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Hua Z, Zhu MJ. Innovative Hurdle Strategies for Listeria Control on Food-Contact Surfaces: A Peroxyacetic Acid-Steam Approach. Foods 2024; 13:2481. [PMID: 39200408 PMCID: PMC11353402 DOI: 10.3390/foods13162481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The persistence of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on equipment surfaces poses a significant risk of cross-contamination, necessitating effective surface decontamination strategies. This study assessed the effectiveness of hurdle treatments combining peroxyacetic acid (PAA) and saturated steam against 7-day-old L. innocua (a non-pathogenic surrogate for L. monocytogenes) biofilms on stainless steel (SS), polyester (PET), and rubber surfaces. Results demonstrated >6 log10 CFU/coupon L. innocua reductions on SS and PET surfaces after PAA (40 ppm, 1 min) followed by steam treatment (100 °C, 6 s). On rubber surfaces, PAA (80 ppm, 1 min) followed by steam treatment (100 °C, 6 s) resulted in ~5 log10 CFU/coupon L. innocua reduction. The presence of apple juice soil reduced the efficacy of hurdle treatments, with PAA (40 ppm, 1 min) and steam exposure (6 s) resulting in 5.6, 5.8, and 4.2 log10 CFU/coupon reductions of L. innocua on SS, PET, and rubber, respectively. The efficacy of this antimicrobial combination was further reduced by surface defects, especially in the presence of organic matter. Nevertheless, the treatment still achieved >5 log10 CFU/coupon reductions of L. innocua on worn SS and PET soiled with apple juice and ~4.5 log10 CFU/coupon reduction on worn, soiled rubber surfaces. These findings highlight that PAA treatments followed by a brief steam exposure are effective strategies for controlling Listeria on food-contact surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
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2
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Hua Z, Zhu MJ. Unlocking the Hidden Threat: Impacts of Surface Defects on the Efficacy of Sanitizers Against Listeria monocytogenes Biofilms on Food-contact Surfaces in Tree Fruit Packing Facilities. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100213. [PMID: 38176613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Food-contact surfaces showing signs of wear pose a substantial risk of Listeria monocytogenes contamination and may serve as persistent sources of cross-contamination in fresh produce packinghouses. This study offers a comprehensive exploration into the influence of surface defects on the efficacies of commonly used sanitizers against L. monocytogenes biofilms on major food-contact surfaces. The 7-day-old L. monocytogenes biofilms were cultivated on food-contact surfaces, including stainless steel, polyvinyl chloride, polyester, low-density polyethylene, and rubber, with and without defects and organic matter. Biofilms on those surfaces were subjected to treatments of 200 ppm chlorine, 400 ppm quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), or 160 ppm peroxyacetic acid (PAA). Results showed that surface defects significantly (P < 0.05) increased the population of L. monocytogenes in biofilms on non-stainless steel surfaces and compromised the efficacies of sanitizers against L. monocytogenes biofilms across various surface types. A 5-min treatment of 200 ppm chlorine caused 1.84-3.39 log10 CFU/coupon reductions of L. monocytogenes on worn surfaces, compared to 2.79-3.93 log10 CFU/coupon reduction observed on new surfaces. Similarly, a 5-min treatment with 400 ppm QAC caused 2.05-2.88 log10 CFU/coupon reductions on worn surfaces, compared to 2.51-3.66 log10 CFU/coupon reductions on new surfaces. Interestingly, PAA sanitization (160 ppm, 1 min) exhibited less susceptibility to surface defects, leading to 3.41-4.35 log10 CFU/coupon reductions on worn surfaces, in contrast to 3.68-4.64 log10 CFU/coupon reductions on new surfaces. Furthermore, apple juice soiling diminished the efficacy of sanitizers against L. monocytogenes biofilms on worn surfaces (P < 0.05). These findings underscore the critical importance of diligent equipment maintenance and thorough cleaning processes to effectively eliminate L. monocytogenes contamination on food-contact surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Hua
