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Kohnen AB, Wiedenheft AM, Traub-Dargatz JL, Short DM, Cook KL, Lantz K, Morningstar-Shaw B, Lawrence JP, House S, Marshall KL, Rao S. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella and Escherichia coli from equids sampled in the NAHMS 2015-16 equine study and association of management factors with resistance. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105857. [PMID: 36773374 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have investigated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalized horses, but studies conducted on community-based populations of equids are limited. The factors associated with AMR in these bacteria in the general horse population are not well understood. The primary objective of our study was to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella and describe antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella and E. coli from equids across the United States. The second objective was to identify associations between health management and biosecurity practices and AMR. Fecal samples submitted from 1357 equids on 199 operations were tested for Salmonella, identifying 27 positive samples with 29 isolates belonging to 18 serotypes. Fecal sample and operation-level prevalence of Salmonella was 2.0% (27/1357) and 7.0% (14/199), respectively. Most (25/29) isolates were pan-susceptible while four isolates exhibited resistance, three of which were multidrug resistant. Of the 721 samples cultured for E. coli, 85% (613/721) were positive. Eighty-six percent of the E. coli isolates recovered were pan-susceptible (529/612). Ten isolates were intermediate to one antimicrobial drug and susceptible to all others. Seventy-three E. coli isolates (11.9%, SE=1.3) were resistant to one or more antimicrobials, corresponding to a 33.0% (64/194) operation-level prevalence. Resistance to sulfonamide drugs was most common with 63 isolates (10.3%) resistant to sulfisoxazole, 57 of which (9.3%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. MDR in E. coli was rare (1.8%, SE=0.5). Univariate and multivariable regression were used to evaluate associations between health management and biosecurity questionnaire items and AMR in E. coli. The outcome modeled was resistance to any of the 14 tested antimicrobials. Depending on the operation type, operations with greater than 20 resident equids were significantly associated with resistance. In addition, performance operations were significantly associated with resistance when compared to farm/ranch operations. Operations with feed containers that prevent fecal contamination and those that had treated any equids for illness or injury were associated with a lower AMR. The study results suggest that equids in the general population appear to pose low risk of shedding antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella and E. coli, and therefore low transmission potential to other equids, animals, humans, or the environment. However, it is prudent to practice good hand hygiene to prevent spread of Salmonella as well as AMR, and to protect both animal and human health. Despite study limitations, potential management factors that may influence prevalence and prevent spread of AMR shed by equids were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Kohnen
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alyson M Wiedenheft
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Josie L Traub-Dargatz
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Diana M Short
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kim L Cook
- United States Department of Agriculture, Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Services, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kristina Lantz
- United States Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brenda Morningstar-Shaw
- United States Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jodie Plumblee Lawrence
- United States Department of Agriculture, Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Services, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sandra House
- United States Department of Agriculture, Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Services, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Katherine L Marshall
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sangeeta Rao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Hempstead SC, Gensler CA, Keelara S, Brennan M, Urie NJ, Wiedenheft AM, Marshall KL, Morningstar-Shaw B, Lantz K, Cray PF, Jacob ME. Detection and molecular characterization of Salmonella species on U.S. goat operations. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105766. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Nichols M, Gollarza L, Sockett D, Aulik N, Patton E, Watkins LKF, Gambino-Shirley KJ, Folster JP, Chen JC, Tagg KA, Stapleton GS, Trees E, Ellison Z, Lombard J, Morningstar-Shaw B, Schlater L, Elbadawi L, Klos R. Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Heidelberg Infections Linked to Dairy Calf Exposure, United States, 2015-2018. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:199-208. [PMID: 34989634 PMCID: PMC9524362 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In August 2016, the Wisconsin Department of Health Services notified the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg infections in people who reported contact with dairy calves. Federal and state partners investigated this to identify the source and scope of the outbreak and to prevent further illnesses. Cases were defined as human Salmonella Heidelberg infection caused by a strain that had one of seven pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns or was related by whole genome sequencing (WGS), with illness onset from January 1, 2015, through July 2, 2018. Patient exposure and calf purchase information was collected and analyzed; calves were traced back from the point of purchase. Isolates obtained from animal and environmental samples collected on-farm were supplied by veterinary diagnostic laboratories and compared with patient isolates using PFGE and WGS. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by standardized broth microdilution was performed. Sixty-eight patients from 17 states were identified. Forty (63%) of 64 patients noted cattle contact before illness. Thirteen (33%) of 40 patients with exposure to calves reported that calves were sick or had died. Seven individuals purchased calves from a single Wisconsin livestock market. One hundred forty cattle from 14 states were infected with the outbreak strain. WGS indicated that human, cattle, and environmental isolates from the livestock market were genetically closely related. Most isolates (88%) had resistance or reduced susceptibility to antibiotics of ≥5 antibiotic classes. This resistance profile included first-line antibiotic treatments for patients with severe salmonellosis, including ampicillin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin. In this outbreak, MDR Salmonella Heidelberg likely spread from sick calves to humans, emphasizing the importance of illness surveillance in animal populations to prevent future spillover of this zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megin Nichols
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauren Gollarza
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Donald Sockett
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nicole Aulik
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elisabeth Patton
- Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Louise K. Francois Watkins
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kelly J. Gambino-Shirley
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason P. Folster
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica C. Chen
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaitlin A. Tagg
