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Nichols M, Gollarza L, Sockett D, Aulik N, Patton E, Watkins LKF, Gambino-Shirley KJ, Folster JP, Chen JC, Tagg KA, Stapleton GS, Trees E, Ellison Z, Lombard J, Morningstar-Shaw B, Schlater L, Elbadawi L, Klos R. Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Heidelberg Infections Linked to Dairy Calf Exposure, United States, 2015-2018. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:199-208. [PMID: 34989634 PMCID: PMC9524362 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In August 2016, the Wisconsin Department of Health Services notified the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg infections in people who reported contact with dairy calves. Federal and state partners investigated this to identify the source and scope of the outbreak and to prevent further illnesses. Cases were defined as human Salmonella Heidelberg infection caused by a strain that had one of seven pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns or was related by whole genome sequencing (WGS), with illness onset from January 1, 2015, through July 2, 2018. Patient exposure and calf purchase information was collected and analyzed; calves were traced back from the point of purchase. Isolates obtained from animal and environmental samples collected on-farm were supplied by veterinary diagnostic laboratories and compared with patient isolates using PFGE and WGS. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by standardized broth microdilution was performed. Sixty-eight patients from 17 states were identified. Forty (63%) of 64 patients noted cattle contact before illness. Thirteen (33%) of 40 patients with exposure to calves reported that calves were sick or had died. Seven individuals purchased calves from a single Wisconsin livestock market. One hundred forty cattle from 14 states were infected with the outbreak strain. WGS indicated that human, cattle, and environmental isolates from the livestock market were genetically closely related. Most isolates (88%) had resistance or reduced susceptibility to antibiotics of ≥5 antibiotic classes. This resistance profile included first-line antibiotic treatments for patients with severe salmonellosis, including ampicillin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin. In this outbreak, MDR Salmonella Heidelberg likely spread from sick calves to humans, emphasizing the importance of illness surveillance in animal populations to prevent future spillover of this zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megin Nichols
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauren Gollarza
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Donald Sockett
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nicole Aulik
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elisabeth Patton
- Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Louise K. Francois Watkins
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kelly J. Gambino-Shirley
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason P. Folster
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica C. Chen
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaitlin A. Tagg
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Weems Design Studio, Inc., Suwanee, Georgia, USA
| | - Gregory Sean Stapleton
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eija Trees
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Zachary Ellison
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason Lombard
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Brenda Morningstar-Shaw
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Linda Schlater
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lina Elbadawi
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rachel Klos
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Taviani E, Muchongo A, Kim SW, Van Kessel JAS, Haley BJ. Genomic Analysis of Antibiotic-Resistant and -Susceptible Escherichia coli Isolated from Bovine Sources in Maputo, Mozambique. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:426-435. [PMID: 33978455 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports a genomic analysis of Escherichia coli isolates recovered from 25 bovine fecal composite samples collected from four different production units in Maputo city and around Maputo Province, Mozambique. The genomes were analyzed to determine the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), genetic relatedness, and virulence factors known to cause diseases in humans. