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Chukai Y, Sudo T, Fukuda T, Tomita H, Sugano E, Ozaki T. Proteolysis of mitochondrial calpain-13 in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 39:101768. [PMID: 39050013 PMCID: PMC11267081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Calpains are calcium-dependent cysteine proteases activated by intracellular Ca2+. Although calpains mainly exist in the cytosol, calpain-13 is present in the mitochondria in mouse brains; however, the enzymatic properties and physiological functions of calpain-13 remain unknown. Hence, in this study, we predicted and evaluated the enzymatic properties of calpain-13. Based on our bioinformatic approaches, calpain-13 possessed a catalytic triad and EF-hand domain, similar to calpain-1, a well-studied calpain. Therefore, we hypothesized that calpain-13 had calpain-1-like enzymatic properties; however, calpain-13 was not proteolyzed in C57BL/6J mouse brains. Subsequently, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury caused proteolysis of mitochondrial calpain-13. Thus, our study showed that mitochondrial calpain-13 was proteolyzed in the mitochondria of the I/R injured mouse brain. This finding could be valuable in further research elucidating the involvement of calpain-13 in cell survival or death in brain diseases, such as cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Chukai
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Toru Sudo
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Fukuda
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomita
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Eriko Sugano
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Taku Ozaki
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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2
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Cohen MV, Downey JM. Initial Despair and Current Hope of Identifying a Clinically Useful Treatment of Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Insights Derived from Studies of Platelet P2Y 12 Antagonists and Interference with Inflammation and NLRP3 Assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5477. [PMID: 38791515 PMCID: PMC11122283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocardial necrosis following the successful reperfusion of a coronary artery occluded by thrombus in a patient presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) continues to be a serious problem, despite the multiple attempts to attenuate the necrosis with agents that have shown promise in pre-clinical investigations. Possible reasons include confounding clinical risk factors, the delayed application of protective agents, poorly designed pre-clinical investigations, the possible effects of routinely administered agents that might unknowingly already have protected the myocardium or that might have blocked protection, and the biological differences of the myocardium in humans and experimental animals. A better understanding of the pathobiology of myocardial infarction is needed to stem this reperfusion injury. P2Y12 receptor antagonists minimize platelet aggregation and are currently part of the standard treatment to prevent thrombus formation and propagation in STEMI protocols. Serendipitously, these P2Y12 antagonists also dramatically attenuate reperfusion injury in experimental animals and are presumed to provide a similar protection in STEMI patients. However, additional protective agents are needed to further diminish reperfusion injury. It is possible to achieve additive protection if the added intervention protects by a mechanism different from that of P2Y12 antagonists. Inflammation is now recognized to be a critical factor in the complex intracellular response to ischemia and reperfusion that leads to tissue necrosis. Interference with cardiomyocyte inflammasome assembly and activation has shown great promise in attenuating reperfusion injury in pre-clinical animal models. And the blockade of the executioner protease caspase-1, indeed, supplements the protection already seen after the administration of P2Y12 antagonists. Importantly, protective interventions must be applied in the first minutes of reperfusion, if protection is to be achieved. The promise of such a combination of protective strategies provides hope that the successful attenuation of reperfusion injury is attainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V. Cohen
- The Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA;
- The Departments of Medicine, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - James M. Downey
- The Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA;
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3
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Chukai Y, Ito G, Miki Y, Wakabayashi K, Itoh K, Sugano E, Tomita H, Fukuda T, Ozaki T. Role of calpain-5 in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2024; 1868:130506. [PMID: 37949151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury exacerbate the prognosis of ischemic diseases. The cause of this exacerbation is partly a mitochondrial cell death pathway. Mitochondrial calpain-5 is proteolyzed/autolyzed under endoplasmic reticulum stress, resulting in inflammatory caspase-4 activation. However, the role of calpain-5 in I/R injury remains unclear. We hypothesized that calpain-5 is involved in ischemic brain disease. METHODS Mitochondria from C57BL/6J mice were extracted via centrifugation with/without proteinase K treatment. The expression and proteolysis/autolysis of calpain-5 were determined using western blotting. The mouse and human brains with I/R injury were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. HT22 cells were treated with tunicamycin and CAPN5 siRNA. RESULTS Calpain-5 was expressed in the mitochondria of mouse tissues. Mitochondrial calpain-5 in mouse brains was responsive to calcium earlier than cytosolic calpain-5 in vitro calcium assays and in vivo bilateral common carotid artery occlusion model mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed that neurons were positive for calpain-5 in the normal brains of mice and humans. The expression of calpain-5 was increased in reactive astrocytes at human infarction sites. The knockdown of calpain-5 suppressed of cleaved caspase-11. CONCLUSIONS The neurons of human and mouse brains express calpain-5, which is proteolyzed/autolyzed in the mitochondria in the early stage of I/R injury and upregulated in reactive astrocytes in the end-stage. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying I/R injury. Targeting the expression or activity of mitochondrial calpain-5 may suppress the inflammation during I/R injuries such as cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Chukai
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Ginga Ito
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Eriko Sugano
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomita
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Fukuda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Taku Ozaki
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan.
