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The Effect of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles (nZVI) on Bacteriophages. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050867. [PMID: 35632609 PMCID: PMC9144403 DOI: 10.3390/v14050867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are viruses that attack and usually kill bacteria. Their appearance in the industrial facilities using bacteria to produce active compounds (e.g., drugs, food, cosmetics, etc.) causes considerable financial losses. Instances of bacteriophage resistance towards disinfectants and decontamination procedures (such as thermal inactivation and photocatalysis) have been reported. There is a pressing need to explore new ways of phage inactivation that are environmentally neutral, inexpensive, and more efficient. Here, we study the effect of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) on four different bacteriophages (T4, T7, MS2, M13). The reduction of plaque-forming units (PFU) per mL varies from greater than 7log to around 0.5log depending on bacteriophages (M13 and T7, respectively). A comparison of the importance of oxidation of nZVI versus the release of Fe2+/Fe3+ ions is shown. The mechanism of action is proposed in connection to redox reactions, adsorption of virions on nZVI, and the effect of released iron ions. The nZVI constitutes a critical addition to available antiphagents (i.e., anti-bacteriophage agents).
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Escherichia coli Reduction in Water by Zero-Valent Iron–Sand Filtration Is Based on Water Quality Parameters. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13192702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Improving the microbial quality of agricultural water through filtration can benefit small farms globally. The incorporation of zero-valent iron (ZVI) into sand filters (ZVI–sand) has been effective in reducing E. coli, Listeria spp., and viruses from agricultural water. This study evaluated ZVI–sand filtration in reducing E. coli levels based on influent water type and the percentage of ZVI in sand filters. A ZVI–sand filter (50% ZVI/50% sand) significantly (p < 0.001) reduced E. coli levels in deionized water by more than 1.5 log CFU/mL compared to pond water over six separate trials, indicating that water type impacts E. coli removal. Overall reductions in E. coli in deionized water and pond water were 98.8 ± 1.7% and 63 ± 24.0% (mean ± standard deviation), respectively. Filters constructed from 50% ZVI/50% sand showed slightly more reduction in E. coli in pond water than filters made from a composition of 35% ZVI/65% sand; however, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.48). Principal component analysis identified that the turbidity and conductivity of influent water affected E. coli reductions in filtered water in this study. ZVI–sand filtration reduces Escherichia coli levels more effectively in waters that contain low turbidity values.
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Zero-Valent Iron Filtration Reduces Microbial Contaminants in Irrigation Water and Transfer to Raw Agricultural Commodities. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102009. [PMID: 34683330 PMCID: PMC8541138 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundwater depletion is a critical agricultural irrigation issue, which can be mitigated by supplementation with water of higher microbiological risk, including surface and reclaimed waters, to support irrigation needs in the United States. Zero-valent iron (ZVI) filtration may be an affordable and effective treatment for reducing pathogen contamination during crop irrigation. This study was performed to determine the effects of ZVI filtration on the removal and persistence of Escherichia coli, and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) in irrigation water. Water was inoculated with E. coli TVS 353, filtered through a ZVI filtration unit, and used to irrigate cucurbit and cruciferous crops. Water (n = 168), leaf (n = 40), and soil (n = 24) samples were collected, the E. coli were enumerated, and die-off intervals were calculated for bacteria in irrigation water. Variable reduction of PMMoV was observed, however E. coli levels were consistently and significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the filtered (9.59 lnMPN/mL), compared to unfiltered (13.13 lnMPN/mL) water. The die-off intervals of the remaining bacteria were significantly shorter in the filtered (−1.50 lnMPN/day), as compared to the unfiltered (−0.48 lnMPN/day) water. E. coli transfer to crop leaves and soils was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), as expected. The reduction of E. coli in irrigation water and its transfer to crops, by ZVI filtration is indicative of its potential to reduce pathogens in produce pre-harvest environments.
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Vitek R, do Nascimento FH, Masini JC. Polymer monoliths for the concentration of viruses from environmental waters: A review. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:134-148. [PMID: 34128332 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Even at low concentrations in environmental waters, some viruses are highly infective, making them a threat to human health. They are the leading cause of waterborne enteric diseases. In agriculture, plant viruses in irrigation and runoff water threat the crops. The low concentrations pose a challenge to early contamination detection. Thus, concentrating the virus particles into a small volume may be mandatory to achieve reliable detection in molecular techniques. This paper reviews the organic monoliths developments and their applications to concentrate virus particles from waters (waste, surface, tap, sea, and irrigation waters). Free-radical polymerization and polyaddition reactions are the most common strategies to prepare the monoliths currently used for virus concentration. Here, the routes for preparing and functionalizing both methacrylate and epoxy-based monoliths will be shortly described, following a revision of their retention mechanisms and applications in the concentration of enteric and plant viruses in several kinds of waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vitek
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Fernando H do Nascimento
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge C Masini
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Designing the Next Generation of Fe0-Based Filters for Decentralized Safe Drinking Water Treatment: A Conceptual Framework. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8060745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ambitious United Nations Sustainable Development Goal for 2030 to “leave no one behind” concerning safe drinking water calls for the development of universally applicable and affordable decentralized treatment systems to provide safe drinking water. Published results suggest that well-designed biological sand filters (BSFs) amended with metallic iron (Fe0-BSFs) have the potential to achieve this goal. Fe0-BSFs quantitatively remove pathogens and a myriad of chemical pollutants. The available data were achieved under various operating conditions. A comparison of independent research results is almost impossible, especially because the used Fe0 materials are not characterized for their intrinsic reactivity. This communication summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge on designing Fe0-BSFs for households and small communities. The results show that significant research progress has been made on Fe0-BSFs. However, well-designed laboratory and field experiments are required to improve the available knowledge in order to develop the next generation of adaptable and scalable designs of Fe0-BSFs in only two years. Tools to alleviate the permeability loss, the preferential flow, and the use of exhausted filters are presented.
