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Sharafeddin F, Shirani MM, Jowkar Z. Assessing the Impact of Nano-Graphene Oxide Addition on Surface Microhardness and Roughness of Glass Ionomer Cements: A Laboratory Study. Int J Dent 2024; 2024:5597367. [PMID: 38962728 PMCID: PMC11221947 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5597367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Nanomaterials, including nano-graphene oxide (nGO), have emerged as promising modifiers for dental materials. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of incorporating nGO into conventional glass ionomer cement (CGIC) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) on surface roughness and hardness. Methods Sixty disk-shaped specimens (2 × 6 mm) were divided into six groups: CGIC, RMGIC, CGIC with 1 wt.% nGO, CGIC with 2 wt.% nGO, RMGIC with 1 wt.% nGO, and RMGIC with 2 wt.% nGO. Surface roughness (Ra) and Vickers microhardness (VHN) were measured using a surface profilometer and Vickers microhardness tester, respectively. Statistical analysis employed the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (p <0.05). Results The microhardness of RMGICs significantly increased with 1% and 2% nGO (p=0.017, P=0.001, respectively), while CGICs showed a significant decrease in VHN with nGO incorporation (p=0.001). VHN values of all CGIC groups were significantly higher than those of all RMGIC groups (p=0.001). Mean surface roughness values for all CGICs were significantly higher than those of RMGIC groups (p=0.001). Within the RMGIC groups, mean Ra values of RMGIC + 1 wt.% nGO and RMGIC + 2 wt.% nGO groups decreased significantly compared to the RMGIC control group (p=0.001, p=0.001, respectively). Among CGIC groups, mean Ra values of 1 wt.% and 2 wt.% nGO/CGIC groups were significantly higher than the CGIC control group (p=0.016, p=0.001). Conclusion Incorporating nGO into RMGICs increased surface microhardness while reducing surface roughness, offering potential advantages for clinical applications. Conversely, adding nGO to CGICs increased surface roughness and decreased surface hardness. These findings emphasize the potential benefits of utilizing nGO in RMGICs and their implications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Sharafeddin
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Biomaterials Research CenterSchool of DentistryShiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Jowkar
- Department of Operative DentistrySchool of DentistryShiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Sharafeddin F, Moraveji P. Comparison the Effect of Bromelain Enzyme, Phosphoric Acid, and Polyacrylic Acid Treatment on Microleakage of Composite and Glass Ionomer Restorations. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (SHIRAZ, IRAN) 2022; 23:175-182. [PMID: 36380843 PMCID: PMC9652053 DOI: 10.30476/dentjods.2021.88737.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Statement of the Problem Resin modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) shows low microleakage values. Bromelain enzyme is a deproteinizing agent with an anti-inflammatory effect in human body.Efective cavity treatment is an important factor in reduction of microleakage. Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the deproteinizing aspect of 10% bromelain enzyme on the microleakage of RMGIC and composite restorations. Materials and Method In this experimental study, 40 non-carious extracted human molar teeth were categorized in eight experimental groups (n=5). Standard class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth (n=10). The specimen were classified as Group 1, in which 20% polyacrylic acid (PAA) was applied on the teeth then treated with 10% bromelain enzyme; Group 2: 10% bromelain enzyme was applied; Group 3: 10% bromelain enzyme was applied and then treated with polyacrylic acid; Group 4: 20% polyacrylic acid was applied. Groups1 to 4 were restored with RMGIC (Fuji II LC, GC, Japan). Group 5: etched by 37% phosphoric acid and then treated by 10% bromelain; Group 6: 10% bromelain enzyme was applied without etching; Group 7: teeth were deproteinized with 10% bromelain enzyme and then etched with 37% phosphoric acid; and Group 8: cavities were etched with 37% phosphoric acid. In the groups 5 to 8, Adper single bond (3M, ESPE, USA) and filled with composite resin Z350 (3M, ESPE, USA). After thermocycling, the teeth were sectioned. Microleakage scores were measured using stereomicroscope (40×). Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for data analysis. (p< 0.05). Results Statistical analysis did not show any significant difference in occlusal and gingival margin microleakage in glass ionomer groups (1-4) (occlusal p= 0.218, gingival p= 0.192). Kruskal-Wallis revealed significant difference in occlusal and gingival margin microleakage of Groups 5 to 8 (occlusal p= 0.006 and gingival p= 0.00). Group 5 demonstrated the lowest occlusal microleakage (occlusal mean=0.00). Conclusion Applying bromelain or polyacrylic acid did not affect the microleakage of glass ionomer filling. Due to the antinflamatory effects of bromelain, we suggest using it instead of PAA. Pretreatment of 10% bromelain enzyme after phosphoric acid significantly decreased microleakage in the occlusal and gingival margin of composite filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Sharafeddin