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4
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Liang C, Aisa Z, Sun L, Zhang B. Cardiac ischemic preconditioning promotes cMyBP-C phosphorylation by inhibiting the calpain-mediated proteolysis. Exp Cell Res 2023; 433:113859. [PMID: 38000772 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been considered as the most important mean to protect against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced heart injury. It has been reported that cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) phosphorylation plays an essential role in cardiac protection against I/R-induced heart injury. However, it is still obscured whether IPC-mediated cardiac protection is causally related to cMyBP-C phosphorylation and proteolysis and, if so, what the underlying mechanism is. In this study, IPC was found to increase the phosphorylation level of cMyBP-C, companying with the decreased calpain activity in the collected perfusate samples. Mechanistically, we confirmed that IPC promoted cMyBP-C phosphorylation and inhibited calpain-mediated cMyBP-C proteolysis. Moreover, inhibition of calpain activity significantly increased the phosphorylated cMyBP-C level by using calpain inhibitor (MG-101), and subsequently promoted stabilization and secretion of cMyBP-C. Functionally, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of mutated phosphorylation motif site of cMyBP-C exhibited impaired IPC-mediated cardiac protection via proteolysis of the full-length cMyBP-C protein. We concluded that IPC promoted cMyBP-C phosphorylation via inhibition of calpain-mediated proteolysis and participated in IPC-mediated protection against I/R induced heart injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Urumqi, China; Department 2 of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zulibiya Aisa
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Urumqi, China; Department 5 of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Longfei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Urumqi, China; Department 4 of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Baojian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Urumqi, China; Department 5 of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
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5
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Leemann S, Schneider-Warme F, Kleinlogel S. Cardiac optogenetics: shining light on signaling pathways. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1421-1437. [PMID: 38097805 PMCID: PMC10730638 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
In the early 2000s, the field of neuroscience experienced a groundbreaking transformation with the advent of optogenetics. This innovative technique harnesses the properties of naturally occurring and genetically engineered rhodopsins to confer light sensitivity upon target cells. The remarkable spatiotemporal precision offered by optogenetics has provided researchers with unprecedented opportunities to dissect cellular physiology, leading to an entirely new level of investigation. Initially revolutionizing neuroscience, optogenetics quickly piqued the interest of the wider scientific community, and optogenetic applications were expanded to cardiovascular research. Over the past decade, researchers have employed various optical tools to observe, regulate, and steer the membrane potential of excitable cells in the heart. Despite these advancements, achieving control over specific signaling pathways within the heart has remained an elusive goal. Here, we review the optogenetic tools suitable to control cardiac signaling pathways with a focus on GPCR signaling, and delineate potential applications for studying these pathways, both in healthy and diseased hearts. By shedding light on these exciting developments, we hope to contribute to the ongoing progress in basic cardiac research to facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic possibilities for treating cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Leemann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, and Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Franziska Schneider-Warme
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, and Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Kleinlogel
- Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Translational Medicine Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Feng X, Shi Q, Jian Q, Li F, Li Z, Cheng K. Alterations in mitochondrial protein glycosylation in myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 35:101509. [PMID: 37601448 PMCID: PMC10439394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The alterations in mitochondrial protein glycosylation in myocardial ischaemia reperfusion (I/R) injury are still unclear. Therefore, based on a lectin microarray and liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer (LC‒MS/MS) technology combined with a bioinformatics analysis, we studied the changes in mitochondrial protein glycosylation during I/R injury. This study revealed significant differences in mitochondrial glycoprotein during I/R injury. Compared with the sham operation group, the model group, which underwent ischaemia for 30 min, showed a high expression of glycan structures recognized by lectins, such as WFA, PTL-I, LTL, GSL-I, SBA and SNA, and a low expression of glycan structures recognized by ConA, VVA and RCA120. The model group, which underwent ischaemia for 45 min, showed a high expression of glycan structures recognized by LTL and SNA and a low expression of glycan structures recognized by ECA. Further analysis showed that the Siaα2-6Gal/N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) structures recognized by SNA were significantly increased. In total, 91 differential proteins were identified by LC‒MS/MS, and 8 hub genes were screened by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment and protein interaction analyses. Compared with the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database genes, two differential genes, Pros1 and Vtn, were obtained. Pros1 is a key regulator of the inflammatory response and vascular injury response. The Vtn gene variant is associated with the risk of myocardial infarction. This study is expected to provide a new method for the treatment of I/R injury and could provide new ideas for the postoperative prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Feng
- Department of Cardiac and Pan-Vascular Diseases, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Xi'an Satellite Control Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Jian
- Department of Scientific Research, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Fan Li
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kang Cheng
- Department of Cardiac and Pan-Vascular Diseases, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
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7
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Yoder MW, Wright NT, Borzok MA. Calpain Regulation and Dysregulation-Its Effects on the Intercalated Disk. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11726. [PMID: 37511485 PMCID: PMC10380737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The intercalated disk is a cardiac specific structure composed of three main protein complexes-adherens junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions-that work in concert to provide mechanical stability and electrical synchronization to the heart. Each substructure is regulated through a variety of mechanisms including proteolysis. Calpain proteases, a class of cysteine proteases dependent on calcium for activation, have recently emerged as important regulators of individual intercalated disk components. In this review, we will examine how calcium homeostasis regulates normal calpain function. We will also explore how calpains modulate gap junctions, desmosomes, and adherens junctions activity by targeting specific proteins, and describe the molecular mechanisms of how calpain dysregulation leads to structural and signaling defects within the heart. We will then examine how changes in calpain activity affects cardiomyocytes, and how such changes underlie various heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah W Yoder