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted on 28 isolates using an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencing platform. The genomes were analyzed using BLASTN for the presence of resistance genes and virulence factors, as well as to determine their phylogenetic groups, sequence types (ST), and ST complexes (ST Cplxs). The majority of the isolates (85%) were identified as members of phylogenetic groups B1, with fewer isolates identified as members of group A, and a single isolate identified as group "E/Clade I." The ST analysis demonstrated a higher level of diversity than the phylogenetic group analysis. Sixteen different STs, five ST Cplxs, and seven singleton complexes were identified. A strain identified as a novel ST (ST9215) showed a high level of similarity with an isolate recovered from a wild animal in the Gambia. Seven different ARGs were identified, with tet(B) being the most frequently detected, followed by aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, sul2, blaTEM-1B, and dfrA1. Three isolates encoded β-lactam-conferring point mutations in the ampC promoter (-42C>T). In total, 51 different virulence factors were identified among the genomes. This study demonstrates that E. coli from bovine sources in Mozambique encoded multiple antibiotic resistance elements, plasmids, and virulence factors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first genomic description of antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolated from bovine sources in Mozambique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Taviani
- Center of Biotechnology, University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Arsenio Muchongo
- Center of Biotechnology, University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Seon Woo Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jo Ann S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Bradd J Haley
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
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Adaska JM, Ekong PS, Clothier KA, Williams DR, Rossitto PV, Lehenbauer TW, Atwill ER, Li X, Aly SS. Bayesian estimation of diagnostic accuracy of fecal culture and PCR-based tests for the detection of Salmonella enterica in California cull dairy cattle. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8310. [PMID: 31988800 PMCID: PMC6969550 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of low prevalence disease problems are often hindered by the high cost of diagnostic testing. The objective of this study was to evaluate PCR screening of both individual and pooled fecal samples from culled dairy cows for the invA gene of Salmonella followed by culture to determine if the sensitivity and specificity were comparable to the results from traditional culture methods applied to individual samples. Cows from six different dairies were sampled in all four seasons. A total of 240 individual cow fecal samples, 24 fecal pools and 24 pools of 24-hour tetrathionate enrichment broth were tested. Diagnostic sensitivity of PCR screening followed by culture of PCR positive or indeterminate samples (i.e PCR-CUL method) was lower than that of culture (CUL) when applied to individual fecal samples (94.8%, 99.5%), however the specificity was comparable (99.6% and 97.7% respectively). For pools of five fecal samples and pools of five, 24 h tetrathionate broth samples, the specificity of both tests were comparable (∼98%); however, their sensitivity was only comparable in pooled fecal samples (∼93%) but greater for culture compared to PCR-CUL in pooled broth samples (∼99% versus ∼93%). Compared to culture results from testing of individual fecal samples, testing pooled fecal samples by culture had a relative sensitivity of 74% and relative specificity of 96%, testing pooled fecal samples by PCR-CUL resulted in relative sensitivity of 90% and relative specificity of 96%. Testing of pooled 24-hour enrichment broth by PCR-CUL increased the relative sensitivity and specificity to 100%. PCR testing followed by culture of positive or indeterminate samples is a time saving alternative to traditional methods. In addition, pooling of samples may be a useful method for decreasing cost if study aims can accommodate a moderate loss of relative sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Adaska
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare, CA, United States of America
| | - Pius S Ekong
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA, United States of America
| | - Kristin A Clothier
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare, CA, United States of America
| | - Deniece R Williams
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA, United States of America
| | - Paul V Rossitto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA, United States of America
| | - Terry W Lehenbauer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA, United States of America.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Edward R Atwill
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Xunde Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Sharif S Aly
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA, United States of America.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