- Dept. of Operative Dentistry, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Paniz Moraveji
- Undergraduate Student, Dept. of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Sharafeddin F, Jowkar Z, Bahrani S. Comparison between the effect of adding microhydroxyapatite and chitosan on surface roughness and Microhardness of resin modified and conventional glass ionomer cements. J Clin Exp Dent 2021; 13:e737-e744. [PMID: 34512911 PMCID: PMC8412805 DOI: 10.4317/jced.55996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to compare the effect of chitosan (CH) and hydroxyapatite (HP) on the surface roughness and microhardness of a conventional glass ionomer cement (CGIC) and a resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC).
Material and Methods 60 disk-shaped specimens (2mm x 6mm) were prepared in 6 groups; group I: CGIC, group II: RMGIC, group III: CGIC + 15% volume CH solution in liquid, group IV: CGIC +10% weight micro-HP in powder, group V: RMGIC + 15% volume CH, group VI: RMGIC + 10% weight micro-HP. After storage in deionized water at room temperature for 24 hours, the surface roughness and microhardness of the specimens were measured using a surface profilometer and Vickers microhardness (VHN) tester, respectively. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD test and paired t-test (P<0.05).
Results The microhardness values of RMGIC and CGIC decreased significantly with the addition of micro-HP (P<0.001). None of the CH-containing GICs showed significant changes in microhardness (P = 0.552). The VHN values of CGIC were higher than RMGIC, regardless of the added substance (P<0.001). The surface roughness (Ra) values (μm) of both RMGIC and CGIC decreased significantly with the addition of CH (P = 0.004). The incorporation of micro-HP into GICs did not have a significant effect on surface roughness values (P = 0.700). The RMGIC showed less Ra values compared to the CGIC regardless of the added substance (P<0.001). The lowest and highest Ra values were observed in RMGIC + CH and CGIC + micro-HP groups, respectively.
Conclusions The addition of CH to GIC and RMGIC reduced the surface roughness and did not have an adverse effect on the microhardness. Mixing GIC and RMGIC with micro-HP resulted in microhardness reduction and did not affect the surface roughness. Key words:Glass ionomer, hydroxyapatite, chitosan, hardness, surface roughness
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Sharafeddin
- Professor, Biomaterials Research Center, Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Jowkar
- Assistant professor, Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Somaye Bahrani
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Effect of the incorporation of hydroxyapatite on the diametral tensile strength of conventional and hybrid glass ionomer cements. Odontology 2021; 109:904-911. [PMID: 34114136 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of calcium hydroxyapatite particles (HAp) in the diametral tensile strength of a conventional type II glass ionomer (GC Gold Label 2) and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (GC Gold Label 2 LC R). Two experimental HAp (E1HAp or E2HAp) were synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction and Confocal Raman spectroscopy. Both HAp were added into the powder of a conventional or resin-modified glass ionomer cement at 5 or 10 wt.%. A commercial HAp (CHAp) was used as reference material. For each glass ionomer cement, a group without the incorporation of HAp was used as a control. A universal testing machine was used for the mechanical test. The results were analyzed through a two-way ANOVA test followed by a complementary Tukey test. For all analyzes, the level of significance was set at α = 0.05. The average particle size for E1Hap was 15 µm, E2HAp was 35 μm and for CHAp was 1 µm. For conventional GIC, the addition of 10% E1HAp and 5% CHAp significantly increased the diametral tensile strength values (p ≤ 0.005). On the other hand, for the resin-modified GIC, except for the 5% E2HAp group, all experimental groups significantly reduced the values of diametral tensile strength (p ≤ 0.007). The addition of HAp improved the mechanical properties only for the conventional glass ionomer cement.