- Biochemistry, Chemistry, Engineering, and Physics Department, Commonwealth University of Pennsylvania, 31 Academy St., Mansfield, PA 16933, USA
| | - Nathan T Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, 901 Carrier Dr., Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Maegen A Borzok
- Biochemistry, Chemistry, Engineering, and Physics Department, Commonwealth University of Pennsylvania, 31 Academy St., Mansfield, PA 16933, USA
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8
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Parra V, Monaco G, Morciano G, Santulli G. Editorial: Mitochondrial remodeling and dynamic inter-organellar contacts in cardiovascular physiopathology-Volume II. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1240207. [PMID: 37427376 PMCID: PMC10325657 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1240207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Parra
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Giovanni Monaco
- Center for Innovation and Stimulation of Drug Discovery (CISTIM), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care and Research, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute and Einstein Institute for Aging Research, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein-Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Montefiore University Hospital, New York, NY, United States
- International Translational Research and Medical Education Academic Research Unit (ITME), Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy
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9
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Galeone A, Grano M, Brunetti G. Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Members and Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: State of the Art and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054606. [PMID: 36902036 PMCID: PMC10003149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the principal cause of death worldwide and clinically manifests as myocardial infarction (MI), stable angina, and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Myocardial infarction is defined as an irreversible injury due to severe and prolonged myocardial ischemia inducing myocardial cell death. Revascularization is helpful in reducing loss of contractile myocardium and improving clinical outcome. Reperfusion rescues myocardium from cell death but also induces an additional injury called ischemia-reperfusion injury. Multiple mechanisms are involved in ischemia-reperfusion injury, such as oxidative stress, intracellular calcium overload, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and inflammation. Various members of the tumor necrosis factor family play a key role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this article, the role of TNFα, CD95L/CD95, TRAIL, and the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis in the regulation of myocardial tissue damage is reviewed together with their potential use as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Galeone
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Grano
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomina Brunetti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0805443385
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10
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Yang XM, Cohen MV, Sayner S, Audia JP, Downey JM. Lethal Caspase-1/4-Dependent Injury Occurs in the First Minutes of Coronary Reperfusion and Requires Calpain Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043801. [PMID: 36835212 PMCID: PMC9960231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the relationship between caspase-1/4 and reperfusion injury, we measured infarct size (IS) in isolated mouse hearts undergoing 50 min global ischemia/2 h reperfusion. Starting VRT-043198 (VRT) at reperfusion halved IS. The pan-caspase inhibitor emricasan duplicated VRT's protection. IS in caspase-1/4-knockout hearts was similarly reduced, supporting the hypothesis that caspase-1/4 was VRT's only protective target. NLRC4 inflammasomes activate caspase-1. NLRC4 knockout hearts were not protected, eliminating NLRC4 as caspase-1/4's activator. The amount of protection that could be achieved by only suppressing caspase-1/4 activity was limited. In wild-type (WT) hearts, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) was as protective as caspase-1/4 inhibitors. Combining IPC and emricasan in these hearts or preconditioning caspase-1/4-knockout hearts produced an additive IS reduction, indicating that more protection could be achieved by combining treatments. We determined when caspase-1/4 exerted its lethal injury. Starting VRT after 10 min of reperfusion in WT hearts was no longer protective, revealing that caspase-1/4 inflicted its injury within the first 10 min of reperfusion. Ca++ influx at reperfusion might activate caspase-1/4. We tested whether Ca++-dependent soluble adenylyl cyclase (AC10) could be responsible. However, IS in AC10-/- hearts was not different from that in WT control hearts. Ca++-activated calpain has been implicated in reperfusion injury. Calpain could be releasing actin-bound procaspase-1 in cardiomyocytes, which would explain why caspase-1/4-related injury is confined to early reperfusion. The calpain inhibitor calpeptin duplicated emricasan's protection. Unlike IPC, adding calpain to emricasan offered no additional protection, suggesting that caspase-1/4 and calpain may share the same protective target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ming Yang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Michael V. Cohen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Sarah Sayner
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Jonathon P. Audia
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - James M. Downey
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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11
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Reyes Gaido OE, Schole KL, Anderson ME, Luczak ED. Genome-wide CRISPR screen reveals genetic modifiers of Ca 2+ -mediated cell death. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.13.523980. [PMID: 36712017 PMCID: PMC9882248 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.13.523980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ca 2+ is a fundamental determinant of survival in living cells. Excessive intracellular Ca 2+ causes cellular toxicity and death but the genetic pathways contributing to Ca 2+ induced cell death are incompletely understood. Here, we performed genome-wide CRISPR knock-out screening in human cells challenged with the Ca 2+ ionophore ionomycin and identified genes and pathways essential for cell death after Ca 2+ overload. We discovered 115 protective gene knockouts, 82 of which are non-essential genes and 21 of which belong to the druggable genome. Notably, members of store operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE), very long-chain fatty acid synthesis, and SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) pathways provided marked protection against Ca 2+ toxicity. These results reveal pathways previously unknown to mediate Ca 2+ -induced cell death and provide a resource for the development of pharmacotherapies against the sequelae of Ca 2+ overload in disease.