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Rüegg N, Teixeira SR, Beck BM, Monnard FW, Menard R, Yildirim S. Application of antimicrobial packaging based on modified calcium carbonate and EOs for RTE meat products. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Centorotola G, Guidi F, D’Aurizio G, Salini R, Di Domenico M, Ottaviani D, Petruzzelli A, Fisichella S, Duranti A, Tonucci F, Acciari VA, Torresi M, Pomilio F, Blasi G. Intensive Environmental Surveillance Plan for Listeria monocytogenes in Food Producing Plants and Retail Stores of Central Italy: Prevalence and Genetic Diversity. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081944. [PMID: 34441721 PMCID: PMC8392342 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) can persist in food processing environments (FPEs), surviving environmental stresses and disinfectants. We described an intensive environmental monitoring plan performed in Central Italy and involving food producing plants (FPPs) and retail grocery stores (RSs). The aim of the study was to provide a snapshot of the Lm circulation in different FPEs during a severe listeriosis outbreak, using whole genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate the genetic diversity of the Lm isolated, evaluating their virulence and stress resistance profiles. A total of 1217 samples were collected in 86 FPEs with 12.0% of positive surfaces at FPPs level and 7.5% at RSs level; 133 Lm isolates were typed by multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) and core genome MLST (cgMLST). Clonal complex (CC) 121 (25.6%), CC9 (22.6%), CC1 (11.3%), CC3 (10.5%), CC191 (4.5%), CC7 (4.5%) and CC31 (3.8%) were the most frequent MLST clones. Among the 26 cgMLST clusters obtained, 5 of them persisted after sanitization and were re-isolated during the follow-up sampling. All the CC121 harboured the Tn6188_qac gene for tolerance to benzalkonium chloride and the stress survival islet SSI-2. The CC3, CC7, CC9, CC31 and CC191 carried the SSI-1. All the CC9 and CC121 strains presented a premature stop codon in the inlA gene. In addition to the Lm Pathogenicity Island 1 (LIPI-1), CC1, CC3 and CC191 harboured the LIPI-3. The application of intensive environmental sampling plans for the detection and WGS analysis of Lm isolates could improve surveillance and early detection of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Centorotola
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento Per Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.C.); (V.A.A.); (M.T.); (F.P.)
| | - Fabrizia Guidi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (D.O.); (A.P.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (F.T.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-075-3431
| | - Guglielmo D’Aurizio
- ARS P.F. Prevenzione Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Regione Marche, via Don Gioia, 8, 60122 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Romolo Salini
- Centro Operativo Veterinario Per l’Epidemiologia, Programmazione, Informazione e Analisi del Rischio (COVEPI), National Reference Center for Veterinary Epidemiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Marco Di Domenico
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale Per Sequenze Genomiche di Microrganismi Patogeni, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Donatella Ottaviani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (D.O.); (A.P.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (F.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Annalisa Petruzzelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (D.O.); (A.P.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (F.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Stefano Fisichella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (D.O.); (A.P.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (F.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Anna Duranti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (D.O.); (A.P.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (F.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Franco Tonucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (D.O.); (A.P.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (F.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Vicdalia Aniela Acciari
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento Per Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.C.); (V.A.A.); (M.T.); (F.P.)
| | - Marina Torresi
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento Per Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.C.); (V.A.A.); (M.T.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesco Pomilio
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento Per Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.C.); (V.A.A.); (M.T.); (F.P.)
| | - Giuliana Blasi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (D.O.); (A.P.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (F.T.); (G.B.)
