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Hussein MA, Morsy NS, Mahmoud AF, Darwish WS, Elabbasy MT, Zigo F, Farkašová Z, Rehan IF. Risk assessment of toxic residues among some freshwater and marine water fish species. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1185395. [PMID: 37559893 PMCID: PMC10407656 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1185395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Egypt has several beaches, as well as the Nile River and a few lakes; therefore, it could compensate for the lack of protein in red meat with fish. Fish, however, may become a source of heavy metal exposure in humans. The current study was to assess the level of five toxic metals, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), and aluminum (Al), in six species, namely, Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus), Mugil cephalus (M. cephalus), Lates niloticus (L. niloticus), Plectropomus leopardus (P. leopardus), Epinephelus tauvina (E. tauvina), and Lethrinus nebulosus (L. nebulosus), collected from the El-Obour fish market in Egypt. The residual concentrations of the tested toxic metals in the examined O. niloticus, M. cephalus, L. niloticus, E. tauvina, P. leopardus, and L. nebulosus species were found to be higher than the European Commission's maximum permissible limits (MPL) for Pb and Cd by 10 and 20%, 15 and 65%, 75 and 15%, 20 and 65%, 15 and 40%, and 25 and 5%. In contrast, 30% of L. niloticus exceeded the MPL for Hg. It was shown that the average estimated daily intake (EDI) and the target hazard quotient (THQ) in fish samples are below safety levels for human consumption and hazard index (HI < 1). From the human health point of view, this study showed that there was no possible health risk to people due to the intake of any studied species under the current consumption rate in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Hussein
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nanis S. Morsy
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdallah F. Mahmoud
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wageh S. Darwish
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T. Elabbasy
- College of Public Health and Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Center (CMDPT), Hail University, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - František Zigo
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Farkašová
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ibrahim F. Rehan
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Alkom, Egypt
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University Yagotoyama, Nagoya, Japan
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Lozano-Bilbao E, Lozano G, Jiménez S, Jurado-Ruzafa A, Hardisson A, Rubio C, Weller DG, Paz S, Gutiérrez ÁJ. Ontogenic and seasonal variations of metal content in a small pelagic fish (Trachurus picturatus) in northwestern African waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 156:111251. [PMID: 32510393 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine organisms are exposed to great changes induced by human beings due, among others, to discharges into the oceans, increasing marine pollution. For this study, 294 specimens of Trachurus picturatus from the Canary Islands were analyzed during a period of 2 years. The concentration of 11 anthropic metals and trace elements was determined in each individual using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) technique. Statistical analyses were carried out considering the following factors: oceanographic season, maturity of the gonads, size of the specimens, season. Immature specimens had higher concentration in more metals than the mature specimens. This fact may be due to the fact that these specimens require a much higher metabolic rate due to their growth and do not detoxify like mature specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Lozano-Bilbao
- Departamento de Biología Animal y Edafología y Geología, Unidad Departamental de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Lozano
- Departamento de Biología Animal y Edafología y Geología, Unidad Departamental de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sebastián Jiménez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Dársena Pesquera s/n, 38180 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alba Jurado-Ruzafa
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Dársena Pesquera s/n, 38180 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Área de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Área de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Soraya Paz
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Área de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángel J Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Área de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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3
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Lozano-Bilbao E, Clemente S, Espinosa JM, Jurado-Ruzafa A, Lozano G, Raimundo J, Hardisson A, Rubio C, González-Weller D, Jiménez S, Gutiérrez ÁJ. Inferring trophic groups of fish in the central-east Atlantic from eco-toxicological characterization. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:247-255. [PMID: 31078881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The marine organisms are exposed to great human-induced alterations due to the indiscriminate discharges into the sea, which is why the study of marine pollution is of great value for each ecosystem. Each organism bioaccumulates distantly the heavy metals and trace elements in its organism. Because of this it is possible to classify different groups of fish according to their feeding with the content of these metals. Ten fish species were grouped considering their trophic level and habitat ecology (benthic predators, herbivores, omnivores, pelagic predators and superpredator) and analyzed for its metal content. Statistically significant differences were found among all the fish groups, with the Superpredator group containing the highest concentrations in all metals, mainly Fe (103.751 ± 92.151 mg/kg) and Al (28.908 ± 21.221 mg/kg). Therefore, this study highlights that the selection of the species taking into account feeding and habitat partitioning must be carefully considered being crucial to identify fish groups as biological indicators of marine pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Lozano-Bilbao