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12
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Gurevich M, Iocolano K, Martin IN, Singh G, Khan S, Bui DT, Dagum AB, Komatsu DE. Efficacy of leupeptin in treating ischemia in a rat hind limb model. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15411. [PMID: 35924300 PMCID: PMC9350425 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged tourniquet use can lead to tissue ischemia and can cause progressive muscle and nerve injuries. Such injuries are accompanied by calpain activation and subsequent Wallerian-like degeneration. Several known inhibitors, including leupeptin, are known to impede the activity of calpain and associated tissue damage. We hypothesize that employment of leupeptin in a rat model of prolonged hind limb ischemia can mitigate muscle and nerve injuries. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 10) weighing between 300-400 g were employed in this study. Their left hind limbs were subjected to blood flow occlusion for a period of 2-h using a neonatal blood pressure cuff. Five rats were given twice weekly intramuscular leupeptin injections, while the other five received saline. After 2 weeks, the animals were euthanized, their sciatic nerves and gastrocnemius muscles were harvested, fixed, stained, and analyzed using NIH Image J software. The administration of leupeptin resulted in larger gastrocnemius muscle fiber cross-sectional areas for the right (non-tourniquet applied) hindlimb as compared to that treated with the saline (p = 0.0110). However, no statistically significant differences were found between these two groups for the injured left hindlimb (p = 0.1440). With regards to the sciatic nerve cross-sectional areas and sciatic functional index, no differences were detected between the leupeptin and control treated groups for both the healthy and injured hindlimbs. This research provides new insights on how to employ leupeptin to inhibit the degenerative effects of calpain and preserve tissues following ischemia resulting from orthopedic or plastic surgery procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irene Nozal Martin
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of SurgeryStony Brook University HospitalStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Gurtej Singh
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of SurgeryStony Brook University HospitalStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Sami U. Khan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of SurgeryStony Brook University HospitalStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Duc T. Bui
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of SurgeryStony Brook University HospitalStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Alexander B. Dagum
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of SurgeryStony Brook University HospitalStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - David E. Komatsu
- Department of Orthopaedics and RehabilitationStony Brook University HospitalNew YorkUSA
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13
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Chen Q, Thompson J, Hu Y, Lesnefsky EJ. The mitochondrial electron transport chain contributes to calpain 1 activation during ischemia-reperfusion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 613:127-132. [PMID: 35550199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of calpain1 (CPN1) contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction during cardiac ischemia (ISC) - reperfusion (REP). Blockade of electron transport using amobarbital (AMO) protects mitochondria during ISC-REP, indicating that the electron transport chain (ETC) is a key source of mitochondrial injury. We asked if AMO treatment can decrease CPN1 activation as a potential mechanism of mitochondrial protection during ISC-REP. Buffer-perfused adult rat hearts underwent 25 min global ISC and 30 min REP. AMO (2.5 mM) or vehicle was administered for 1 min before ISC to block electron flow in the ETC. Hearts in the time control group were untreated and buffer perfused without ISC. Hearts were collected at the end of perfusion and used for mitochondrial isolation. ISC-REP increased both the cleavage of spectrin (indicating cytosolic CPN1 activation) in cytosol and the truncation of AIF (apoptosis inducing factor, indicating mitochondrial CPN1 activation) in subsarcolemmal mitochondria compared to time control. Thus, ISC-REP activated both cytosolic and mitochondrial CPN1. AMO treatment prevented the cleavage of spectrin and AIF during ISC-REP, suggesting that the transient blockade of electron transport during ISC decreases CPN1 activation. AMO treatment decreased the activation of PARP [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase] downstream of AIF that triggers caspase-independent apoptosis. AMO treatment also decreased the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria during ISC-REP that prevented caspase 3 activation. These results support that the damaged ETC activates CPN1 in cytosol and mitochondria during ISC-REP, likely via calcium overload and oxidative stress. Thus, AMO treatment to mitigate mitochondrial-driven cardiac injury can decrease both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent programmed cell death during ISC-REP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Chen
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Jeremy Thompson
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Edward J Lesnefsky
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA; Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA; Richmond Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA
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14
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Li S, Zhang Y, Fei L, Zhang Y, Pang J, Gao W, Fan F, Xing Y, Li X. Baicalein-ameliorated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury dependent on calpain 1/AIF pathway. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:305-312. [PMID: 34935885 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia reperfusion (CIR) has become the leading cause of death and disability. Baicalein is a natural bioactive ingredient extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and has neuroprotective activity. In our work, baicalein was found to reduce neurological deficits, brain water content, infarct area, and neuronal death of rats induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion. In vitro, oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion induced inordinate ROS production and apoptosis that could be reversed by baicalein. Our study revealed for the first time that baicalein has the potential to bind and inhibit the activity of calpain 1, thereby inhibiting AIF nuclear translocation. These findings demonstrated that baicalein protected against CIR injury via inhibiting AIF nuclear translocation by inhibiting calpain 1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yaoshuai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Lili Fei
