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Vorakulpipat P, Kitkumthorn N, Lapthanasupkul P, Rungraungrayabkul D, Klongnoi B, Khovidhunkit SOP. Distribution of Epstein-Barr virus in the oral cavity of Thais with various oral mucosal conditions. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24222. [PMID: 38293426 PMCID: PMC10826676 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to examine the presence of EBV, EBV strains, and variants among 3 oral conditions including normal oral mucosa (NOM), oral potentially malignant disorders/oral cancer (OPMDs/OC) and non-OPMDs/OC in a group of Thais. Material and methods Oral exfoliated cells were obtained from 315 participants living in the northeastern and central regions of Thailand. The participants were divided into 3 groups encompassing the NOM, the OPMDs/OC and the non-OPMDs/OC groups. The presence of EBV was first determined by PCR using primers for LMP1 gene. Subsequently, EBV strains of EBNA3c and variants based on LMP1 sequences were determined by real-time PCR. Results The prevalence of EBV in OPMDs/OC, non-OPMDs/OC and NOM were 72.0 %, 56.2 %, and 27.2 % respectively. EBV type A, B and AB were found in 52.1 %, 32.1 % and 15.8 % of all positive samples, respectively. The percentage of participants with EBV type A was more prominent in the NOM group (72.0 %) compared to the non-OPMDs/OC (54.8 %) and the OPMDs/OC group (41.8 %) whereas EBV type B was higher in the OPMDs/OC group (35.8 %) compared to the non-OPMDs/OC (31.5 %) and the NOM (24.0 %) groups. Regarding EBV variants, 30-bp deletion LMP1 variant (del-LMP1) which is more associated with malignant transformation was predominately found in the OPMDs/OC (32.8 %) and the non-OPMDs/OC (38.4 %) groups compared to the NOM group (20.0 %). Conclusions High frequency of EBV was demonstrated in the OPMDs/OC group. EBV type A was more predominant in the NOM group whereas EBV type B was more prevalent in the OPMDs/OC group. The del-LMP1 variant was more common in the OPMDs/OC and the non-OPMDs/OC groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasinee Vorakulpipat
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Kitkumthorn
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Puangwan Lapthanasupkul
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Boworn Klongnoi
- Development of Disease Management Model for Oral Cancer with an Integration Network of Screening, Surveillance, and Treatment from Primary Care Unit to Tertiary Care in North East Health District Project, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siribang-on Piboonniyom Khovidhunkit
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Development of Disease Management Model for Oral Cancer with an Integration Network of Screening, Surveillance, and Treatment from Primary Care Unit to Tertiary Care in North East Health District Project, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Rahman R, Gopinath D, Buajeeb W, Poomsawat S, Johnson NW. Potential Role of Epstein–Barr Virus in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Scoping Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040801. [PMID: 35458531 PMCID: PMC9032208 DOI: 10.3390/v14040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the oral cavity is anatomically proximate to the nasal cavity and acts as a key reservoir of EBV habitation and transmission, it is still unclear whether EBV plays a significant role in oral carcinogenesis. Many studies have detected EBV DNA in tissues and exfoliated cells from OSCC patients. However, very few studies have investigated the expression of functional EBV proteins implicated in its oncogenicity. The most studied are latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1), a protein associated with the activation of signalling pathways; EBV determined nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1, a protein involved in the regulation of gene expression; and EBV-encoded small non-polyadenylated RNA (EBER)-2. LMP-1 is considered the major oncoprotein, and overexpression of LMP-1 observed in OSCC indicates that this molecule might play a significant role in oral carcinogenesis. Although numerous studies have detected EBV DNA and proteins from OSCC and oral potentially malignant disorders, heterogeneity in methodologies has led to discrepant results, hindering interpretation. Elucidating the exact functions of EBV and its proteins when expressed is vital in establishing the role of viruses in oral oncogenesis. This review summarises the current evidence on the potential role of EBV in oral oncogenesis and discusses the implications as well as recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Rahman
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (R.R.); (N.W.J.)
| | - Divya Gopinath
- Clinical Oral Health Sciences Division, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Waranun Buajeeb
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Sopee Poomsawat
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Newell W. Johnson
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (R.R.); (N.W.J.)