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Puranen S, Riekkinen K, Korhonen J. Antibiofilm Effects of Nanoparticles and Visible Light Illumination Against Listeria monocytogenes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:710954. [PMID: 34326829 PMCID: PMC8313959 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.710954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes bacteria pose a particular risk to the food industry as the species is known to form biofilm and to survive in a wide range of challenging environmental conditions. L. monocytogenes can cause listeriosis, a serious food-borne disease, and effective and safe antibiofilm materials and sanitary methods for food processing environments are intensively sought. A variety of nanoparticle materials have been recognized as safe to use in food environments, which allows the application of nanomaterials also for food safety purposes. Nanoparticles together with light illumination generate reactive oxygen species which inactivate bacteria by breaking down cell membranes, proteins, and DNA. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of nanomaterials and blue light illumination for L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 biofilm inactivation. Biofilm was allowed to form for 72 h on nanocoated stainless steel and aluminum plates, after which the plates were illuminated. Non-coated control plates were used to evaluate the antibiofilm efficacy of nanocoating. Plate count method was used to evaluate bacteria counts after illumination. Nanocoating did not affect initial biofilm formation compared to the control plates. Biofilm was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced on stainless steel, aluminum, and TiO2-coated aluminum plates after 72-h illumination by 1.9, 3.2, and 5.9 log, respectively. Nanocoating with visible light illumination could be an effective and safe method for enhancing food safety in food processing facilities to control biofilm formation. Evidence of antibiofilm properties of nanomaterials together with visible light illumination is limited; hence, future studies with variable light intensities and nanomaterials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Puranen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Riekkinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenni Korhonen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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6
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Distribution, adhesion, virulence and antibiotic resistance of persistent Listeria monocytogenes in a pig slaughterhouse in Brazil. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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7
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Koskar J, Kramarenko T, Meremäe K, Kuningas M, Sõgel J, Mäesaar M, Anton D, Lillenberg M, Roasto M. Prevalence and Numbers of Listeria monocytogenes in Various Ready-to-Eat Foods over a 5-Year Period in Estonia. J Food Prot 2019; 82:597-604. [PMID: 30907662 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS This study is a significant contribution to L. monocytogenes risk analysis. L. monocytogenes was found in 3.6% of 30,016 analyzed RTE food samples. A food safety criterion of 100 CFU/g was exceeded for 0.3% of the RTE food samples. Salted and cold-smoked fish products were found to be potentially high-risk foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Koskar
- 1 Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/3, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.,2 Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Kreutzwaldi 30, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Kramarenko
- 1 Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/3, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.,2 Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Kreutzwaldi 30, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadrin Meremäe
- 1 Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/3, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maiu Kuningas
- 2 Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Kreutzwaldi 30, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jelena Sõgel
- 3 Veterinary and Food Board, Food Department, Väike-Paala 3, 11415, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Mäesaar
- 1 Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/3, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.,2 Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Kreutzwaldi 30, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dea Anton
- 1 Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/3, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Merike Lillenberg
- 1 Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/3, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mati Roasto
- 1 Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/3, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
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8
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Martínez-Suárez JV, Ortiz S, López-Alonso V. Potential Impact of the Resistance to Quaternary Ammonium Disinfectants on the Persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in Food Processing Environments. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:638. [PMID: 27199964 PMCID: PMC4852299 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of certain strains of Listeria monocytogenes, even after the food processing environment has been cleaned and disinfected, suggests that this may be related to phenomena that reduce the concentration of the disinfectants to subinhibitory levels. This includes (i) the existence of environmental niches or reservoirs that are difficult for disinfectants to reach, (ii) microorganisms that form biofilms and create microenvironments in which adequate concentrations of disinfectants cannot be attained, and (iii) the acquisition of resistance mechanisms in L. monocytogenes, including those that lead to a reduction in the intracellular concentration of the disinfectants. The only available data with regard to the resistance of L. monocytogenes to disinfectants applied in food production environments refer to genotypic resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). Although there are several well-characterized efflux pumps that confer resistance to QACs, it is a low-level resistance that does not generate resistance to QACs at the concentrations applied in the food industry. However, dilution in the environment and biodegradation result in QAC concentration gradients. As a result, the microorganisms are frequently exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of QACs. Therefore, the low-level resistance to QACs in L. monocytogenes may contribute to its environmental adaptation and persistence. In fact, in certain cases, the relationship between low-level resistance and the environmental persistence of L. monocytogenes in different food production chains has been previously established. The resistant strains would have survival advantages in these environments over sensitive strains, such as the ability to form biofilms in the presence of increased biocide concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín V. Martínez-Suárez
