunoreactivity.
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29
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Seasonal variation of aflatoxin M1 contamination in industrial and traditional Iranian dairy products. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Aflatoxins, fungal toxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in a variety of food crops, are well known as potent human hepatocarcinogens. Relatively less highlighted in the literature is the association between aflatoxin and growth impairment in children. Foodborne aflatoxin exposure, especially through maize and groundnuts, is common in much of Africa and Asia--areas where childhood stunting and underweight are also common, due to a variety of possibly interacting factors such as enteric diseases, socioeconomic status, and suboptimal nutrition. The effects of aflatoxin on growth impairment in animals and human children are reviewed, including studies that assess aflatoxin exposure in utero and through breastfeeding. Childhood weaning diets in various regions of the world are briefly discussed. This review suggests that aflatoxin exposure and its association with growth impairment in children could contribute a significant public health burden in less developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsri Khlangwiset
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
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Tomerak RH, Shaban HH, Khalafallah OA, El Shazly MN. Assessment of exposure of Egyptian infants to aflatoxin M1 through breast milk. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2011; 86:51-55. [PMID: 21844759 DOI: 10.1097/01.epx.0000399138.90797.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mothers are exposed to many toxins that can reach their infants through breast milk. One of these toxins is aflatoxins, produced by Aspergillus fungus. Aspergillus colonizes grains, especially in tropical regions where there is high temperature and humidity. Aflatoxins are highly toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. One of these is aflatoxin B1 that is excreted in breast milk as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study in which 150 mother-infant dyads were included. All the infants were exclusively breastfed. Infant weights' standard deviation scores were documented at birth and at 6 months. At 6 months, before starting weaning, AFM1 was measured in breast milk by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by liver enzymes; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) for all mothers and infants. RESULTS Ninety-eight mothers (65.3%) had AFM1-positive breast milk samples (AFM1>0.05 μg/l according to the European Community and Codex Alimentarius). AFM1 levels ranged between 0.2 and 19.0 μg/l (mean: 7.1±5.0 μg/l). In cases considered negative, AFM1 levels ranged between 0.01and 0.05 μg/l (mean: 0.04±0.01 μg/l). Infants of AFM1-positive mothers had lower weight standard deviation scores at birth and at 6 months (P=0.04 and 0.0001). ALT and aspartate aminotransferase of mothers and ALT of infants were significantly higher in dyads having AFM1-positive breast milk (P=0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSION Aflatoxins represent a real threat in Egypt. The higher liver enzymes in AFM1-positive cases might represent an alarm toward future development of hepatocellular carcinoma. RECOMMENDATIONS Cooperation of ministries is recommended to combat this problem. The public should be educated about proper food storage and about the hazards of aflatoxin ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania H Tomerak
- Paediatrics and Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics bDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine cCentre of Social and Preventive Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Bhat R, Rai RV, Karim A. Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:57-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Gürbay A, Sabuncuoğlu SA, Girgin G, Sahin G, Yiğit S, Yurdakök M, Tekinalp G. Exposure of newborns to aflatoxin M1 and B1 from mothers' breast milk in Ankara, Turkey. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 48:314-9. [PMID: 19850097 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are important risks for human health due to their widespread presence in foods and environment. However, contamination risk of breast milk with different pollutants including AFs is high in today's life conditions. Since breast milk is a major nutrient for infants, feeding of infants with safe milk is essential. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the levels of AF M(1) and B(1) in breast milk samples collected from 75 mothers in Ankara, Turkey. AF M(1) and B(1) levels were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector following an extraction procedure. The limit of detection was found to be 5 ng/l. Both AFs were detected in diverse degrees in all breast milk samples: The level of AF M(1) were in the ranges of 60.90-299.99 ng/l, and AF B(1) were in the ranges of 94.50-4123.80 ng/l. These results pointed out the exposure of mothers and neonates to AF M(1) and B(1), and the necessity of further research on mycotoxin contamination both in foods and biological fluids as well as protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gürbay
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
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