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Carrié P, Barry S, Rousset E, de Crémoux R, Sala C, Calavas D, Perrin JB, Bronner A, Gasqui P, Gilot-Fromont E, Becker CAM, Gache K, Jourdain E. Swab cloths as a tool for revealing environmental contamination by Q fever in ruminant farms. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1202-1209. [PMID: 30702810 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonotic abortive disease of ruminants mostly transmitted by inhalation of aerosols contaminated by Coxiella burnetii. Clusters of cases or even epidemics regularly occur in humans but, to date, there is no consensus about the best way to carry out outbreak investigations in order to identify potential farms at risk. Although environmental samples might be useful during such investigations, there are few baseline data on the presence of C. burnetii in the environment of ruminant farms. We thus investigated dust samples from cattle, sheep and goat farm buildings in order to (a) estimate C. burnetii detection frequency and bacterial loads in the environment, and (b) determine whether this environmental contamination is associated with series of abortions attributed to Q fever. We considered 113 herds with a recent abortive episode potentially related (n = 60) or not (n = 53) to C. burnetii. Dust was sampled using a swab cloth and tested by a quantitative PCR method targeting the IS1111 gene. Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected on 9 of 50 cattle farms, 13 of 19 goat farms and 30 of 40 sheep farms. On 16 cloths, bacterial loads were higher than 108 genome equivalents, levels as high as in infectious materials such as placentas and aborted foetuses. Overall, the probability of detecting C. burnetii DNA was higher on small ruminant farms than cattle farms, in herds suspected of Q fever and in large herds. We conclude that swab cloths are a putative indicator of contamination of ruminant farms by C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Carrié
- EPIA, UMR 0346, Epidémiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Saint Genès Champanelle, France.,Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Séverine Barry
- EPIA, UMR 0346, Epidémiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Elodie Rousset
- Q Fever NRL, Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Renée de Crémoux
- French Livestock Institute, Mixt Technological Unit on Small Ruminants Health, Albi, France
| | - Carole Sala
- Laboratory of Lyon, Epidemiology Unit, ANSES, Lyon, France
| | - Didier Calavas
- Laboratory of Lyon, Epidemiology Unit, ANSES, Lyon, France
| | | | - Anne Bronner
- French Directorate General for Food (DGAL), Animal Health Office, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Gasqui
- EPIA, UMR 0346, Epidémiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France.,Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Kristel Gache
- GDS France (National Animal Health Farmers' Organisation), Paris, France
| | - Elsa Jourdain
- EPIA, UMR 0346, Epidémiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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Ågren ECC, Lewerin SS, Frössling J. Evaluation of herd-level sampling strategies for control of Salmonella in Swedish cattle. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10177-10190. [PMID: 30146286 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on Swedish legislation, all herds where Salmonella of any serotype is detected are put under restrictions, and measures aiming at eradication are required. Costs for sampling and control have increased in recent years and the aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of different sampling strategies. We also compiled test results from recent surveillance activities and used these to complement and compare with calculated results. Sensitivities and specificities at group and herd level were calculated for different test strategies. A scenario-tree modeling approach was used to account for the hierarchy of animals within herds, and different relative risk of salmonella in different age groups. Negative and positive predictive values (NPV and PPV), and probability of freedom from Salmonella were calculated to compare the added value of different sampling strategies. Results showed that more fecal samples than serological samples per group are needed to reach a group sensitivity >0.50. This also means that serological testing leads to a higher NPV. For example, with 10 negative test-results from a group of 25 animals in a herd with a suspicion of Salmonella, the NPV based on serology was 0.75 and based on culture was 0.56. For the PPV, testing based on culture from fecal sampling was superior, as specificity of such testing was close to perfect. By changing the threshold for considering a group positive, from 1 test-positive animal to 2, the PPV of serological results could be increased without substantial loss in NPV. The herd sensitivity based on (1) bulk milk sampling, (2) fecal sampling of all animals, and (3) bulk milk sampling and individual sera from 20 animals within each age group was 0.53, 0.88, and 0.95, respectively. In low-prevalence regions, this sensitivity was enough to verify a high probability of freedom (>0.99), as the probability of infection in such Swedish regions has been shown to be 0.01. For herds with a higher prior probability of infection, repeated sampling (2-9 sampling occasions) was needed to reach the same level of confidence. Analysis of surveillance data indicated that boot swabs can be used to replace the standard fecal sampling presently used in Sweden. It was also confirmed that the individual specificity of the tests used for serological testing of Swedish calves is high (0.99). The results can form a basis for fit-for-purpose testing strategies (e.g., surveillance or prepurchase testing).