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Bilić-Prcić M, Rajić VB, Ivanišević A, Pilipović A, Gurgan S, Miletić I. Mechanical Properties of Glass Ionomer Cements after Incorporation of Marine Derived Porous Cuttlefish Bone Hydroxyapatite. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13163542. [PMID: 32796624 PMCID: PMC7475982 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the incorporation of hydroxyapatite (HA) derived from cuttlefish bone on the mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements (GIC). Fuji II LC and Fuji IX GP Extra (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) were used in the study. There were four groups (n = 11–18) for each material: a group without the addition of HA particles and three groups modified by incorporation of 2, 5, and 10 wt% HA. The tests were performed on a universal testing machine (Shimadzu, Duisburg, Germany) and descriptive statistics, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the comparison of three mechanical properties, and one-way ANOVA for the comparison of different concentrations for each material were performed. Regarding the Fuji IX groups, compressive strength (CS) and flexural strength (FS) were highest in the group without HA particles added. The differences in CS between the Fuji IX group without HA particles and the Fuji IX groups with 2 wt% HA and 10 wt% HA were significant. The Fuji II 5 wt% HA group exhibited higher diametral tensile strength (DTS) and CS than other Fuji II groups, but not significantly. The Fuji II group, modified with 10 wt% HA, exhibited significantly higher FS than the Fuji II group without HA particles (p < 0.05). Porous HA incorporated into the Fuji IX groups had a significant impact on mechanical properties only in the Fuji IX 5 wt% HA group. Fuji II groups modified with 10 wt% HA showed the most favorable results with respect to FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Bilić-Prcić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.-P.); (V.B.R.); (I.M.)
| | - Valentina Brzović Rajić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.-P.); (V.B.R.); (I.M.)
| | - Ana Ivanišević
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.-P.); (V.B.R.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-4802-126
| | - Ana Pilipović
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Lučićeva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Sevil Gurgan
- School of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey;
| | - Ivana Miletić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.-P.); (V.B.R.); (I.M.)
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Sharafeddin F, Alavi AA, Siabani S, Safari M. Comparison of Shear Bond Strength of Three Types of Glass Ionomer Cements Containing Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles to Deep and Superficial Dentin. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (SHIRAZ, IRAN) 2020; 21:132-140. [PMID: 32582829 PMCID: PMC7280551 DOI: 10.30476/dentjods.2019.77762.0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Statement of the Problem The clinical success of glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations depends on the strength of its bonding to dentin, yet the bond strength of nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) added GIC to dentin needs to be investigated. Purpose This study aimed to assess if the type of GIC containing nHAp and dentin depth could affect the shear bond strength (SBS). Materials and Method In this experimental study, 60 freshly extracted intact third molars were randomly divided into two main groups of flat occlusal dentin with different cuts as superficial (S); just below the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) and deep (D); 2mm below DEJ. After conditioning with 20% polyacrylic acid, each group were randomly assigned to the tested GIC (n=10) subgroups as (1) Fuji IX Extra+nHAp, (2) Fuji II LC+nHAp and (3) Zirconomer+nHAp. Plastic tubes were placed on the pre-treated surfaces and filled with one of the GIC, then stored in an incubator at 37 oC and 100% humidity for 24hr. The specimens were thermocycled at5/55 oC for 500 cycles and subjected to SBS test using a universal testing machine (1 mm/min). The data analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test (p< 0.05). Results The means of SBS of Fuji II LC+nHAp was significantly higher than Fuji IX+nHAp and Zirconomer+nHAp both in superficial and deep dentin (p< 0.05). The means of SBS of Fuji IX Extra+nHAp and Zirconomer+nHAp subgroups in superficial dentin were higher than deep dentin, this differences was statistically significant (p= 0.0001 and p= 0.009, respectively). Conclusion It can conclude that SBS was influenced by type of GIC and depth of dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Sharafeddin