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jinlong Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Fangtian Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yadong Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xian Li
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
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15
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Chen C, Yu LT, Cheng BR, Xu JL, Cai Y, Jin JL, Feng RL, Xie L, Qu XY, Li D, Liu J, Li Y, Cui XY, Lu JJ, Zhou K, Lin Q, Wan J. Promising Therapeutic Candidate for Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: What Are the Possible Mechanisms and Roles of Phytochemicals? Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:792592. [PMID: 35252368 PMCID: PMC8893235 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.792592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is one of the most effective reperfusion strategies for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) despite myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, causing one of the causes of most cardiomyocyte injuries and deaths. The pathological processes of myocardial I/R injury include apoptosis, autophagy, and irreversible cell death caused by calcium overload, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Eventually, myocardial I/R injury causes a spike of further cardiomyocyte injury that contributes to final infarct size (IS) and bound with hospitalization of heart failure as well as all-cause mortality within the following 12 months. Therefore, the addition of adjuvant intervention to improve myocardial salvage and cardiac function calls for further investigation. Phytochemicals are non-nutritive bioactive secondary compounds abundantly found in Chinese herbal medicine. Great effort has been put into phytochemicals because they are often in line with the expectations to improve myocardial I/R injury without compromising the clinical efficacy or to even produce synergy. We summarized the previous efforts, briefly outlined the mechanism of myocardial I/R injury, and focused on exploring the cardioprotective effects and potential mechanisms of all phytochemical types that have been investigated under myocardial I/R injury. Phytochemicals deserve to be utilized as promising therapeutic candidates for further development and research on combating myocardial I/R injury. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to provide a better understanding of the mechanism of myocardial I/R injury treatment using phytochemicals and possible side effects associated with this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Tong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bai-Ru Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Lin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Lin Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ru-Li Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Long Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yan Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Jin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Lin
| | - Jie Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Jie Wan
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16
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Wu Y, Yang H, Cheng M, Shi J, Zhang W, Liu S, Zhang M. Calpain Inhibitor Calpeptin Alleviates Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Kidney Injury via Suppressing AIM2 Inflammasome and Upregulating Klotho Protein. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:811980. [PMID: 35155498 PMCID: PMC8831790 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.811980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury is a major contributor of acute kidney injury (AKI), leading to renal cell necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation. Calpains, a family of Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases, play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of renal diseases. Several studies have reported calpain inhibitors showing remarkable reno-protective effects against proteinuria and α-klotho deficiency-induced renal aging symptoms, particularly against glomerulus injury. However, little is known about the role of the calpain inhibitor calpeptin in acute kidney injury. The present study aims to investigate the potential mechanism of downregulation of Calpain 1 and 2 activity by calpeptin in the ischemia/reperfusion (IR)-induced AKI model. Firstly, we observed that the contents of Calpain 1 and 2 were significantly increased in the renal biopsy of clinical AKI patients, especially in the diseased tubules space. To investigate the impacts of calpain activity inhibition, we further pretreated with calpeptin in both the IR mouse model and in the HK-2 cells hypoxia model. We found that the calpain inhibitor calpeptin improved renal functional deterioration, attenuated pathological structure damage, and decreased tubular cell apoptosis in the IR injury-induced AKI mice model. Mechanistically, calpeptin significantly suppressed the AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) and NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3) inflammasome signaling pathways and increased Klotho protein levels. Furthermore, immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that the application of calpeptin effectively inhibited Calpain 1 activation and gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage in the renal tubules of IR mice. Taken together, our both in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that calpeptin conveyed reno-protection in AKI might be mediated by the inhibition of AIM2 inflammasome activation and upregulation of Klotho protein. As such, we provide new evidence that Calpain 1 and 2 activation may be closely associated with the pathogenesis of clinical AKI. The calpain-mediated AIM2 inflammasome signaling pathway and distinct interaction between calpain and Klotho may provide a potential novel preventative and therapeutic target for acute kidney injury.