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Affiliation(s)
- E C C Ågren
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - S Sternberg Lewerin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Frössling
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Holschbach
- Large Animal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, UW-School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Simon F Peek
- Department of Medical Sciences, UW-School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Conan A, O’Reilly CE, Ogola E, Ochieng JB, Blackstock AJ, Omore R, Ochieng L, Moke F, Parsons MB, Xiao L, Roellig D, Farag TH, Nataro JP, Kotloff KL, Levine MM, Mintz ED, Breiman RF, Cleaveland S, Knobel DL. Animal-related factors associated with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in children younger than five years in western Kenya: A matched case-control study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005795. [PMID: 28783751 PMCID: PMC5559092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheal disease remains among the leading causes of global mortality in children younger than 5 years. Exposure to domestic animals may be a risk factor for diarrheal disease. The objectives of this study were to identify animal-related exposures associated with cases of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in children in rural western Kenya, and to identify the major zoonotic enteric pathogens present in domestic animals residing in the homesteads of case and control children. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We characterized animal-related exposures in a subset of case and control children (n = 73 pairs matched on age, sex and location) with reported animal presence at home enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study in western Kenya, and analysed these for an association with MSD. We identified potentially zoonotic enteric pathogens in pooled fecal specimens collected from domestic animals resident at children's homesteads. Variables that were associated with decreased risk of MSD were washing hands after animal contact (matched odds ratio [MOR] = 0.2; 95% CI 0.08-0.7), and presence of adult sheep that were not confined in a pen overnight (MOR = 0.1; 0.02-0.5). Variables that were associated with increased risk of MSD were increasing number of sheep owned (MOR = 1.2; 1.0-1.5), frequent observation of fresh rodent excreta (feces/urine) outside the house (MOR = 7.5; 1.5-37.2), and participation of the child in providing water to chickens (MOR = 3.8; 1.2-12.2). Of 691 pooled specimens collected from 2,174 domestic animals, 159 pools (23%) tested positive for one or more potentially zoonotic enteric pathogens (Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, non-typhoidal Salmonella, diarrheagenic E. coli, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, or rotavirus). We did not find any association between the presence of particular pathogens in household animals, and MSD in children. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Public health agencies should continue to promote frequent hand washing, including after animal contact, to reduce the risk of MSD. Future studies should address specific causal relations of MSD with sheep and chicken husbandry practices, and with the presence of rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Conan
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis
| | - Ciara E. O’Reilly
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric Ogola
- School of Health Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
| | - J. Benjamin Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Anna J. Blackstock
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard Omore
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Linus Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Fenny Moke
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Michele B. Parsons
- Division of Global Health and Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dawn Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tamer H. Farag
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James P. Nataro
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Mintz
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Breiman
- International Emerging Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Darryn L. Knobel
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis
- * E-mail:
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Santman-Berends I, Gonggrijp M, Hage J, Heuvelink A, Velthuis A, Lam T, van Schaik G. Prevalence and risk factors for extended-spectrum β-lactamase or AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in organic dairy herds in the Netherlands. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:562-571. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Gonggrijp M, Santman-Berends I, Heuvelink A, Buter G, van Schaik G, Hage J, Lam T. Prevalence and risk factors for extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9001-9013. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Abu Aboud OA, Adaska JM, Williams DR, Rossitto PV, Champagne JD, Lehenbauer TW, Atwill R, Li X, Aly SS. Epidemiology of Salmonella sp. in California cull dairy cattle: prevalence of fecal shedding and diagnostic accuracy of pooled enriched broth culture of fecal samples. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2386. [PMID: 27635350 PMCID: PMC5012270 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary objective of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the crude, seasonal and cull-reason stratified prevalence of Salmonella fecal shedding in cull dairy cattle on seven California dairies. A secondary objective was to estimate and compare the relative sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for pools of 5 and 10 enriched broth cultures of fecal samples for Salmonella sp. detection. METHODS Seven dairy farms located in the San Joaquin Valley of California were identified and enrolled in the study as a convenience sample. Cull cows were identified for fecal sampling once during each season between 2014 and 2015, specifically during spring, summer, fall, and winter, and 10 cows were randomly selected for fecal sampling at the day of their sale. In addition, study personnel completed a survey based on responses of the herd manager to questions related to the previous four month's herd management. Fecal samples were frozen until testing for Salmonella. After overnight enrichment in liquid broth, pools of enrichment broth (EBP) were created for 5 and 10 samples. All individual and pooled broths were cultured on selective media with putative Salmonella colonies confirmed by biochemical testing before being serogrouped and serotyped. RESULTS A total of 249 cull cows were enrolled into the study and their fecal samples tested for Salmonella. The survey-weighted period prevalence of fecal shedding of all Salmonella sp. in the cull cow samples across all study herds and the entire study period was 3.42% (N = 249; SE 1.07). The within herd