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Chopyk J, Kulkarni P, Nasko DJ, Bradshaw R, Kniel KE, Chiu P, Sharma M, Sapkota AR. Zero-valent iron sand filtration reduces concentrations of virus-like particles and modifies virome community composition in reclaimed water used for agricultural irrigation. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:223. [PMID: 30975220 PMCID: PMC6458639 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zero-valent iron sand filtration can remove multiple contaminants, including some types of pathogenic bacteria, from contaminated water. However, its efficacy at removing complex viral populations, such as those found in reclaimed water used for agricultural irrigation, has not been fully evaluated. Therefore, this study utilized metagenomic sequencing and epifluorescent microscopy to enumerate and characterize viral populations found in reclaimed water and zero-valent iron-sand filtered reclaimed water sampled three times during a larger greenhouse study. RESULTS Zero-valent iron-sand filtered reclaimed water samples had significantly less virus-like particles than reclaimed water samples at all collection dates, with the reclaimed water averaging between 108 and 109 and the zero-valent iron-sand filtered reclaimed water averaging between 106 and 107 virus-like particles per mL. In addition, for both sample types, viral metagenomes (viromes) were dominated by bacteriophages of the order Caudovirales, largely Siphoviridae, and genes related to DNA metabolism. However, the proportion of sequences homologous to bacteria, as well as the abundance of genes possibly originating from a bacterial host, was higher in the viromes of zero-valent iron-sand filtered reclaimed water samples. Overall, zero-valent iron-sand filtered reclaimed water had a lower total concentration of virus-like particles and a different virome community composition compared to unfiltered reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Chopyk
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, School of Public Health Building (255), 4200 Valley Drive, Room 2234P, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Prachi Kulkarni
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, School of Public Health Building (255), 4200 Valley Drive, Room 2234P, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Daniel J Nasko
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rhodel Bradshaw
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Environmental and Microbial Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Kalmia E Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Pei Chiu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Manan Sharma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Environmental and Microbial Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, School of Public Health Building (255), 4200 Valley Drive, Room 2234P, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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Ndé-Tchoupé AI, Nanseu-Njiki CP, Hu R, Nassi A, Noubactep C, Licha T. Characterizing the reactivity of metallic iron for water defluoridation in batch studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 219:855-863. [PMID: 30562691 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The suitability of metallic iron (Fe(0)) for water defluoridation is yet to be understood. Fluoride removal ([F-]0 = 20.0 mg L-1) and Orange II discoloration ([Orange II]0 = 10.0 mg L-1) by Fe(0)/H2O batch systems are compared herein. A steel wool (SW) and a granular iron (GI) are used as Fe(0) specimens. Each essay tube contains 0.5 g sand and 0.1 g of the used Fe(0). Investigated systems were: (i) SW/sand at pH 5.0, (ii) GI/sand at pH 5.0 and (iii) SW/sand at pH 8.0. Prior to contaminant addition, Fe(0) was allowed to pre-corrode within the systems for up to 46 days. The systems were then equilibrated for 30 days with a mixture of the two model contaminants. Result confirmed (i) the higher efficiency of SW over GI in removing both contaminants, (ii) the higher efficiency of Fe(0) for Orange II discoloration and (iii) the positive impact of initial low pH values on the efficiency of Fe(0)/H2O systems. The major output of this research is that conventional Fe(0)/H2O systems are not suitable for quantitative water defluoridation. It is suggested that ways to avoid defluoridation using Fe0 must be explored. One affordable opportunity is blending fluoride-polluted water with carefully harvested rainwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, B.P. 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Charles Péguy Nanseu-Njiki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, B.P. 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rui Hu
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Fo Cheng Xi Road 8, 211100, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Achille Nassi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, B.P. 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Chicgoua Noubactep
- Department of Applied Geology, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany.
| | - Tobias Licha
- Department of Applied Geology, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
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Fe0/H2O Filtration Systems for Decentralized Safe Drinking Water: Where to from Here? WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate access to safe drinking water is one of the most pervasive problems currently afflicting the developing world. Scientists and engineers are called to present affordable but efficient solutions, particularly applicable to small communities. Filtration systems based on metallic iron (Fe0) are discussed in the literature as one such viable solution, whether as a stand-alone system or as a complement to slow sand filters (SSFs). Fe0 filters can also be improved by incorporating biochar to form Fe0-biochar filtration systems with potentially higher contaminant removal efficiencies than those based on Fe0 or biochar alone. These three low-cost and chemical-free systems (Fe0, biochar, SSFs) have the potential to provide universal access to safe drinking water. However, a well-structured systematic research is needed to design robust and efficient water treatment systems based on these affordable filter materials. This communication highlights the technology being developed to use Fe0-based systems for decentralized safe drinking water provision. Future research directions for the design of the next generation Fe0-based systems are highlighted. It is shown that Fe0 enhances the efficiency of SSFs, while biochar has the potential to alleviate the loss of porosity and uncertainties arising from the non-linear kinetics of iron corrosion. Fe0-based systems are an affordable and applicable technology for small communities in low-income countries, which could contribute to attaining self-reliance in clean water supply and universal public health.
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