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Plante D, Barrera JAB, Lord M, Harlow J, Iugovaz I, Nasheri N. Examining the efficiency of porcine gastric mucin-coated magnetic beads in extraction of noroviruses from frozen berries. Food Microbiol 2024; 120:104461. [PMID: 38431316 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Human norovirus is the leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Due to the low infectious dose of noroviruses, sensitive methodologies are required to detect and characterize small numbers of viral particles that are found in contaminated foods. The ISO 15216 method, which is internationally recognized for detection of foodborne viruses from high-risk food commodities, is based on viral precipitation, followed by RNA extraction and identification of the viral genome by RT-PCR. Although the ISO 15216 method is efficient, it is time consuming and tedious, does not report on the viral infectivity, and is sensitive to the presence of RT-PCR inhibitors. Norovirus capture by the porcine gastric mucin conjugated magnetic beads (PGM-MB) was developed as an alternative virus recovery method. It relies on the integrity of the viral capsid being able to bind to PGM. PGM contains a variety of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) that act as norovirus receptors. Therefore, the PGM-MB method allows for extraction of noroviruses, with potentially intact viral capsids, from complex food matrices. The viral genome can then be released through heat-shock of the captured virus. For this reason, we performed a parallel comparison between the ISO 15216 method and the PGM-MB method in isolation and quantification of noroviruses from frozen raspberries. We have demonstrated that the efficiency of the PGM-MB method in extraction of murine norovirus (MNV) and human norovirus GII.4 from raspberries is equal or better than the ISO 15216 method, while the PGM-MB has fewer steps and shorter turnaround time. Moreover, the PGM-MB method is more efficient in removing the inhibitors prior to RT-PCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Plante
- Microbiology Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, 1001 St-Laurent Street West, Longueuil, QC, J4K 1C7, Canada
| | - Julio Alexander Bran Barrera
- Microbiology Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, 1001 St-Laurent Street West, Longueuil, QC, J4K 1C7, Canada
| | - Maude Lord
- Microbiology Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, 1001 St-Laurent Street West, Longueuil, QC, J4K 1C7, Canada
| | - Jennifer Harlow
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Irène Iugovaz
- Microbiology Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, 1001 St-Laurent Street West, Longueuil, QC, J4K 1C7, Canada
| | - Neda Nasheri
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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2
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Omatola CA, Mshelbwala PP, Okolo MLO, Onoja AB, Abraham JO, Adaji DM, Samson SO, Okeme TO, Aminu RF, Akor ME, Ayeni G, Muhammed D, Akoh PQ, Ibrahim DS, Edegbo E, Yusuf L, Ocean HO, Akpala SN, Musa OA, Adamu AM. Noroviruses: Evolutionary Dynamics, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Advances-A Comprehensive Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:590. [PMID: 38932319 PMCID: PMC11209302 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses constitute a significant aetiology of sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis in human hosts worldwide, especially among young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. The low infectious dose of the virus, protracted shedding in faeces, and the ability to persist in the environment promote viral transmission in different socioeconomic settings. Considering the substantial disease burden across healthcare and community settings and the difficulty in controlling the disease, we review aspects related to current knowledge about norovirus biology, mechanisms driving the evolutionary trends, epidemiology and molecular diversity, pathogenic mechanism, and immunity to viral infection. Additionally, we discuss the reservoir hosts, intra-inter host dynamics, and potential eco-evolutionary significance. Finally, we review norovirus vaccines in the development pipeline and further discuss the various host and pathogen factors that may complicate vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Arome Omatola
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | | | | | - Anyebe Bernard Onoja
- Department of Virology, University College Hospital, Ibadan 211101, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Oyiguh Abraham
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | - David Moses Adaji
- Department of Biotechnology Science and Engineering, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Sunday Ocholi Samson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 29, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Therisa Ojomideju Okeme
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Lokoja, Lokoja 260101, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Ruth Foluke Aminu
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | - Monday Eneojo Akor
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | - Gideon Ayeni
- Department of Biochemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Danjuma Muhammed
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Department of Biology, Universiti Putra, Seri Kembangan 43300, Malaysia
| | - Phoebe Queen Akoh
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | | | - Emmanuel Edegbo
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | - Lamidi Yusuf
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | | | - Sumaila Ndah Akpala