- Departamento de Biología Animal y Edafología y Geología, Unidad Departamental de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Sabrina Clemente
- Departamento de Biología Animal y Edafología y Geología, Unidad Departamental de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - José María Espinosa
- Fundación del Sector Público Estatal Observatorio Ambiental Granadilla (Unidad Técnica), 38001, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alba Jurado-Ruzafa
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía. Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Vía Espaldón, Dársena Pesquera, 38180, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Lozano
- Departamento de Biología Animal y Edafología y Geología, Unidad Departamental de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Joana Raimundo
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Sebastián Jiménez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía. Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Vía Espaldón, Dársena Pesquera, 38180, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángel J Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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Lozano-Bilbao E, Viñé R, Lozano G, Hardisson A, Rubio C, González-Weller D, Matos-Perdomo E, Gutiérrez ÁJ. Metal content in Mullus surmuletus in the Canary Islands (North-West African Atlantic). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:21044-21051. [PMID: 31140089 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The contents of 3 heavy metals (Al, Cd, and Pb) and 10 trace elements (B, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Ni, Sr, V, Zn) were determined by means of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) in 117 specimens of red mullet, Mullus surmuletus. The specimens were taken in two of the Canary Islands; two locations on the island of Tenerife: Candelaria on the northeast coast and Punta de Hidalgo on the north coast and Arguineguín, on the south coast of the island of Gran Canaria. No significant differences were found between the two sites in Tenerife regarding the metal content of the specimens studied, but differences were found between the specimens captured in Arguineguín and the two sites in Tenerife, the latter having higher concentrations of the analyzed metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Lozano-Bilbao
- Departamento de Biología Animal y Edafología y Geología, Unidad Departamental de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Raquel Viñé
- Departamento de Biología Animal y Edafología y Geología, Unidad Departamental de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Lozano
- Departamento de Biología Animal y Edafología y Geología, Unidad Departamental de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Emiliano Matos-Perdomo
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángel J Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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5
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Ramos-Miras JJ, Sanchez-Muros MJ, Morote E, Torrijos M, Gil C, Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi R, Rodríguez Martin JA. Potentially toxic elements in commonly consumed fish species from the western Mediterranean Sea (Almería Bay): Bioaccumulation in liver and muscle tissues in relation to biometric parameters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:280-287. [PMID: 30928757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine pollution is one of today's most relevant problems. Public awareness has been raised about the harmful potential of heavy metals (HMs) accumulating in edible fish and possibly ending up in human diet through the food chain. This study aimed to characterize and evaluate As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb contents in four edible fish species from the western Mediterranean Sea. Liver and muscle toxic elements were determined by GF-AAS in Mullus surmuletus, Merluccius merluccius, Auxis rochei and Scomber japonicus from Almería Bay (Spain). Muscular composition, biometrics and trophic levels were also determined. The mean PTE concentration levels (mg kg-1, DW) in fish muscle tissue were: As (2.90-53.74), Cd (0.01-0.18), Cr (0.53-2.01), Cu (0.78-6.93), Ni (0.06-0.24), Pb (0.0-0.32). These concentrations did not exceed the maximum limits set by European legislation (Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006) for the intake of these marine species. Accumulation of toxic elements tends to be seen in the liver (As (7.31-26.77), Cd (0.11-8.59), Cr (0.21-2.94), Cu (2.64-16.90), Ni (0.16-1.03), Pb (0.0-0.99)). As was the element at highest risk in this Mediterranean region, especially due to red mullet values in muscle. The high As contents with living habits as benthic species that feed near the coast. HMs, especially muscle Cd contents, were associated with higher contents of lipids and organic matter, and bigger specimen size (length and weight), while As was linked to higher fish protein content. However, these relationships between potentially toxic elements (PTE) and biometric indices and body composition parameters depend on species. Finally, the THQ indices indicated that eating fish from Almería Bay poses no human health risk despite pollution from the Almería coastline.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ramos-Miras
- Dept. Didactics of Social and Experimental Sciences, University of Córdoba, Av. de Medina Azahara, 5, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - M J Sanchez-Muros
- Dept. Biology, and Geology, University of Almería, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - E Morote
- Dept. Biology, and Geology, University of Almería, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M Torrijos