- Dept. of Operative Dentistry, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medial Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Alavi
- Dept. of Operative Dentistry, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medial Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saba Siabani
- Postgraduate Student, Dept. of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mina Safari
- Postgraduate Student, Dept. of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Sharafeddin F, Karimi S, Jowkar Z. Evaluation of the effect of micro-hydroxyapatite incorporation on the diametral tensile strength of glass ionomer cements. J Conserv Dent 2019; 22:266-269. [PMID: 31367111 PMCID: PMC6632627 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of micro-hydroxyapatite (micro-HAP) incorporation on the diametral tensile strengths (DTSs) of a conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). Materials and Methods: Forty disc-shaped specimens (diameter: 6.5 mm, height: 2 mm) were prepared into four groups (n = 10) as follows: group 1, conventional GIC; Group 2, GIC + micro-HAP (15 wt %); Group 3, RMGIC; and Group 4, RMGIC + micro-HAP (15 wt %). All the specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 h at room temperature. The DTSs of the specimens were measured using a universal testing machine. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (P < 0.05). Results: No significant difference was found in the DTS of conventional GIC with and without micro-HAP incorporation (P > 0.05). Moreover, the DTS of RMGIC incorporated with micro-HAP was significantly lower than that of RMGIC without micro-HAP incorporation (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Micro-HAP incorporation did not affect the DTS of conventional GIC. The DTS of RMGIC was negatively influenced by the micro-HAP incorporation. Conventional GIC (with and without hydroxyapatite) exhibited a lower DTS than RMGIC (with or without hydroxyapatite).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Sharafeddin
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Karimi
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Jowkar
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Sharafeddin F, Bakhtiarvand NA, Jowkar Z. Evaluation of the effect of home bleaching gel on microleakage of different glass ionomers reinforced with micro-hydroxyapatite. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY : JCD 2019; 22:64-68. [PMID: 30820085 PMCID: PMC6385584 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_312_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to evaluate the effect of home bleaching gel on microleakage of glass-ionomer cements reinforced with micro-hydroxyapatite (HAP). Methods Class V cavities prepared on the forty extracted third molars were restored in four groups (n = 10): Group 1, Zirconomer; Group 2, resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI); Group 3, Zirconomer + micro-HAP (20% WT); and Group 4, RMGI + micro-HAP (20% WT). After thermocycling (1000 cycles at 5 ± 2/55 ± 2°C, a dwell time of 30 s), each group was randomly divided into two groups. The first half was kept in distilled water and the restorations of the second half were bleached with carbamide peroxide 15% (14 days, each time 6 h/day). A uniform thickness of bleaching agent (0.5-1 mm) was applied on the surfaces of the restorations, extending 1 mm beyond the margins, and the bleaching agent was exchanged every 6 h. Microleakage was evaluated using dye penetration technique that is based on the amount of dye penetration (0.5% basic fuchsine solution) from the occlusal/gingival margins up to the axial wall. Results In distilled water, no significant difference was found between the occlusal microleakage scores (P > 0.05). The lowest and highest gingival scores in distilled water were observed in Group 4 and Group 3, respectively. In bleaching environment, there was no significant difference between four groups (P > 0.05). Comparing each glass ionomer in two environments revealed statistically significant differences in gingival and occlusal microleakage of Group 4 and in occlusal microleakage of Group 1 (P < 0.05). Conclusions Micro-HAP incorporation did not affect the microleakage of the RMGI and Zirconomer in bleaching environment and their occlusal microleakage in distilled water. The lowest and highest gingival scores in distilled water were observed for the RMGI + micro-HAP and Zirconomer + micro-HAP, respectively. Bleaching procedure negatively affects the microleakage score of RMGI + micro-HAP and occlusal microleakage of Zirconomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Sharafeddin
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Niloofar Ajami Bakhtiarvand
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Jowkar
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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