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University Lokoja, Lokoja 260101, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Oiza Aishat Musa
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | - Andrew Musa Adamu
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, QLD, Australia
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Biosecurity, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, QLD, Australia
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3
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Lanave G, Catella C, Catalano A, Lucente MS, Pellegrini F, Fracchiolla G, Diakoudi G, Palmisani J, Trombetta CM, Martella V, Camero M. Assessing the virucidal activity of essential oils against feline calicivirus, a non-enveloped virus used as surrogate of norovirus. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30492. [PMID: 38711631 PMCID: PMC11070907 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) causes serious gastrointestinal disease worldwide and is regarded as an important foodborne pathogen. Due the difficulties of in vitro cultivation for human NoV, alternative caliciviruses (i.e., feline calicivirus, FCV, or murine NoV) have long been used as surrogates for in vitro assessment of the efficacy of antivirals. Essential oils (EOs) are natural compounds that have displayed antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. We report in vitro the virucidal efficacy of four EOs, Melissa officinalis L. EO (MEO), Thymus vulgaris L. EO (TEO), Rosmarinus officinalis L. EO (REO), and Salvia officinalis L. EO (SEO) against FCV at different time contacts (10, 30 min, 1, 4 and 8 h). At the maximum non-cytotoxic concentration and at 10- and 100- fold concentrations over the cytotoxic threshold, the EOs did not decrease significantly FCV viral titers. However, MEO at 12,302.70 μg/mL exhibited a significant efficacy decreasing the viral titer by 0.75 log10 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID50)/50 μl after 10 min as compared to virus control. In this study, virucidal activity of four EOs against FCV, was investigated. A lack of virucidal efficacy of TEO, REO and SEO at different compound concentrations and time contacts against FCV was observed whilst MEO was able to significantly decrease FCV titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Lucente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fracchiolla
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Georgia Diakoudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Jolanda Palmisani
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Janicka P, Baluta S, Winiarski J, Halicka-Stępień K, Pogorzelska A, Cabaj J, Pala K, Bażanów B. Sensitive electrochemical gold nanoparticle-based immunosensor for norovirus detection in food samples. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6028-6040. [PMID: 38370455 PMCID: PMC10870109 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08586d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) infection is one of the most common non-bacterial causes of gastroenteritis among the population worldwide. From the point of view of medical diagnostics, it is important to develop a system that would sensitively and selectively detect norovirus from a patient's sample in order to control and limit its spread. In this paper, we present a stable and sensitive NoV (mouse model) detection matrix in infected food samples. The bio-platform was made of a modified gold electrode with a self-assembled l-cysteine monolayer, covered with gold nanoparticles, a linker and an antibody specific to the VP1 surface protein of the virus. Binding of the VP1 protein to the antibody caused a decrease in the current strength confirmed by electrochemical techniques - cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry. The reduction of the current was proportional to the concentration of NoV sample. The biosensors showed high sensitivity and linearity in a range from 1 × 10-9 to 1 × 10-18 TCID50, with the detection limit of 1 × 10-18 TCID50. CV showed a diffusion-controlled process. In addition, each modification step was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and CV. The described immunosensor showed excellent recovery values, good linearity and long-term stability, crucial parameters for biosensor construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Janicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences in Wrocław Norwida 31 50-375 Wrocław Poland
- Food4Future Technologies Sp. z o. o. ul. Tarasa Szewczenki 24 51-351 Wrocław Poland
| | - Sylwia Baluta
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Juliusz Winiarski
- Group of Surface Technology, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 Wroclaw 50-370 Poland
| | - Kinga Halicka-Stępień
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pogorzelska
- Department of Pathology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences in Wrocław Norwida 31 50-375 Wrocław Poland
| | - Joanna Cabaj
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pala
- Water Science and Technology Institute- H2O SciTech ul. Tarasa Szewczenki 24 51-351 Wrocław Poland
| | - Barbara Bażanów
- Department of Pathology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences in Wrocław Norwida 31 50-375 Wrocław Poland
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5
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Effectiveness of water and sanitizer washing solutions for removing enteric viruses from blueberries. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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6
