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Das BB, Akam-Venkata J, Abdulkarim M, Hussain T. Parametric Mapping Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Diagnosis of Myocarditis in Children in the Era of COVID-19 and MIS-C. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9071061. [PMID: 35884045 PMCID: PMC9320921 DOI: 10.3390/children9071061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis comprises many clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic to sudden cardiac death. The history, physical examination, cardiac biomarkers, inflammatory markers, and electrocardiogram are usually helpful in the initial assessment of suspected acute myocarditis. Echocardiography is the primary tool to detect ventricular wall motion abnormalities, pericardial effusion, valvular regurgitation, and impaired function. The advancement of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has been helpful in clinical practice for diagnosing myocarditis. A recent Scientific Statement by the American Heart Association suggested CMR as a confirmatory test to diagnose acute myocarditis in children. However, standard CMR parametric mapping parameters for diagnosing myocarditis are unavailable in pediatric patients for consistency and reliability in the interpretation. The present review highlights the unmet clinical needs for standard CMR parametric criteria for diagnosing acute and chronic myocarditis in children and differentiating dilated chronic myocarditis phenotype from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Of particular relevance to today’s practice, we also assess the potential and limitations of CMR to diagnose acute myocarditis in children exposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infections. The latter section will discuss the multi-inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and mRNA coronavirus disease 19 vaccine-associated myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti B. Das
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s of Mississippi Heart Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-601-984-5250; Fax: +1-601-984-5283
| | - Jyothsna Akam-Venkata
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s of Mississippi Heart Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
| | - Mubeena Abdulkarim
- Pediatric Cardiology, Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL 33155, USA;
| | - Tarique Hussain
- Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Health, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA;
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Shafiabadi Hassani N, Talakoob H, Karim H, Mozafari Bazargany MH, Rastad H. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in 2954 COVID-19 Adult Survivors: A Comprehensive Systematic Review. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 55:866-880. [PMID: 34309139 PMCID: PMC8427049 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have utilized MRI to determine the extent to which COVID‐19 survivors may experience cardiac sequels after recovery. Purpose To systematically review the main cardiac MRI findings in COVID‐19 adult survivors. Study type Systematic review. Subjects A total of 2954 COVID‐19 adult survivors from 16 studies. Field Strength/sequence Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), parametric mapping (T1‐native, T2, T1‐post (extracellular volume fraction [ECV]), T2‐weighted sequences (myocardium/pericardium), at 1.5 T and 3 T. Assessment A systematic search was performed on PubMed, Embase, and Google scholar databases using Boolean operators and the relevant key terms covering COVID‐19, cardiac injury, CMR, and follow‐up. MRI data, including (if available) T1, T2, extra cellular volume, presence of myocardial or pericardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and left and right ventricular ejection fraction were extracted. Statistical Tests The main results of the included studies are summarized. No additional statistical analysis was performed. Results Of 1601 articles retrieved from the initial search, 12 cohorts and 10 case series met our eligibility criteria. The rate of raised T1 in COVID‐19 adult survivors varied across studies from 0% to 73%. Raised T2 was detected in none of patients in 4 out of 15 studies, and in the remaining studies, its rate ranged from 2% to 60%. In most studies, LGE (myocardial or pericardial) was observed in COVID‐19 survivors, the rate ranging from 4% to 100%. Myocardial LGE mainly had nonischemic patterns. None of the cohort studies observed myocardial LGE in “healthy” controls. Most studies found that patients who recovered from COVID‐19 had a significantly greater T1 and T2 compared to participants in the corresponding control group. Data Conclusion Findings of MRI studies suggest the presence of myocardial and pericardial involvement in a notable number of patients recovered from COVID‐19. Level of Evidence 3 Technical Efficacy Stage 3
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamed Talakoob
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hosein Karim
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Hadith Rastad