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17
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Loescher CM, Hobbach AJ, Linke WA. Titin (TTN): from molecule to modifications, mechanics and medical significance. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2903-2918. [PMID: 34662387 PMCID: PMC9648829 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The giant sarcomere protein titin is a major determinant of cardiomyocyte stiffness and contributor to cardiac strain sensing. Titin-based forces are highly regulated in health and disease, which aids in the regulation of myocardial function, including cardiac filling and output. Due to the enormous size, complexity, and malleability of the titin molecule, titin properties are also vulnerable to dysregulation, as observed in various cardiac disorders. This review provides an overview of how cardiac titin properties can be changed at a molecular level, including the role isoform diversity and post-translational modifications (acetylation, oxidation, and phosphorylation) play in regulating myocardial stiffness and contractility. We then consider how this regulation becomes unbalanced in heart disease, with an emphasis on changes in titin stiffness and protein quality control. In this context, new insights into the key pathomechanisms of human cardiomyopathy due to a truncation in the titin gene (TTN) are discussed. Along the way, we touch on the potential for titin to be therapeutically targeted to treat acquired or inherited cardiac conditions, such as HFpEF or TTN-truncation cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Loescher
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27B, Münster, 48149 Germany
| | - Anastasia J Hobbach
- Department of Cardiology I, Coronary, Peripheral Vascular Disease and Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Linke
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27B, Münster, 48149 Germany
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18
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Oglakci-Ilhan A, Kusat-Ol K, Uzuner K, Uysal O, Sogut I, Yucel F, Kanbak G. Effect of chronic alcohol consumption on myocardial apoptosis in the rat model of isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury and investigation on the cardioprotective role of calpain inhibitor 1. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2727-2738. [PMID: 34628987 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1985910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the presence of myocardial apoptosis on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury (MI) after long-term high dose alcohol consumption and examined the antiapoptotic role of calpain inhibitor 1. Male Wistar Albino rats (n = 108) were divided into six groups: Control, alcohol (ethanol was given during 30 days for chronic alcohol consumption), MI (150 mg/kg ISO injection at last two days of alcohol consumption), alcohol + MI, alcohol + MI + calpain inhibitor 1 (10 mg/kg inhibitor was injected at 15 min before ISO injections) and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) groups. Biochemical, histological, and morphometric methods determined apoptosis levels in the heart tissue of rats. Cytochrome c, caspase 3, and calpain levels were significantly high in alcohol, MI, and alcohol + MI groups. In contrast, mitochondrial cardiolipin content was found to be low in alcohol, MI, and alcohol + MI groups. These parameters were close to the control group in the therapy group. Histological and morphometric data have supported biochemical results. As a result of our biochemical data, myocardial apoptosis was seen in the alcohol, MI, and especially alcohol after MI groups. Calpain inhibitor 1 reduced apoptotic cell death and prevented myocardial tissue injury in these groups. The efficiency of calpain inhibitor was very marked in MI after long-term high dose alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Oglakci-Ilhan
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Eldivan Health Services, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey
| | - Kevser Kusat-Ol
- Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Turkish Health of Ministry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kubilay Uzuner
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Onur Uysal
- Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production, Application and Research Center ESTEM, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Sogut
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Demiroğlu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferruh Yucel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Gungor Kanbak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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19
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Dynamic Regulation of Cysteine Oxidation and Phosphorylation in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092388. [PMID: 34572037 PMCID: PMC8469016 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury significantly alters heart function following infarct and increases the risk of heart failure. Many studies have sought to preserve irreplaceable myocardium, termed cardioprotection, but few, if any, treatments have yielded a substantial reduction in clinical I/R injury. More research is needed to fully understand the molecular pathways that govern cardioprotection. Redox mechanisms, specifically cysteine oxidations, are acute and key regulators of molecular signaling cascades mediated by kinases. Here, we review the role of reactive oxygen species in modifying cysteine residues and how these modifications affect kinase function to impact cardioprotection. This exciting area of research may provide novel insight into mechanisms and likely lead to new treatments for I/R injury.