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Hardstaff JL, Clough HE, Lutje V, McIntyre KM, Harris JP, Garner P, O'Brien SJ. Foodborne and Food-Handler Norovirus Outbreaks: A Systematic Review. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:589-597. [PMID: 30109958 PMCID: PMC6201779 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the commonest cause of gastrointestinal disease in the United Kingdom and in many developed countries, causing diarrhea and vomiting in millions of cases worldwide annually. Transmission is most often mediated from person to person. NoV infection has, however, additionally been associated with the consumption of food, either through the consumption of food contaminated at source such as seafood, berries, and salad, or as a consequence of the foodstuff being contaminated in some way by a food handler during processing or serving. A systematic review of outbreaks attributed to NoV between January 2003 and July 2017 was conducted to assess the contribution of food handlers to the burden of NoV, and to identify foods commonly associated with NoV outbreaks. A total of 3021 articles were screened, of which 27 met the definition of confirmed foodborne outbreaks and 47 met the criteria for definite food-handler NoV outbreaks. Of all food types, shellfish were implicated in the greatest number of definite foodborne outbreaks. Food handlers contributed to definite food-handler outbreaks involving a diverse range of foodstuffs and in a wide variety of settings, including weddings and military establishments. More genotypes of NoV were found in people who were ill than in samples from food and food handlers. The potential for both food products and food handlers to contribute to the burden of NoV infection is demonstrated conclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L. Hardstaff
- Department of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E. Clough
- Department of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vittoria Lutje
- Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - K. Marie McIntyre
- Department of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Harris
- Department of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garner
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. O'Brien
- Department of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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7
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Randazzo W, D'Souza DH, Sanchez G. Norovirus: The Burden of the Unknown. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 86:13-53. [PMID: 30077220 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HNoVs) are primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route, either by person-to-person contact, or by ingestion of contaminated food or water as well as by aerosolization. Moreover, HNoVs significantly contribute to foodborne diseases being the causative agent of one-fifth of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. As a consequence of globalization, transnational outbreaks of foodborne infections are reported with increasing frequency. Therefore, in this review, state-of-the-art information regarding molecular procedures for human norovirus detection in food as well common food processing technologies have been summarized. Besides, the purpose of this chapter is to consolidate basic information on various aspects of HNoVs and to summarize food processing technologies that can potentially be applied in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Randazzo
- IATA-CSIC, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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8
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Cook N, Knight A, Richards GP. Persistence and Elimination of Human Norovirus in Food and on Food Contact Surfaces: A Critical Review. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1273-94. [PMID: 27357051 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This critical review addresses the persistence of human norovirus (NoV) in water, shellfish, and processed meats; on berries, herbs, vegetables, fruits, and salads; and on food contact surfaces. The review focuses on studies using NoV; information from studies involving only surrogates is not included. It also addresses NoV elimination or inactivation by various chemical, physical, or processing treatments. In most studies, persistence or elimination was determined by detection and quantification of the viral genome, although improved methods for determining infectivity have been proposed. NoV persisted for 60 to 728 days in water, depending on water source. It also persisted on berries, vegetables, and fruit, often showing <1-log reduction within 1 to 2 weeks. NoV was resilient on carpets, Formica, stainless steel, polyvinyl chloride, and ceramic surfaces; during shellfish depuration; and to repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Copper alloy surfaces may inactivate NoV by damaging viral capsids. Disinfection was achieved for some foods or food contact surfaces using chlorine, calcium or sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, high hydrostatic pressure, high temperatures, pH values >8.0, freeze-drying, and UV radiation. Ineffective disinfectants included hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, most ethanol-based disinfectants, and antiseptics at normally used concentrations. Thorough washing of herbs and produce was effective in reducing, but not eliminating, NoV in most products. Washing hands with soap generally reduced NoV by <2 log. Recommendations for future research needs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Cook
- Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Angus Knight
- Leatherhead Food Research, Leatherhead, Surrey, KT22 7RY, UK
| | - Gary P Richards
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Dover, Delaware 19901, USA.