prevalence of Salmonella shed in feces did not differ over the four study seasons (P = 0.074). The Se of culture of EBP of five samples was 62.5% (SE = 17.12), which was not statistically different from the Se of culture of EBP of 10 (37.5%, SE = 17.12, P = 0.48). The Sp of culture of EBP of five samples was 95.24% (SE = 3.29) and for pools of 10 samples was 100.00% (SE = 0). There was no statistical difference between the culture relative specificities of EBP of 5 and 10 (P > 0.99). DISCUSSION Our study showed a numerically higher prevalence of Salmonella shedding in the summer, although the results were not significant, most likely due to a lack of power from the small sample size. A higher prevalence in summer months may be related to heat stress. To detect Salmonella, investigators may expect a 62.5% sensitivity for culture of EBP of five, relative to individual fecal sample enrichment and culture. In contrast, culture of EBP of 10 samples resulted in a numerically lower Se. Culture of EBP of size 5 or 10 samples, given similar prevalence and limit of detection, can be expected to yield specificities of 95 and 100%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omran A Abu Aboud
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis , Tulare, California , United States
| | - John M Adaska
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory , Tulare, California , United States
| | - Deniece R Williams
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis , Tulare, California , United States
| | - Paul V Rossitto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis , Tulare, California , United States
| | - John D Champagne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis , Tulare, California , United States
| | - Terry W Lehenbauer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, Tulare, California, United States; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Robert Atwill
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California, United States; Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Xunde Li
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California, United States; Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Sharif S Aly
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, Tulare, California, United States; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California, United States
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11
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Flockhart L, Pintar K, Cook A, McEwen S, Friendship R, Kelton D, Pollari F. Distribution of Salmonella in Humans, Production Animal Operations and a Watershed in a FoodNet Canada Sentinel Site. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:41-52. [PMID: 27345363 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is an important human pathogen, and production animals as well as water are known potential sources. This study helped provide insight into the epidemiology of Salmonella by comparing Salmonella strains found in humans to those detected in production animals and water in the same geographic area and time frame. Salmonella was found in 55% of broiler, 30% of swine, 13% of dairy, and 10% of beef manure samples and 23% of water samples. At the farm level, Salmonella was found on 93% of broiler, 81% of swine, 32% of beef and 30% of dairy farms. Salmonella strains of importance to public health were found in all sources tested; however, they appeared to be more common in the broilers. A number of the farms in this study were mixed farms, in that they had more than one production animal species on the farm. At both the sample and farm levels, beef-only farms had a significantly lower Salmonella prevalence (5% and 7%, respectively) than beef farms with additional production animal species (e.g. poultry) (12% and 42%, respectively) (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, a number of mixed farms had more than one commodity sampled for this study and similar Salmonella strains by phage type and PFGE were found in the poultry and the other sampled commodity on the farm. This information can help inform the evidence base needed to help target interventions and modify best practices in production agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Flockhart
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - K Pintar
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A Cook
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S McEwen
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - R Friendship
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - D Kelton
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - F Pollari
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Guelph, ON, Canada
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12
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Agga GE, Arthur TM, Schmidt JW, Wang R, Brichta-Harhay DM. Diagnostic Accuracy of Rectoanal Mucosal Swab of Feedlot Cattle for Detection and Enumeration of Salmonella enterica. J Food Prot 2016; 79:531-7. [PMID: 27052855 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cattle are noted carriers of the foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica. The perceived need to decrease the potential human health risk posed by excretion of this pathogen has resulted in numerous studies examining the factors that influence Salmonella shedding in cattle. Fecal grab (FG) samples have been the predominant method used to identify cattle colonized or infected with Salmonella; however, FG sampling can be impractical in certain situations, and rectoanal mucosal swabs (RAMS) are a more convenient sample type to collect. Despite a lack of studies comparing FG and RAMS for the detection and enumeration of Salmonella fecal shedding, RAMS is perceived as less sensitive because a smaller amount of feces is cultured. In a cross-sectional study to address these concerns, paired RAMS and FG samples were collected from 403 adult feedlot cattle approximately 90 days prior to harvest. Samples were processed for Salmonella enumeration (direct plating) and detection (enrichment and immunomagnetic separation). In all, 89.6% of RAMS and 98.8% of FG samples were positive for Salmonella, and concordant prevalence outcomes were observed for 90.8% of samples. Mean enumeration values were 3.01 and 3.12 log CFU/ml for RAMS and FG, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of RAMS were 91% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 87.5 to 93%) and 100% (95% CI: 48 to 100%), respectively, for Salmonella detection. Furthermore, RAMS Salmonella enumeration was substantially concordant (ρc = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.86 to 0.91) with FG values. We conclude that RAMS are a reliable alternative to FG for assessing cattle Salmonella fecal shedding status, especially for cattle shedding high levels of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getahun E Agga
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Dayna M Brichta-Harhay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA.