- Dept. Environment, National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (I.N.I.A), Ctra. de A Coruña 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Gil
- Dept. Edaphology and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Almería, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - R Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi
- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources & Earth Science Shahrekord University (SKU), Shahrekord, Iran
| | - J A Rodríguez Martin
- Dept. Environment, National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (I.N.I.A), Ctra. de A Coruña 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Rubio C, Acosta L, Luis-González G, González-Weller D, Revert C, Hardisson A, Gutiérrez Á. A Limited Survey of Metal Content in Blue Jack Mackerel ( Trachurus picturatus) Obtained from Markets in the Canary Islands. J Food Prot 2018; 81:202-208. [PMID: 29320235 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The levels of 20 metals (aluminum, boron, barium, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, sodium, nickel, lead, strontium, vanadium, and zinc) were analyzed in muscle and liver tissue of Trachurus picturatus marketed in the Canary Islands (Spain) by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. In the liver samples, the mean concentrations in milligrams per kilogram wet weight (wt) of Al (14.7), B (0.99), Ba (1.64), Ca (314), Cd (2.52), Co (0.15), Cu (4.07), Fe (106), Li (3.89), Mn (0.85), Mo (0.16), Na (1510), Ni (0.51), Pb (0.36), Sr (3.54), V (0.78), and Zn (23.13) were higher than those detected in the muscle samples in milligrams per killogram wet wt, which were as follows: Al (8.76), B (0.07), Ba (0.30), Ca (210), Cd (0.01), Co (0.01), Cu (1.51 ), Fe (7.33), Li (1.08), Mn (0.12), Mo (0.01), Na (697), Ni (0.11), Pb (0.04), Sr (1.45), V (0.01), and Zn (4.69). The mean concentrations of Cr, K, and Mg (0.14, 1,904, and 243 mg/kg wet wt, respectively) were higher in muscle than in liver (0.05, 1,333 and 236 mg/kg wet wt, respectively). The mean concentrations of Cd and Pb (0.01 and 0.04 mg/kg wet wt) in muscle did not exceed the maximum limits established by a European Commission regulation (0.1 mg of Cd/kg and 0.3 mg of Pb/kg, respectively). Considering a mean daily consumption of fish muscle for the adult population of 31.9 g/day published in the report on food consumption by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Food and Environment, Mg made the highest contributions to the intake (2.58% for adult women of 60 kg and 2.22% for men of 70 kg), and the estimated intakes of Al (0.35 to 0.46 mg/day), Cd (0.55 to 0.74 mg/day) and Pb (1.66 to 5.53 mg/day) were below the respective established tolerable intakes. In conclusion, the results of this study show that the consumption of muscle from this benthopelagic species can be considered safe in terms of maximum legal limits, while consumption of liver is discouraged as a major source of exposure to toxic metals, such as Al, Cd, and Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rubio
- 1 Toxicology Department, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1581-0850 [A.G.]); and
| | - Laura Acosta
- 1 Toxicology Department, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1581-0850 [A.G.]); and
| | - Gara Luis-González
- 1 Toxicology Department, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1581-0850 [A.G.]); and
| | - Dailos González-Weller
- 1 Toxicology Department, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1581-0850 [A.G.]); and.,2 Health Inspection and Laboratory Service, Canary Health Service, 38006 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Consuelo Revert
- 1 Toxicology Department, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1581-0850 [A.G.]); and
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- 1 Toxicology Department, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1581-0850 [A.G.]); and
| | - Ángel Gutiérrez
- 1 Toxicology Department, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1581-0850 [A.G.]); and
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Rubio C, Napoleone G, Luis-González G, Gutiérrez AJ, González-Weller D, Hardisson A, Revert C. Metals in edible seaweed. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 173:572-579. [PMID: 28152409 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentration levels of 20 metals were analyzed by ICP-OES in edible seaweed (Chondrus, Eisenia, Gelidium, Himanthalia, Laminaria, Palmaria, Porphyra, Undaria), from two origins (Asia vs EU) according to their cultivation practices (conventional vs organic). Red seaweed showed higher concentrations of trace and toxic elements. Porphyra may be used as a potential bioindicator for metals. Significant differences were found between the Asian vs European mean contents. The mean Cd level from the conventional cultivation (0.28 mg/kg) was two points higher than the organic cultivation (0.13 mg/kg). A daily consumption of seaweed (4 g/day) contributes to the dietary intake of metals, mainly Mg and Cr. The average intakes of Al, Cd and Pb were 0.064, 0.001 and 0.0003 mg/day, respectively. Based on obtained results, this study suggests that exposure to the toxic metals analyzed (Al, Cd and Pb) through seaweed consumption does not raise serious health concerns, but other toxic metals should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rubio
- Area de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - G Napoleone
- Area de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - G Luis-González
- Area de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - A J Gutiérrez
- Area de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - D González-Weller
- Area de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Health Inspection and Laboratory Service, Servicio Canario de Salud, 38006 S/C de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - A Hardisson
- Area de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - C Revert
- Area de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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