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9
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Baugher J, Jaykus L. Natural microbiota of raspberries (Rubus idaeus) and strawberries (Fragaria×ananassa): microbial survey, bacterial isolation and identification, and biofilm characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2016.1133.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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DiCaprio E, Purgianto A, Ma Y, Hughes J, Dai X, Li J. Attachment and localization of human norovirus and animal caliciviruses in fresh produce. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 211:101-8. [PMID: 26188496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fresh produce is a high risk food for human norovirus (NoV) contamination. To help control this pathogen in fresh produce, a better understanding of the interaction of human NoV and fresh produce needs to be established. In this study the attachment of human NoV and animal caliciviruses (murine norovirus, MNV-1; Tulane virus, TV) to fresh produce was evaluated, using both visualization and viral enumeration techniques. It was found that a human NoV GII.4 strain attached efficiently to the Romaine lettuce leaves and roots and green onion shoots, and that washing with PBS or 200 ppm of chlorine removed less than 0.4 log of viral RNA copies from the tissues. In contrast, TV and MNV-1 bound more efficiently to Romaine lettuce leaves than to the roots, and simple washing removed less than 1 log of viruses from the lettuce leaves and 1-4 log PFU of viruses from roots. Subsequently, the location of virus particles in fresh produce was visualized using a fluorescence-based Quantum Dots (Q-Dots) assay and confocal microscopy. It was found that human NoV virus-like particles (VLPs), TV, and MNV-1 associated with the surface of Romaine lettuce and were found aggregating in and around the stomata. In green onions, human NoV VLPs were found between the cells of the epidermis and cell walls of both the shoots and roots. However, TV and MNV-1 were found to be covering the surface of the epidermal cells in both the shoots and roots of green onions. Collectively, these results demonstrate that (i) washing with 200 ppm chlorine is ineffective in removing human NoV from fresh produce; and (ii) different viruses vary in their localization patterns to different varieties of fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin DiCaprio
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anastasia Purgianto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yuanmei Ma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John Hughes
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiangjun Dai
- Department of Food Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR China
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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11
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Sánchez G. Processing Strategies to Inactivate Hepatitis A Virus in Food Products: A Critical Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Sánchez
- Dept. of Microbiology and Ecology; Univ. of Valencia, Dr. Moliner; 50. Burjassot Valencia Spain
- Inst. of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA); Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC); Agustín Escardino, 7. Paterna Valencia Spain
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12
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Abstract
Norovirus, an RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae, is a human enteric pathogen that causes substantial morbidity across both health care and community settings. Several factors enhance the transmissibility of norovirus, including the small inoculum required to produce infection (<100 viral particles), prolonged viral shedding, and its ability to survive in the environment. In this review, we describe the basic virology and immunology of noroviruses, the clinical disease resulting from infection and its diagnosis and management, as well as host and pathogen factors that complicate vaccine development. Additionally, we discuss overall epidemiology, infection control strategies, and global reporting efforts aimed at controlling this worldwide cause of acute gastroenteritis. Prompt implementation of infection control measures remains the mainstay of norovirus outbreak management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Robilotti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stan Deresinski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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13
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Kingsley DH, Vincent EM, Meade GK, Watson CL, Fan X. Inactivation of human norovirus using chemical sanitizers. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 171:94-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Tuladhar E, Hazeleger WC, Koopmans M, Zwietering MH, Duizer E, Beumer RR. Transfer of noroviruses between fingers and fomites and food products. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:346-52. [PMID: 24184613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human norovirus (NoV) contaminated hands are important routes for transmission. Quantitative data on transfer during contact with surfaces and food are scarce but necessary for a quantitative risk assessment. Therefore, transfer of MNV1 and human NoVs GI.4 and GII.4 was studied by artificially contaminating human finger pads, followed by pressing on stainless steel and Trespa® surfaces and also on whole tomatoes and cucumber slices. In addition, clean finger pads were pressed on artificially contaminated stainless steel and Trespa® surfaces. The transfers were performed at a pressure of 0.8-1.9 kg/cm(2) for approximately 2s up to 7 sequential transfers either to carriers or to food products. MNV1 infectivity transfer from finger pads to stainless steel ranged from 13 ± 16% on the first to 0.003 ± 0.009% on the sixth transfer on immediate transfer. After 10 min of drying, transfer was reduced to 0.1 ± 0.2% on the first transfer to 0.013 ± 0.023% on the fifth transfer. MNV1 infectivity transfer from stainless steel and Trespa® to finger pads after 40 min of drying was 2.0 ± 2.0% and 4.0 ± 5.0% respectively. MNV1 infectivity was transferred 7 ± 8% to cucumber slices and 0.3 ± 0.5% to tomatoes after 10 min of drying, where the higher transfer to cucumber was probably due to the higher moisture content of the cucumber slices. Similar results were found for NoVs GI.4 and GII.4 transfers measured in PCR units. The results indicate that transfer of the virus is possible even after the virus is dried on the surface of hands or carriers. Furthermore, the role of fingers in transmission of NoVs was quantified and these data can be useful in risk assessment models and to establish target levels for efficacy of transmission intervention methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Era Tuladhar