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Sagrario Ortiz
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Victoria López-Alonso
- Unidad de Biología Computacional, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
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Bolocan AS, Nicolau AI, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Borda D, Oniciuc EA, Stessl B, Gurgu L, Wagner M, Jordan K. Dynamics of Listeria monocytogenes colonisation in a newly-opened meat processing facility. Meat Sci 2016; 113:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bolocan AS, Oniciuc EA, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Wagner M, Rychli K, Jordan K, Nicolau AI. Putative Cross-Contamination Routes of Listeria monocytogenes in a Meat Processing Facility in Romania. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1664-74. [PMID: 26319720 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Putative routes of Listeria monocytogenes contamination, based on the workflow of the employees, were studied in a meat processing facility by investigating 226 samples collected from food contact surfaces, non-food contact surfaces, raw materials, and ready-to-eat meat products on four occasions over a 1-year period. In total, 19.7% of non-food contact surfaces, 22.9% of food contact surfaces, 45% of raw materials, and 20% of ready-to-eat meat products were positive for L. monocytogenes (analyzed by the International Organization for Standardization standard method ISO 11290). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles were determined for a representative subset of these isolates, and 11 distinct pulsotypes were identified, two of which were frequently isolated (T4 and T8) and considered persistent. Strains from the various pulsotypes were screened for the presence of bcrABC and qacH, the genes responsible for tolerance responses to quaternary ammonium compounds. Two strains harbored bcrABC, and these strains had a higher benzalkonium chloride tolerance; however, they were not considered persistent strains. The frequently isolated PFGE pulsotype T8 strains were highly adhesive to abiotic surfaces at 10 and 20°C; however, the pulsotype T6 strain, which was isolated only at the last sampling time, had the highest adhesion ability, and the pulsotype T4 strain (the second most persistent pulsotype) had only modest adhesion. Four putative cross-contamination routes were confirmed by mapping the persistent and other isolates. This information could allow a food safety manager to adjust the work flow to improve the hygienic conditions in a meat processing facility. This study revealed the prevalence and persistence of L. monocytogenes strains in a meat processing facility and established the importance of developing strategies to avoid cross-contamination, recalls, and outbreaks of listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Sorin Bolocan
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, Galati, Romania; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland; Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Alexandra Oniciuc
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, Galati, Romania
| | | | - Martin Wagner
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Rychli
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kieran Jordan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Anca Ioana Nicolau
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, Galati, Romania;
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Pöntinen A, Markkula A, Lindström M, Korkeala H. Two-Component-System Histidine Kinases Involved in Growth of Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e at Low Temperatures. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3994-4004. [PMID: 25841007 PMCID: PMC4524140 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00626-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-component systems (TCSs) aid bacteria in adapting to a wide variety of stress conditions. While the role of TCS response regulators in the cold tolerance of the psychrotrophic foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes has been demonstrated previously, no comprehensive studies showing the role of TCS histidine kinases of L. monocytogenes at low temperature have been performed. We compared the expression levels of each histidine kinase-encoding gene of L. monocytogenes EGD-e in logarithmic growth phase at 3°C and 37°C, as well as the expression levels 30 min, 3 h, and 7 h after cold shock at 5°C and preceding cold shock (at 37°C). We constructed a deletion mutation in each TCS histidine kinase gene, monitored the growth of the EGD-e wild-type and mutant strains at 3°C and 37°C, and measured the minimum growth temperature of each strain. Two genes, yycG and lisK, proved significant in regard to induced relative expression levels under cold conditions and cold-sensitive mutant phenotypes. Moreover, the ΔresE mutant showed a lower growth rate than that of wild-type EGD-e at 3°C. Eleven other genes showed upregulated gene expression but revealed no cold-sensitive phenotypes. The results show that the histidine kinases encoded by yycG and lisK are important for the growth and adaptation of L. monocytogenes EGD-e at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pöntinen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annukka Markkula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia Lindström