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Weems Design Studio, Inc., Suwanee, Georgia, USA
| | - Gregory Sean Stapleton
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eija Trees
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Zachary Ellison
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason Lombard
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Brenda Morningstar-Shaw
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Linda Schlater
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lina Elbadawi
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rachel Klos
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Hoff C, Nichols M, Gollarza L, Scheftel J, Adams J, Tagg KA, Francois Watkins L, Poissant T, Stapleton GS, Morningstar-Shaw B, Signs K, Bidol S, Donovan D, Basler C. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium linked to pet hedgehogs, United States, 2018-2019. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:167-174. [PMID: 35048538 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In December 2018, PulseNet, the national laboratory network for enteric disease surveillance, identified an increase in Salmonella Typhimurium isolates with an uncommon pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern which was previously isolated from hedgehogs. CDC, state, and local health partners interviewed patients with a questionnaire that focused on hedgehog exposures, conducted traceback of patients' hedgehog purchases, and collected hedgehog faecal pellets and environmental samples. Isolates in this outbreak were analysed using core-genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) and compared to sequence data from historic clinical isolates from a 2011-2013 outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium illnesses linked to pet hedgehogs. Fifty-four illnesses in 23 states were identified between October 2018 and September 2019. Patients ranged from <1 to 95 years, and 65% were female. Eight patients were hospitalized. Eighty-one per cent (29/36) of patients interviewed reported contact with a hedgehog before becoming ill; of these, 21 (72%) reported owning a hedgehog. Analysis of 53 clinical, 11 hedgehog, and two hedgehog bedding isolates from this outbreak, seven hedgehog isolates obtained prior to this outbreak, and two clinical isolates from the 2011-2013 outbreak fell into three distinct groupings (37 isolates in Clade 1 [0-10 alleles], 28 isolates in Clade 2 [0-7 alleles], and eight isolates in Clade 3 [0-12 alleles]) and were collectively related within 0-31 alleles by cgMLST. Purchase information available from 20 patients showed hedgehogs were purchased from multiple breeders across nine states, a pet store, and through an online social media website; a single source of hedgehogs was not identified. This outbreak highlights the ability of genetic sequencing analysis to link historic and ongoing Salmonella illness outbreaks and demonstrates the strain of Salmonella linked to hedgehogs might continue to be a health risk to hedgehog owners unless measures are taken to prevent transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Hoff
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Megin Nichols
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauren Gollarza
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joni Scheftel
- Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jennifer Adams
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kaitlin A Tagg
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Weems Design Studio Inc., Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Louise Francois Watkins
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - G Sean Stapleton
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brenda Morningstar-Shaw
- Diagnostic Bacteriology and Pathobiology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kim Signs
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sally Bidol
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Danielle Donovan
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Colin Basler
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Koski L, DeBess E, Rosen HE, Reporter R, Waltz T, Leeper M, Concepcion Acevedo J, Karpíšková R, McCormick J, Gelbicova T, Morningstar-Shaw B, Nichols M, Leman RF. An investigation of Salmonella Fluntern illnesses linked to leopard geckos-United States, 2018. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:974-977. [PMID: 31512375 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reptile contact can result in zoonotic non-typhoidal salmonellosis. In April 2018, Oregon Public Health Division contacted CDC about a cluster of four Salmonella serovar Fluntern (SF) illnesses in four states (OR, CA, IA, NY); patients reported contact with geckos, a popular reptile pet. PulseNet, the national molecular subtyping network of food-borne disease surveillance, subsequently identified additional SF clinical isolates. Twelve cases in 11 states were identified; median age was 5 years (range: <1-58 years). Three patients were hospitalized; no deaths were reported. Of those with exposure information (n = 10), all reported reptile exposure; 9 (90%) specified contact with leopard geckos. No common source of geckos was identified from reported purchase locations. Los Angeles County (LAC) health officials isolated SF from one patient's leopard gecko. Five reptile/gecko isolates were identified from the USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) from 2015 to 2018. Five countries responded to an Epidemic Intelligence Information System post by PulseNet; reptile isolate sequence data were received from Czech Republic. A clinical case from England was identified through the National Center for Biotechnology Information pathogen detection pipeline; the patient did not report contact with leopard geckos. Whole genome sequencing analysis revealed substantial genetic diversity between clinical and animal isolates; however, gecko and clinical isolates from LAC were highly related (1 allele difference). This investigation linking SF illnesses to leopard geckos highlights an important public health risk from pets. A better understanding of how geckos are distributed by the pet industry in the United States could improve traceability to points of origin and mitigate Salmonella transmission at gecko breeders. Earlier NVSL reports of SF isolates from geckos suggest the risk of human SF infection from geckos is not new. This investigation demonstrates a need to educate gecko breeders, retailers and gecko owners about the continued Salmonella infection risk from pet geckos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Koski
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,CAITTA, Inc., Herndon, VA, USA
| | | | - Hilary E Rosen
- California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Roshan Reporter
- Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Waltz
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Molly Leeper
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeniffer Concepcion Acevedo
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Brenda Morningstar-Shaw
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Riverdale, MD, USA
| | - Megin Nichols
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Robertson S, Burakoff A, Stevenson L, Tompkins B, Patel K, Tolar B, Whitlock L, House J, Schlater L, Mackie T, Morningstar-Shaw B, Nichols M, Basler C. Notes from the Field: Recurrence of a Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis Infections Linked to Contact with Guinea Pigs - Eight States, 2015-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67:1195-1196. [PMID: 30359346 PMCID: PMC6290818 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6742a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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