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Sabatelli S, Gambi L, Baiguera C, Paterlini F, Mami FL, Uboldi L, Daminelli P, Biancardi A. Assessment of aflatoxin M1 enrichment factor in cheese produced with naturally contaminated milk. Ital J Food Saf 2023; 12:11123. [PMID: 37405140 PMCID: PMC10316239 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a well-known carcinogenic compound that may contaminate milk and dairy products. Thus, with the regulation 1881/2006, the European Union established a concentration limit for AFM1 in milk and insisted on the importance of defining enrichment factors (EFs) for cheese. In 2019, the Italian Ministry of Health proposed four different EFs based on cheese's moisture content on a fat-free basis (MMFB) for bovine dairy products. This study aimed to define the EFs of cheese with different MFFB. The milk used for cheesemaking was naturally contaminated with different AFM1 concentrations. Results showed that all the EF average values from this study were lower than those of the Italian Ministry of Health. Hence, the current EFs might need to be reconsidered for a better categorization of AFM1 risk in cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sabatelli
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Sondrio
| | - Lorenzo Gambi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, National Reference Center for Bovine Milk Quality, Brescia
| | - Cristina Baiguera
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, National Reference Center for Bovine Milk Quality, Brescia
| | - Franco Paterlini
- Primary Production Department, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Brescia
| | - Filippo Lelli Mami
- Primary Production Department, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Brescia
| | - Laura Uboldi
- Food and Animal Feed Chemistry, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Daminelli
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, National Reference Center for Bovine Milk Quality, Brescia
| | - Alberto Biancardi
- Food and Animal Feed Chemistry, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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Farkas Z, Kerekes K, Ambrus Á, Süth M, Peles F, Pusztahelyi T, Pócsi I, Nagy A, Sipos P, Miklós G, Lőrincz A, Csorba S, Jóźwiak ÁB. Probabilistic modeling and risk characterization of the chronic aflatoxin M1 exposure of Hungarian consumers. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1000688. [PMID: 36118212 PMCID: PMC9478333 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination can appear in various points of the food chain. If animals are fed with contaminated feed, AFB1 is transformed-among others-to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) metabolite. AFM1 is less toxic than AFB1, but it is still genotoxic and carcinogenic and it is present in raw and processed milk and all kinds of milk products. In this article, the chronic exposure estimation and risk characterization of Hungarian consumers are presented, based on the AFM1 contamination of milk and dairy products, and calculated with a probabilistic method, the two-dimensional Monte-Carlo model. The calculations were performed using the R plugin (mc2d package) integrated into the KNIME (Konstanz Information Miner) software. The simulations were performed using data from the 2018-2020 food consumption survey. The AFM1 analytical data were derived from the Hungarian monitoring survey and 1,985 milk samples were analyzed within the framework of the joint project of the University of Debrecen and the National Food Chain Safety Office of Hungary (NÉBIH). Limited AFM1 concentrations were available for processed dairy products; therefore, a database of AFM1 processing factors for sour milk products and various cheeses was produced based on the latest literature data, and consumer exposure was calculated with the milk equivalent of the consumed quantities of these products. For risk characterization, the calculation of hazard index (HI), Margin of Exposure, and the hepatocellular carcinoma incidence were used. The results indicate that the group of toddlers that consume a large amount of milk and milk products are exposed to a certain level of health risk. The mean estimated daily intake of toddlers is in the range of 0.008-0.221 ng kg-1 bw day-1; the 97.5th percentile exposure of toddlers is between 0.013 ng kg-1 bw day-1 and 0.379 ng kg-1 bw day-1, resulting in a HI above 1. According to our study, the exposure of older age groups does not pose an emergent health risk. Nevertheless, the presence of carcinogenic compounds should be kept to a minimum in the whole population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Farkas
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Kerekes
- System Management and Supervision Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Árpád Ambrus
- Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Süth
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Peles
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen. Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Nagy
- Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Sipos
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Miklós
- Analytical National Reference Laboratory, Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | - Anna Lőrincz
- Analytical National Reference Laboratory, Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilveszter Csorba
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Bernard Jóźwiak
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
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Mohammadi S, Keshavarzi M, Kazemi A, Rahmdel S, Nouri M, Rastegar A, Ghaffarian‐Bahraman A. Aflatoxin‐M1 contamination in cheese of six countries in the West Asia region: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salman Mohammadi
- Nutritional Health Research Center Lorestan University of Medical Sciences Khorramabad Iran
| | - Majid Keshavarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public Health Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences Sabzevar Iran
| | - Asma Kazemi
- Nutrition Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Samane Rahmdel
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Mehran Nouri
- Student Research Committee Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Ayoob Rastegar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public Health Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences Sabzevar Iran
| | - Ali Ghaffarian‐Bahraman
- Occupational Environment Research Center Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Rafsanjan Iran
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A Study of the Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Supply Chain over a Seven-Year Period (2014-2020): Human Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization in the Population of Central Italy. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071529. [PMID: 34359399 PMCID: PMC8304948 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin food contamination represents a rising global issue that will continue to increase due to climate change. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is of high concern for the whole dairy industry. In light of AFM1′s harmful potential, a human health exposure assessment and risk characterization were performed for all age populations of central Italy with regard to milk and cheese consumption by means of the margin of exposure (MOE). In total, 16,934 cow and ewe’s milk samples were collected from 2014 to 2020 and analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening method, confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The average concentration of AFM1 in cow’s milk ranged from 0.009 to 0.015 µg/kg, while in ewe’s milk, the average concentration ranged from 0.009 to 0.013 µg/kg. The average amount of AFM1 exposure ranged from 0.00005 to 0.00195 g/kg bw/day, with the main contributor represented by drinking milk, followed by the consumption of soft cheeses. A high level of public health concern related to the youngest consumers has arisen from risk characterizations highlighting the need for constant monitoring of AFM1′s occurrence in milk by inspection authorities, alongside regular updates with regard to exposure assessments.
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The prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 among different types of cheeses: A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Pecorelli I, Branciari R, Roila R, Ranucci D, Bibi R, van Asselt M, Valiani A. Evaluation of Aflatoxin M 1 enrichment factor in different cow milk cheese hardness category. Ital J Food Saf 2020; 9:8419. [PMID: 32300565 PMCID: PMC7154595 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2020.8419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hepatocarcinogenic and genotoxic derivative of aflatoxin B1 excreted into milk after ingestion of feed contaminated by Aspergillus genus fungi. Because of the important role of dairy products, especially cow cheese, in the human diet, there is great concern about the presence of AFM1 in this food category. EC Regulation No. 1881/2006 establishes the importance of the enrichment factor (EF), an essential parameter that must be defined in order to evaluate the maximum level of the toxin in cheese aiming to ensure that cheese has been produced from compliant milk. The Italian Ministry of Health has established two provisional AFM1 EFs (5.5 and 3.0) to be applied to as many cheese categories (hard and soft), defined according to the moisture content on a fat free basis (MFFB) classification. Two experimental productions of Primosale and Fior di Latte cheese, both belonging to the soft cheese category, showed an EF of 4.1 and 2.9 respectively. Data in literature also suggest that the EF attribution based on the current categorization may need reconsideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pecorelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Rossana Roila
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - David Ranucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Rita Bibi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Mariska van Asselt
- Department of Applied Research, Aeres University of Applied Sciences Dronten, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Valiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
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