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Tuladhar E, Hazeleger WC, Koopmans M, Zwietering MH, Beumer RR, Duizer E. Residual viral and bacterial contamination of surfaces after cleaning and disinfection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:7769-75. [PMID: 22941071 PMCID: PMC3485719 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02144-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental surfaces contaminated with pathogens can be sources of indirect transmission, and cleaning and disinfection are common interventions focused on reducing contamination levels. We determined the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection procedures for reducing contamination by noroviruses, rotavirus, poliovirus, parechovirus, adenovirus, influenza virus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella enterica from artificially contaminated stainless steel surfaces. After a single wipe with water, liquid soap, or 250-ppm free chlorine solution, the numbers of infective viruses and bacteria were reduced by 1 log(10) for poliovirus and close to 4 log(10) for influenza virus. There was no significant difference in residual contamination levels after wiping with water, liquid soap, or 250-ppm chlorine solution. When a single wipe with liquid soap was followed by a second wipe using 250- or 1,000-ppm chlorine, an extra 1- to 3-log(10) reduction was achieved, and except for rotavirus and norovirus genogroup I, no significant additional effect of 1,000 ppm compared to 250 ppm was found. A reduced correlation between reduction in PCR units (PCRU) and reduction in infectious particles suggests that at least part of the reduction achieved in the second step is due to inactivation instead of removal alone. We used data on infectious doses and transfer efficiencies to estimate a target level to which the residual contamination should be reduced and found that a single wipe with liquid soap followed by a wipe with 250-ppm free chlorine solution was sufficient to reduce the residual contamination to below the target level for most of the pathogens tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Era Tuladhar
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wilma C. Hazeleger
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel H. Zwietering
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rijkelt R. Beumer
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin Duizer
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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DiCaprio E, Ma Y, Purgianto A, Hughes J, Li J. Internalization and dissemination of human norovirus and animal caliciviruses in hydroponically grown romaine lettuce. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6143-52. [PMID: 22729543 PMCID: PMC3416640 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01081-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fresh produce is a major vehicle for the transmission of human norovirus (NoV) because it is easily contaminated during both pre- and postharvest stages. However, the ecology of human NoV in fresh produce is poorly understood. In this study, we determined whether human NoV and its surrogates can be internalized via roots and disseminated to edible portions of the plant. The roots of romaine lettuce growing in hydroponic feed water were inoculated with 1 × 10(6) RNA copies/ml of a human NoV genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) strain or 1 × 10(6) to 2 × 10(6) PFU/ml of animal caliciviruses (Tulane virus [TV] and murine norovirus [MNV-1]), and plants were allowed to grow for 2 weeks. Leaves, shoots, and roots were homogenized, and viral titers and/or RNA copies were determined by plaque assay and/or real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. For human NoV, high levels of viral-genome RNA (10(5) to 10(6) RNA copies/g) were detected in leaves, shoots, and roots at day 1 postinoculation and remained stable over the 14-day study period. For MNV-1 and TV, relatively low levels of infectious virus particles (10(1) to 10(3) PFU/g) were detected in leaves and shoots at days 1 and 2 postinoculation, but virus reached a peak titer (10(5) to 10(6) PFU/g) at day 3 or 7 postinoculation. In addition, human NoV had a rate of internalization comparable with that of TV as determined by real-time RT-PCR, whereas TV was more efficiently internalized than MNV-1 as determined by plaque assay. Taken together, these results demonstrated that human NoV and animal caliciviruses became internalized via roots and efficiently disseminated to the shoots and leaves of the lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin DiCaprio
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
| | - Yuanmei Ma
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
| | - Anastasia Purgianto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
| | - John Hughes
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health
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Detection of human norovirus in cherry tomatoes, blueberries and vegetable salad by using a receptor-binding capture and magnetic sequestration (RBCMS) method. Food Microbiol 2012; 30:420-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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