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Mayala HA, Bakari KH, Zhaohui W. The role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) in the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy: A systematic review. Malawi Med J 2019; 31:241-245. [PMID: 31839897 PMCID: PMC6895381 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v31i3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myocardial pathologies are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in patients worldwide. Ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies have become a worldwide epidemic of the 21st century with an increasing impact on health care systems. The 2012 European Society of Cardiology and 2013 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association guidelines provide current therapy guidance to reduce mortality and morbidity. Methods This was a systematic review involving cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) studies for the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy from January 2013 to April 2017. Out of 62 reviewed studies, only 12 were included in our study. Results The average sensitivity and specificity of CMR in the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy was 86.75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70.30% to 92.58%) and 81.75% (95% CI, 73.0% to 87.6%), respectively, and the positive predictive and negative predictive values were 80.17% and 86.75%, respectively. Conclusion Despite some limitations, our study shows that CMR has high sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value in diagnosing different types of cardiomyopathy. CMR may be used to differentiate types of cardiomyopathy, accurately quantify the chamber dimensions, volumes, and cardiac function, which make it useful for prognosis as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Anselmo Mayala
- Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Khamis Hassan Bakari
- Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Wang Zhaohui
- Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, China
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Mayala HA, Bakari KH, Zhaohui W. The role of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy: A systematic review. Malawi Med J 2019; 30:291-295. [PMID: 31798809 PMCID: PMC6863424 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v30i4.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myocardial pathologies are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in patients worldwide. Ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies have become a worldwide epidemic of the 21st century with an increasing impact on health care systems. The 2012 European Society of Cardiology and 2013 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association guidelines provide current therapy guidance to reduce mortality and morbidity. Methods This was a systematic review involving cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) studies for the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy from January 2013 to April 2017. Out of 62 reviewed studies, only 12 were included in our study. Results The average sensitivity and specificity of CMR in the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy was 86.75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70.30% to 92.58%) and 81.75% (95% CI, 73.0% to 87.6%), respectively, and the positive predictive and negative predictive values were 80.17% and 86.75%, respectively. Conclusion Despite some limitations, our study shows that CMR has high sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value in diagnosing different types of cardiomyopathy. CMR may be used to differentiate types of cardiomyopathy, accurately quantify the chamber dimensions, volumes, and cardiac function, which make it useful for prognosis as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Anselmo Mayala
- Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Khamis Hassan Bakari
- Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Wang Zhaohui
- Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, China
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Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Structural Myocardial Alterations by Grating-Based Phase-Contrast Computed Tomography. Invest Radiol 2018; 53:26-34. [PMID: 28846552 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Grating-based phase-contrast computed tomography (gb-PCCT) relies on x-ray refraction instead of absorption to generate high-contrast images in biological soft tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of gb-PCCT for the depiction of structural changes in heart disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four human heart specimens from patients with hypertensive disease, ischemic disease, dilated heart disease, and cardiac lipomatosis were examined. The gb-PCCT setup consisted of an x-ray tube (40 kV, 70 mA), grating-interferometer, and detector, and allowed simultaneous acquisition of phase- and absorption-contrast data. With histopathology as the standard of reference, myocardium (MC), fibrotic scar (FS), interstitial fibrosis (IF), and fatty tissue (FT) were visually and quantitatively evaluated. Systematic differences in absorption- and phase-contrast Hounsfield units (HUabs and HUp) were assessed. RESULTS Thirteen corresponding cross-sections were included, and MC, FS, IF, and FT were found in 13 (100%), 4 (30.8%), 7 (53.8%), and 13 (100%) cross-sections, respectively. Mean HUp/HUabs were 52.5/54.1, 86.6/69.7, 62.4/62.3, and -38.6/-258.9 for MC, FS, IF, and FT, respectively. An overlap in HUabs was observed for MC and IF (P = 0.84) but not for HUp (P < 0.01). Contrast-to-noise ratios were significantly higher in phase- than in absorption-contrast for MC/FT (35.4 vs 7.8; P < 0.01) and for MC/FS (12.3 vs 0.2; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Given its superior soft tissue contrast, gb-PCCT is able to depict structural changes in different cardiomyopathies, which can currently not be obtained by x-ray absorption-based imaging methods. If current technical limitations can be overcome, gb-PCCT may evolve as a powerful tool for the anatomical assessment of cardiomyopathy.