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
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Muthu K, Narayanan M. Recognizing the salivary panomics for the clinical application in oral potentially malignant disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021; 25:332-345. [PMID: 34703130 PMCID: PMC8491332 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.325237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer arises as a result of multistep carcinogenic progress from precursor lesion to oral squamous cell carcinoma through collective mutational process occur in the stem cells of mucosal epithelium. The detection of such oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs)/cancer in subclinical level will greatly improve the prognosis of a patient. The highly specific and sensitive salivary biomarkers have functioned in detection, prediction, surveillance and therapeutic monitoring of the diseases of interest. The aim of the review is to appraise various salivary biomarkers for the clinical utility in OPMDs. An electronic web-supported search was performed via PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar search engine since the year 2015–2019. A total of 28 research articles were selected for the review after screening and assessment. The various genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and miscellaneous markers were analyzed and their characteristics and clinical application in OPMD patients were discussed. miR-21, miR-31, miR-84, H3F3A mRNA + IL-8P, matrix metalloproteinase-9, chemerin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cytokeratin-10, ornithine + O-hydroxybenzoate + R5F, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, Vitamin E and Vitamin C are identified as potential markers for OPMD patients. Scientifically validated, reliable and economical clinical biomarkers in OPMDs would serve as evidence-based treatment from patient point of view. Further longitudinal studies are needed to verify the accuracy and validate the applicability of these diagnostic/prognostic markers. Saliva has been reported as a valuable noninvasive valuable tool in biomarker identification. Recent advancements in salivary biomarker identification techniques lead to various potential biomarkers with precise outcome. The utilization of these biomarkers for the clinical application in OPMDs depends on the feasibility and personal choice of the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Muthu
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, VMS Dental College, Vinayaga Mission's Research Foundation, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohan Narayanan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, VMS Dental College, Vinayaga Mission's Research Foundation, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
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Farisyi MA, Sufiawati I. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in saliva of HIV-1-infected individuals with oral hairy leukoplakia. Oral Dis 2020; 26 Suppl 1:158-160. [PMID: 32862526 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We present three cases of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) in whom the diagnosis was established by EBV DNA detection in whole saliva. Three HIV-infected patients came to the Oral Medicine Clinic with similar chief complaints of asymptomatic white lesions on the tongue. All patients were diagnosed with suspected OHL and oral thrush also in the first patient. A multiplex PCR DNA microarray was performed to detect EBV DNA in saliva collected by spitting method. All saliva samples showed positive results for EBV DNA, and the definitive diagnosis of OHL was made. Resolution of lesions was found at 1- to 2-month follow-up after treatment with application of acyclovir 5% cream 5 times daily. Additionally, anti-fungal treatment was given to the first patient and anti-retroviral treatment to the first and second patients. EBV is mostly transmitted by asymptomatic shedding into saliva. Therefore, the detection of salivary EBV DNA is useful in establishing a definitive diagnosis of OHL allowing more effective treatment for both HIV-infected patients receiving ART and treatment-naïve patients at any CD4 + count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Al Farisyi
- Oral Medicine Residency Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Irna Sufiawati
- Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
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Sivakumar S, Gupta AA, Nik Mohd Rosdy NMM, Venkiteswaran A, Raj AT, Awan KH. Assessing the potential association between Epstein-Barr virus and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:3092-3100. [PMID: 35117672 PMCID: PMC8797883 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2020.01.