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20
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Abstract
Despite the progress of cardiovascular medicine, ischemia-reperfusion injury can contribute to increased mortality and prolonged hospitalization after myocardial infarction. Ischemia-reperfusion injury pathophysiology encompasses many cells including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stromal cells, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, platelets, polymorphonuclear cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes. However, specific mechanisms for all contributing cells and molecular pathways are still under investigation. What is definitely known is that endothelial dysfunction, immunity activation and inflammatory response are crucial events during ischemia-reperfusion injury while toll-like receptors, inflammasomes, reactive oxygen species, intracellular calcium overload and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening consist of key molecular mediators. Indicatively, cardiac fibroblasts through inflammasome activation mediate the initial inflammatory response. Cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells can respond to myocardial injury by pro-inflammatory activation. Endothelial cell activation contributes to the impaired vasomotion, inflammation and thrombotic events and together with platelet activation leads to microcirculation dysfunction and polymorphonuclear cells recruitment promoting inflammation. Polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes/macrophages subsets are critically involved in the inflammation process by producing toxic proteolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species. T cells subsets are also involved in several stages of ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this review, we summarize the specific contribution of each of the above cells and the related molecular pathways in the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dimitrios Stakos
- Cardiology Department, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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21
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Calpain-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage: An Emerging Mechanism Contributing to Cardiac Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082024. [PMID: 34440793 PMCID: PMC8392834 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains belong to the family of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases expressed ubiquitously in mammals and many other organisms. Activation of calpain is observed in diseased hearts and is implicated in cardiac cell death, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Recent studies have revealed that calpains target and impair mitochondria in cardiac disease. The objective of this review is to discuss the role of calpains in mediating mitochondrial damage and the underlying mechanisms, and to evaluate whether targeted inhibition of mitochondrial calpain is a potential strategy in treating cardiac disease. We expect to describe the wealth of new evidence surrounding calpain-mediated mitochondrial damage to facilitate future mechanistic studies and therapy development for cardiac disease.
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22
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Adewale AO, Ahn YH. Titin N2A Domain and Its Interactions at the Sarcomere. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147563. [PMID: 34299183 PMCID: PMC8305307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Titin is a giant protein in the sarcomere that plays an essential role in muscle contraction with actin and myosin filaments. However, its utility goes beyond mechanical functions, extending to versatile and complex roles in sarcomere organization and maintenance, passive force, mechanosensing, and signaling. Titin’s multiple functions are in part attributed to its large size and modular structures that interact with a myriad of protein partners. Among titin’s domains, the N2A element is one of titin’s unique segments that contributes to titin’s functions in compliance, contraction, structural stability, and signaling via protein–protein interactions with actin filament, chaperones, stress-sensing proteins, and proteases. Considering the significance of N2A, this review highlights structural conformations of N2A, its predisposition for protein–protein interactions, and its multiple interacting protein partners that allow the modulation of titin’s biological effects. Lastly, the nature of N2A for interactions with chaperones and proteases is included, presenting it as an important node that impacts titin’s structural and functional integrity.
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23
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de Boer D, Streng AS, van Doorn WPTM, Vroemen WHM, Bekers O, Wodzig WKWH, Mingels AMA. Cardiac Troponin T: The Impact of Posttranslational Modifications on Analytical Immunoreactivity in Blood up to the Excretion in Urine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1306:41-59. [PMID: 33959905 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63908-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) is a sensitive and specific biomarker for detecting cardiac muscle injury. Its concentration in blood can be significantly elevated outside the normal reference range under several pathophysiological conditions. The classical analytical method in routine clinical analysis to detect cTnT in serum or plasma is a single commercial immunoassay, which is designed to quantify the intact cTnT molecule. The targeted epitopes are located in the central region of the cTnT molecule. However, in blood cTnT exists in different biomolecular complexes and proteoforms: bound (to cardiac troponin subunits or to immunoglobulins) or unbound (as intact protein or as proteolytic proteoforms). While proteolysis is a principal posttranslational modification (PTM), other confirmed PTMs of the proteoforms include N-terminal initiator methionine removal, N-acetylation, O-phosphorylation, O-(N-acetyl)-glucosaminylation, N(ɛ)-(carboxymethyl)lysine modification and citrullination. The immunoassay probably detects several of those cTnT biomolecular complexes and proteoforms, as long as they have the centrally targeted epitopes in common. While analytical cTnT immunoreactivity has been studied predominantly in blood, it can also be detected in urine, although it is unclear in which proteoform cTnT immunoreactivity is present in urine. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge on the pathophysiological lifecycle of cTnT. It provides insight into the impact of PTMs, not only on the analytical immunoreactivity, but also on the excretion of cTnT in urine as one of the waste routes in that lifecycle. Accordingly, and after isolating the proteoforms from urine of patients suffering from proteinuria and acute myocardial infarction, the structures of some possible cTnT proteoforms are reconstructed using mass spectrometry and presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douwe de Boer
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML) of Maastricht University (UM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexander S Streng
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - William P T M van Doorn