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Rodean I, Beganu E, Hodas R, Himcinschi E, Bordi L, Benedek T. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Myocardial Viability: Why Is It so Important? JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/jim-2017-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
For a better assessment of ischemic heart diseases, myocardial viability should be quantified. Current studies underline the importance and the evolution of several techniques and methods used in the evaluation of myocardial viability. Taking into account these considerations, the aim of this manuscript was to present the recent points of view regarding myocardial viability and its clinical significance in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathies and left ventricular dysfunction. On the other hand, the manuscript points out the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), one of the most useful noninvasive imaging techniques, in the assessment of myocardial viability. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of cardiac MRI, its usefulness can be better appreciated by the clinician. In the following years, it is considered that MRI will be an indispensable imaging tool in the assessment of ischemic heart disease, guiding interventions for revascularization and long-term risk stratification in patients with stable angina or myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Rodean
- Center of Advanced Research in Multimodality Cardiac Imaging, Cardio Med Medical Center , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - Elena Beganu
- Center of Advanced Research in Multimodality Cardiac Imaging, Cardio Med Medical Center , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - Roxana Hodas
- Center of Advanced Research in Multimodality Cardiac Imaging, Cardio Med Medical Center , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - Elisabeta Himcinschi
- Center of Advanced Research in Multimodality Cardiac Imaging, Cardio Med Medical Center , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - Lehel Bordi
- Center of Advanced Research in Multimodality Cardiac Imaging, Cardio Med Medical Center , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - Theodora Benedek
- Center of Advanced Research in Multimodality Cardiac Imaging, Cardio Med Medical Center , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
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Saeed M, Liu H, Liang CH, Wilson MW. Magnetic resonance imaging for characterizing myocardial diseases. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 33:1395-1414. [PMID: 28364177 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-017-1127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute of Health defined cardiomyopathy as diseases of the heart muscle. These myocardial diseases have different etiology, structure and treatment. This review highlights the key imaging features of different myocardial diseases. It provides information on myocardial structure/orientation, perfusion, function and viability in diseases related to cardiomyopathy. The standard cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences can reveal insight on left ventricular (LV) mass, volumes and regional contractile function in all types of cardiomyopathy diseases. Contrast enhanced MRI sequences allow visualization of different infarct patterns and sizes. Enhancement of myocardial inflammation and infarct (location, transmurality and pattern) on contrast enhanced MRI have been used to highlight the key differences in myocardial diseases, predict recovery of function and healing. The common feature in many forms of cardiomyopathy is the presence of diffuse-fibrosis. Currently, imaging sequences generating the most interest in cardiomyopathy include myocardial strain analysis, tissue mapping (T1, T2, T2*) and extracellular volume (ECV) estimation techniques. MRI sequences have the potential to decode the etiology by showing various patterns of infarct and diffuse fibrosis in myocarditis, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and hypertension. Integrated PET/MRI system may add in the future more information for the diagnosis and progression of cardiomyopathy diseases. With the promise of high spatial/temporal resolution and 3D coverage, MRI will be an indispensible tool in diagnosis and monitoring the benefits of new therapies designed to treat myocardial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maythem Saeed
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Campus Box 0946, San Francisco, CA, 94107-5705, USA.
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Hong Liang
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mark W Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Campus Box 0946, San Francisco, CA, 94107-5705, USA
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Measurement of Myocardial Extracellular Volume Fraction From Iodine Density Images Using Single-Source, Dual-Energy Computed Tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2017; 41:750-756. [DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chrysohoou C, Antoniou CK, Stillman A, Lalude O, Henry T, Lerakis S. Myocardial fibrosis detected with Gadolinium Delayed Enhancement in Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ventriculoarterial Coupling alterations in patients with Acute Myocarditis. Hellenic J Cardiol 2016; 57:449-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Sinagra G, Iorio A, Merlo M, Cannatà A, Stolfo D, Zambon E, Di Nora C, Paolillo S, Barbati G, Berton E, Carriere C, Magrì D, Cattadori G, Confalonieri M, Di Lenarda A, Agostoni P. Prognostic value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2016; 223:596-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Baxa J, Ferda J, Hromádka M. T1 mapping of the ischemic myocardium: Review of potential clinical use. Eur J Radiol 2016; 85:1922-1928. [PMID: 27105590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is an indispensable part of the diagnostic algorithm in cardiology. CMR has become a gold standard in various disorders; moreover, it is well established also as a surrogate end-point in experimental and clinical studies. Particularly, the ability to directly display myocardial injury is a unique feature in comparison with other methods. The mapping of magnetic relaxation properties (T1, T2 and T2* relaxation times) are still relatively new techniques, but promising to improve the robustness of CMR and add new appropriate indications. The high potential of T1 mapping in the diagnostic of myocardial ischemic involvement has been highlighted in several experimental and clinical studies, but the use in clinical routine was limited due to the shortcomings in scanning and image evaluation. However, the quantitative technique of T1 mapping is now commercially available and its simple use, good reproducibility and limited subjectivity allow its incorporation into routine CMR protocols. This review article is aimed to summarise existing results and clinical experience with T1 mapping in patients with ischemic cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Baxa
- Department of Imaging Methods, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Ferda
- Department of Imaging Methods, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Hromádka