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Malley TJV, Butts J, Wiedmann M. Seek and destroy process: Listeria monocytogenes process controls in the ready-to-eat meat and poultry industry. J Food Prot 2015; 78:436-45. [PMID: 25710164 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The majority of human listeriosis cases appear to be caused by consumption of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods contaminated at the time of consumption with high levels of Listeria monocytogenes. Although strategies to prevent growth of L. monocytogenes in RTE products are critical for reducing the incidence of human listeriosis, control of postprocessing environmental contamination of RTE meat and poultry products is an essential component of a comprehensive L. monocytogenes intervention and control program. Complete elimination of postprocessing L. monocytogenes contamination is challenging because this pathogen is common in various environments outside processing plants and can persist in food processing environments for years. Persistent L. monocytogenes strains in processing plants have been identified as the most common postprocessing contaminants of RTE foods and the cause of multiple listeriosis outbreaks. Identification and elimination of L. monocytogenes strains persisting in processing plants is thus critical for (i) compliance with zero-tolerance regulations for L. monocytogenes in U.S. RTE meat and poultry products and (ii) reduction of the incidence of human listeriosis. The seek-and-destroy process is a systematic approach to finding sites of persistent strains (niches) in food processing plants, with the goal of either eradicating or mitigating effects of these strains. This process has been used effectively to address persistent L. monocytogenes contamination in food processing plants, as supported by peer-reviewed evidence detailed here. Thus, a regulatory environment that encourages aggressive environmental Listeria testing is required to facilitate continued use of this science-based strategy for controlling L. monocytogenes in RTE foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J V Malley
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - John Butts
- Land O'Frost, Inc., Lansing, Illinois 60438, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Larivière-Gauthier G, Letellier A, Kérouanton A, Bekal S, Quessy S, Fournaise S, Fravalo P. Analysis of Listeria monocytogenes strain distribution in a pork slaughter and cutting plant in the province of Quebec. J Food Prot 2014; 77:2121-8. [PMID: 25474060 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Following the 2008 Canadian listeriosis outbreak associated with ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products, regulations on the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in RTE food production facilities were modified by Health Canada, confirming the need to control this pathogen, not only in the final product but also in the plant environment. Information on the occurrence of this microorganism during the early steps of production, such as the slaughtering process and in the cutting area, is scarce in Canada. In this study, we sampled different production steps in a slaughtering and cutting plant in the province of Quebec over a 2-year period. The lairage pens, representative areas of the slaughter line, and cutting zones were targeted after their respective cleaning procedures. A total of 874 samples were analyzed for the presence of L. monocytogenes. Characterization was done by first genoserogrouping the isolates using multiplex PCR and then using a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis approach. L. monocytogenes was detected throughout all production stages. The 108 positive samples found were analyzed further, and we established that there were 4 different serogroups, with serogroup IIb being the most prevalent. The results of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis showed a significant decrease in the diversity of strains from the first areas of the plant to the cutting room (10 pulsotypes in 13 positive samples in lairage and 9 in 86 positive samples in cutting) and also showed the overrepresentation of a single predominant strain in the cutting room environment (type 1, representing 96.1% of the isolates). Biofilm formation analysis of the strains cannot exclusively explain the transitions we observed. A strong genotypic similarity between strains isolated in the early production areas and some strains in the cutting room was shown. These results support the need for better surveillance of L. monocytogenes prior to RTE food production in order to design control strategies that are better adapted from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Larivière-Gauthier
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Groupe de Recherche et d'Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire (GRESA), Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), and Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3200 Sicotte Street, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 7C6
| | - Ann Letellier
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Groupe de Recherche et d'Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire (GRESA), Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), and Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3200 Sicotte Street, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 7C6
| | - Annaëlle Kérouanton
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Hygiène et Qualité des Produits Avicoles et Porcines (HQPAP), BP 53, Ploufragan, 22440, France
| | - Sadjia Bekal
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, 20045 Sainte-Marie Ch, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3R5
| | - Sylvain Quessy
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Groupe de Recherche et d'Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire (GRESA), Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), and Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3200 Sicotte Street, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 7C6
| | - Sylvain Fournaise
- Olymel S.E.C./L.P., 1580 Eiffel Street, Boucherville, Québec, Canada J4B 5Y1
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Groupe de Recherche et d'Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire (GRESA), Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), and Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3200 Sicotte Street, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 7C6.