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to qualitatively and quantitatively review the association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched using the keywords "EBV or Epstein Barr virus and Oral cancer or Oral squamous cell carcinoma" for published case-control studies in the English language upto August 2019. RESULTS The search yielded 985 articles out of which 966 articles were excluded by screening their titles and abstracts as they were irrelevant or duplicates. Based on the full-text assessment of the remaining 19 articles, only 7 satisfied the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis, out of which only 4 were compatible to be included in the meta-analysis. The diagnostic modalities used included immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. The diagnostic targets included latent membrane protein (LMP)-1, EBV determined nuclear antigen-1, EBV-encoded small non-polyadenylated RNA-2. The meta-analysis showed that there is an association between the EBV and OSCC. CONCLUSIONS Determining the association of EBV with OSCC is highly tedious due to the contrasting data obtained from individuals' studies which in turn is due to the wide variations in the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic modalities used and diagnostic targets selected. Although the meta-analysis revealed an association between EBV and OSCC, the number and the quality of the studies included in the meta-analysis are limited, thus the association requires further validation for any conclusive inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaranjhany Sivakumar
- Faculty of Dentistry, Mahsa University, Bandar Saujana Putra Campus, Ministry of Higher Education, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Archana A. Gupta
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | | | - Annapurny Venkiteswaran
- Centre of Studies for Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Ministry of Higher Education, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A. Thirumal Raj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Kamran Habib Awan
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah, USA
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Rintala M, Vahlberg T, Salo T, Rautava J. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its tumor markers: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Head Neck 2018; 41:1499-1507. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.25569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjami Rintala
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oral Pathology, Institute of DentistryUniversity of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Tero Vahlberg
- Biostatistics, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
| | - Tuula Salo
- Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki Finland
- Department of Oral Pathology, Institute of DentistryUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Finland Cancer and Translational Medicine Research UnitUniversity of Oulu Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Jaana Rautava
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oral Pathology, Institute of DentistryUniversity of Turku Turku Finland
- Department of PathologyTurku University Hospital Turku Finland
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EBV and HHV-6 Circulating Subtypes in People Living with HIV in Burkina Faso, Impact on CD4 T cell count and HIV Viral Load. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2017; 9:e2017049. [PMID: 28894558 PMCID: PMC5584768 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2017.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6) are responsible for severe diseases, particularly in immunocompromised persons. There is limited data of the infection of these opportunistic viruses in Burkina Faso. The purpose of this study was to characterize EBV and HHV-6 subtypes and to assess their impact on CD4 T cell count, HIV-1 viral load and antiretroviral treatment in people living with HIV-1. The study population consisted of 238 HIV-positive patients with information on the CD4 T cell count, HIV-1 viral load and HAART. Venous blood samples collected in EDTA tubes were used for EBV and HHV-6 Real Time PCR subtyping. An infection rate of 6.7% (16/238) and 7.1% (17/238) were found respectively for EBV and HHV-6 in the present study. Among EBV infections, similar prevalence was noted for both subtypes (3.9% (9/238) for EBV-1 vs 4.6% (11/238) for EBV-2) with 2.1% (5/238) of co-infection. HHV-6A infection represented 6.3% (15/238) of the study population against 5.0% (12/238) for HHV-6B. EBV-2 infection was significantly higher in patients with CD4 T cell count ≥ 500 compared to those with CD4 T cell count less than 500 cells (1.65% vs 8.56%, p = 0,011). The prevalence of EBV and HHV-6 infections was almost similar in HAART-naive and HAART-experienced patients. The present study provides information on the prevalence of EBV and HHV-6 subtypes in people living with HIV-1 in Burkina Faso. The study also suggests that HAART treatment has no effect on infection with these opportunistic viruses in people living with HIV-1.
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Majumdar B, Sarode SC, Sarode GS, Patil S. Etiologic Association between Epstein-Barr Virus and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Brief Evidence-based Discussion. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017; 18:261-264. [PMID: 28349901 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpes virus-4, belongs to the γ-subfamily of herpes viruses.1 Nearly 90 to 95% of the world's adult population is an asymptomatic carrier of EBV.1-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnali Majumdar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Bhojia Dental College & Hospital, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gargi S Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, e-mail:
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