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Koyasu S, Tsuji Y, Harada H, Nakamoto Y, Nobashi T, Kimura H, Sano K, Koizumi K, Hamaji M, Togashi K. Evaluation of Tumor-associated Stroma and Its Relationship with Tumor Hypoxia Using Dynamic Contrast-enhanced CT and (18)F Misonidazole PET in Murine Tumor Models. Radiology 2015; 278:734-41. [PMID: 26393963 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2015150416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the relationship between the fractional interstitial volume (Fis), as calculated at dynamic contrast material-enhanced (DCE) computed tomography (CT), and tumor-associated stroma and to analyze its spatial relationship with tumor hypoxia in several xenograft tumor models. MATERIALS AND METHODS All animal experiments were approved by the animal research committee. Mice with three different xenograft tumors (U251, CFPAC-1, and BxPC-3; n = 6, n = 8, and n = 6, respectively) underwent DCE CT then hypoxia imaging with fluorine 18 ((18)F) fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) positron emission tomography (PET) within 24 hours. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed in harvested tumors to detect hypoxia markers and to quantify microvascular and stromal density. Two DCE CT parameters (amount of interstitial space associated with the amount of stroma [Fis] and flow velocity [Fv]) were identified and quantitatively validated by using immunohistochemistry. FMISO uptake within the tumor was also assessed in relation to DCE CT parameters. Imaging and immunohistochemical parameters were assessed by using the Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test with Bonferroni correction, and Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS Almost no α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells were found in the U251 xenograft, while abundant stroma was found in the entire BxPC-3 xenograft and in the periphery of the CFPAC-1 xenograft. Quantitative analysis showed a significant correlation (R = 0.83, P < .0001) between Fis and stromal density. FMISO uptake had a negative correlation with Fis (R = -0.58, P < .0001) and Fv (R = -0.53, P < .0001). CONCLUSION DCE CT can be used to quantify parameters associated with tumor-associated stroma. Tumor hypoxia was Complementarily localized in tumor-associated stroma in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Koyasu
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine (S.K., Y.N., T.N., K.S., K.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Y.T.), and Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy (H.H.), Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging, Radioisotope Research Center (H.K), Clinical Radiology Service, Kyoto University Hospital (K.K.); and Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Science (M.H.), Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tsuji
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine (S.K., Y.N., T.N., K.S., K.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Y.T.), and Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy (H.H.), Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging, Radioisotope Research Center (H.K), Clinical Radiology Service, Kyoto University Hospital (K.K.); and Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Science (M.H.), Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine (S.K., Y.N., T.N., K.S., K.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Y.T.), and Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy (H.H.), Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging, Radioisotope Research Center (H.K), Clinical Radiology Service, Kyoto University Hospital (K.K.); and Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Science (M.H.), Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakamoto
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine (S.K., Y.N., T.N., K.S., K.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Y.T.), and Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy (H.H.), Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging, Radioisotope Research Center (H.K), Clinical Radiology Service, Kyoto University Hospital (K.K.); and Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Science (M.H.), Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nobashi
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine (S.K., Y.N., T.N., K.S., K.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Y.T.), and Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy (H.H.), Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging, Radioisotope Research Center (H.K), Clinical Radiology Service, Kyoto University Hospital (K.K.); and Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Science (M.H.), Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kimura
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine (S.K., Y.N., T.N., K.S., K.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Y.T.), and Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy (H.H.), Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging, Radioisotope Research Center (H.K), Clinical Radiology Service, Kyoto University Hospital (K.K.); and Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Science (M.H.), Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kohei Sano
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine (S.K., Y.N., T.N., K.S., K.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Y.T.), and Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy (H.H.), Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging, Radioisotope Research Center (H.K), Clinical Radiology Service, Kyoto University Hospital (K.K.); and Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Science (M.H.), Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koji Koizumi
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine (S.K., Y.N., T.N., K.S., K.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Y.T.), and Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy (H.H.), Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging, Radioisotope Research Center (H.K), Clinical Radiology Service, Kyoto University Hospital (K.K.); and Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Science (M.H.), Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Hamaji
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine (S.K., Y.N., T.N., K.S., K.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Y.T.), and Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy (H.H.), Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging, Radioisotope Research Center (H.K), Clinical Radiology Service, Kyoto University Hospital (K.K.); and Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Science (M.H.), Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kaori Togashi
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine (S.K., Y.N., T.N., K.S., K.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Y.T.), and Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy (H.H.), Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging, Radioisotope Research Center (H.K), Clinical Radiology Service, Kyoto University Hospital (K.K.); and Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Science (M.H.), Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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