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13
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Herd- and individual-level prevalences of and risk factors for Salmonella spp. fecal shedding in dairy farms in Al-Dhulail Valley, Jordan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1241-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Evaluation of the sensitivity of faecal sampling for detection of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium and other Salmonella in cattle and pigs. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:1681-91. [PMID: 25266772 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814002453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a rapid rise in the prevalence of cases of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium (mST) in both humans and farm animals, and it has been found in pigs, cattle and poultry. It is therefore vital to have a good understanding of how to efficiently detect infected farms. The objective of this project was to determine sample type sensitivity in the detection of Salmonella to detect infected groups of animals on both pig (breeder, grower and finisher sites) and cattle (beef and dairy) farms, using data collected from a study investigating farms that were positive for mST, and to explore any variation between different age groups and management practices. A Bayesian approach in the absence of a gold standard was adopted to analyse the individual and pooled faecal sample data collected from each epidemiological group on each of the farms. The sensitivity of pooled sampling depended on the prevalence of infection in the group being sampled, with a higher prevalence leading to higher sensitivity. Pooled sampling was found to be more efficient at detecting positive groups of animals than individual sampling, with the probability of a random sample from a group of animals with 5% prevalence testing positive being equal to 15·5% for immature pigs (3·6% for an individual faecal sample, taking into account the sensitivity and infection prevalence), 7·1% for adult pigs (1·2% for individual sampling), 30% for outdoor cattle (2% for individual sampling) and 34% for indoor cattle (1% for individual sampling). The mean prevalence of each epidemiological group was higher in outdoor farms than indoor for both pigs and cattle (mean within-farm prevalence of 29·4% and 38·7% for outdoor pigs and cattle, respectively, compared to 19·8% and 22·1% for indoor pigs and cattle).
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BABA Y, HAYASHIDA M, TAKAOKA N, NISHIMURA N, ITO T. Detection of Enteric Pathogen Bacteria with the PCR Method from Mixed Fecal Specimens of Food Handlers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 88:685-94. [DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi.88.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youichi BABA
- Laboratories for Food & Environmental Science, Tokyo kenbikyoin Foundation
| | - Mizuho HAYASHIDA
- Laboratories for Food & Environmental Science, Tokyo kenbikyoin Foundation
| | - Naoko TAKAOKA
- Analytical & Measuring Instru ments Division, Shimadzu Corporation
| | | | - Takeshi ITO
- Laboratories for Food & Environmental Science, Tokyo kenbikyoin Foundation
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Lombard JE, Gardner IA, Jafarzadeh SR, Fossler CP, Harris B, Capsel RT, Wagner BA, Johnson WO. Herd-level prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in United States dairy herds in 2007. Prev Vet Med 2012; 108:234-8. [PMID: 22979969 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Testing of composite fecal (environmental) samples from high traffic areas in dairy herds has been shown to be a cost-effective and sensitive method for classification of herd status for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In the National Animal Health Monitoring System's (NAHMS) Dairy 2007 study, the apparent herd-level prevalence of MAP was 70.4% (369/524 had ≥ 1 culture-positive composite fecal samples out of 6 tested). Based on these data, the true herd-level prevalence (HP) of MAP infection was estimated using Bayesian methods adjusting for the herd sensitivity (HSe) and herd specificity (HSp) of the test method. The Bayesian prior for HSe of composite fecal cultures was based on data from the NAHMS Dairy 2002 study and the prior for HSp was based on expert opinion. The posterior median HP (base model) was 91.1% (95% probability interval, 81.6 to 99.3%) and estimates were most sensitive to the prior for HSe. The HP was higher than estimated from the NAHMS Dairy 1996 and 2002 studies but estimates are not directly comparable with those of prior NAHMS studies because of the different testing methods and criteria used for herd classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Lombard
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117, USA.
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