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Enhanced inactivation of food-borne pathogens in ready-to-eat sliced ham by near-infrared heating combined with UV-C irradiation and mechanism of the synergistic bactericidal action. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:2-8. [PMID: 25107964 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01862-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study described in this article was, first, to investigate the effect of the simultaneous application of near-infrared (NIR) heating and UV irradiation on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (RTE) sliced ham and as well as its effect on product quality and, second, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the synergistic bactericidal action of NIR heating and UV irradiation. With the inoculation amounts used, simultaneous NIR-UV combined treatment for 70 s achieved 3.62, 4.17, and 3.43 log CFU reductions of E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes, respectively. For all three pathogens, the simultaneous application of both technologies resulted in an additional log unit reduction as a result of their synergism compared to the sum of the reductions obtained after the individual treatments. To investigate the mechanisms of NIR-UV synergistic injury for a particular microorganism in a food base, we evaluated the effect of four types of metabolic inhibitors using the overlay method and confirmed that damage to cellular membranes and the inability of cells to repair these structures due to ribosomal damage were the primary factors related to the synergistic lethal effect. Additionally, NIR-UV combined treatment for a maximum of 70 s did not alter the color values or texture parameters of ham slices significantly (P > 0.05). These results suggest that a NIR-UV combined process could be an innovative antimicrobial intervention for RTE meat products.
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Langsrud S, Heir E, Rode TM. Survival of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Stx bacteriophages in moisture enhanced beef. Meat Sci 2013; 97:339-46. [PMID: 24134920 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Moisture enhancement of meat through injection is a technology to improve the sensory properties and the weight of meat. However, the technology may increase the risk of food borne infections. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) or bacteriophages carrying cytotoxin genes (Shiga toxin genes, stx), which is normally only present on the surface of intact beef, may be transferred to the inner parts of the muscle during the injection process. Pathogens and bacteriophages surviving the storage period may not be eliminated in the cooking process since many consumers prefer undercooked beef. Measures to increase the microbial food safety of moisture enhanced beef may include sterilization or washing of the outer surface of the meat before injection, avoiding recycling of marinade and addition of antimicrobial agents to the marinade. This paper reviews the literature regarding microbial safety of moisture enhanced beef with special emphasis on STEC and Stx bacteriophages. Also, results from a European Union research project, ProSafeBeef (Food-CT-16 2006-36241) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fishery and Aquaculture, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fishery and Aquaculture, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Tone Mari Rode
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fishery and Aquaculture, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Ås, Norway
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Lourenço A, Rego F, Brito L, Frank JF. Evaluation of methods to assess the biofilm-forming ability of Listeria monocytogenes. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1411-7. [PMID: 22856564 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of ready-to-eat products with Listeria monocytogenes has been related to the presence of biofilms in production lines, as biofilms protect cells from chemical sanitizers. The ability of L. monocytogenes to produce biofilms is often evaluated using in vitro methodologies. This work aims to compare the most frequently used methodologies, including high-throughput screening methods based on microplates (crystal violet and the Calgary Biofilm Device) and methods based on CFU enumeration and microscopy after growth on stainless steel. Thirty isolates with diverse origins and genetic characteristics were evaluated. No (or low) correlations between methods were observed. The only significant correlation was found between the methods using stainless steel. No statistically significant correlation (P > 0.05) was detected among genetic lineage, serovar, and biofilm-forming ability. Because results indicate that biofilm formation is influenced by the surface material, the extrapolation of results from high-throughput methods using microplates to more industrially relevant surfaces should be undertaken with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Lourenço
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Cold atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of ready-to-eat meat: inactivation of Listeria innocua and changes in product quality. Food Microbiol 2011; 30:233-8. [PMID: 22265306 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The application of cold atmospheric pressure plasma for decontamination of a sliced ready-to-eat (RTE) meat product (bresaola) inoculated with Listeria innocua was investigated. Inoculated samples were treated at 15.5, 31, and 62 W for 2-60 s inside sealed linear-low-density-polyethylene bags containing 30% oxygen and 70% argon. Treatments resulted in a reduction of L. innocua ranging from 0.8 ± 0.4 to 1.6 ± 0.5 log cfu/g with no significant effects of time and intensity while multiple treatments at 15.5 and 62 W of 20 s with a 10 min interval increased reduction of L. innocua with increasing number of treatments. Concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) increased with power, treatments and storage time and were significantly higher than those of control samples after 1 and 14 days of storage at 5 °C. However, the levels were low (from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg) and beneath the sensory threshold level. Surface colour changes included loss of redness of ∼40% and 70% after 1 and 14 days of storage, respectively, regardless of plasma treatment. The results indicate that plasma may be applicable in surface decontamination of pre-packed RTE food products. However, oxidation may constitute an issue in some products.
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