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H M Vroemen
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Otto Bekers
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- CARIM, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML) of Maastricht University (UM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Will K W H Wodzig
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML) of Maastricht University (UM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alma M A Mingels
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- CARIM, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML) of Maastricht University (UM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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24
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Sharma P, Wang X, Ming CLC, Vettori L, Figtree G, Boyle A, Gentile C. Considerations for the Bioengineering of Advanced Cardiac In Vitro Models of Myocardial Infarction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2003765. [PMID: 33464713 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the latest advances in cardiovascular biology and medicine, myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the major causes of deaths worldwide. While reperfusion of the myocardium is critical to limit the ischemic damage typical of a MI event, it causes detrimental morphological and functional changes known as "reperfusion injury." This complex scenario is poorly represented in currently available models of ischemia/reperfusion injury, leading to a poor translation of findings from the bench to the bedside. However, more recent bioengineered in vitro models of the human heart represent more clinically relevant tools to prevent and treat MI in patients. These include 3D cultures of cardiac cells, the use of patient-derived stem cells, and 3D bioprinting technology. This review aims at highlighting the major features typical of a heart attack while comparing current in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. This information has the potential to further guide in developing novel advanced in vitro cardiac models of ischemia/reperfusion injury. It may pave the way for the generation of advanced pathophysiological cardiac models with the potential to develop personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sharma
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering/FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Building 11, Level 10, Room 115, 81 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Clara Liu Chung Ming
- School of Biomedical Engineering/FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Building 11, Level 10, Room 115, 81 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Laura Vettori
- School of Biomedical Engineering/FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Building 11, Level 10, Room 115, 81 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Gemma Figtree
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Andrew Boyle
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Carmine Gentile
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering/FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Building 11, Level 10, Room 115, 81 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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25
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Commentary on: Calpain-2 participates in the process of calpain-1 inactivation. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228122. [PMID: 33749774 PMCID: PMC8015336 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain belongs to the calcium-dependent non-lysosomal cysteine protease. Calpain-1 (C1) and calpain-2 (C2) expression are ubiquitous in mammals and an important mediator of the action of calcium. Specific substrate cleavage by C1 and C2 is critical for several calcium-dependent cellular pathways including neuronal function, muscle contraction, signal transduction, cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Research suggests that C1 and C2 perform similar functions due to their structurally highly similar isoforms. Increasing evidence suggests that C1 and C2 carry out their specific function in vivo. A recent paper published by Shinkai-Ouchi et al. (Bioscience Reports (2020) 40, DOI: 10.1042/BSR20200552) elucidated the mechanism to differentiate the function of each calpain with respect to the efficiency and longevity for proteolysis after activation. Further, the study represented that C1 and C2 do not synergistically perform their work in vitro. On the other hand, the activity of C1 is reduced in presence of C2. This insight establishes the platform for future studies to examine how C2 regulates the C1 for substrate proteolysis.
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Dagher O, Mury P, Thorin-Trescases N, Noly PE, Thorin E, Carrier M. Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin to Alleviate Endothelial Dysfunction in Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:658400. [PMID: 33860002 PMCID: PMC8042157 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.658400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium occupies a catalog of functions that contribute to the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. It is a physically active barrier between circulating blood and tissue, a regulator of the vascular tone, a biochemical processor and a modulator of coagulation, inflammation, and immunity. Given these essential roles, it comes to no surprise that endothelial dysfunction is prodromal to chronic age-related diseases of the heart and arteries, globally termed cardiovascular diseases (CVD). An example would be ischemic heart disease (IHD), which is the main cause of death from CVD. We have made phenomenal advances in treating CVD, but the aging endothelium, as it senesces, always seems to out-run the benefits of medical and surgical therapies. Remarkably, many epidemiological studies have detected a correlation between a flavonoid-rich diet and a lower incidence of mortality from CVD. Quercetin, a member of the flavonoid class, is a natural compound ubiquitously found in various food sources such as fruits, vegetables, seeds, nuts, and wine. It has been reported to have a wide range of health promoting effects and has gained significant attention over the years. A growing body of evidence suggests quercetin could lower the risk of IHD by mitigating endothelial dysfunction and its risk factors, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, accumulation of senescent endothelial cells, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). In this review, we will explore these pathophysiological cascades and their interrelation with endothelial dysfunction. We will then present the scientific evidence to quercetin's anti-atherosclerotic, anti-hypertensive, senolytic, and anti-EndoMT effects. Finally, we will discuss the prospect for its clinical use in alleviating myocardial ischemic injuries in IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olina Dagher
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pauline Mury
- Center for Research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Emmanuel Noly
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Thorin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Carrier
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Ischemia and anoxia-induced mitochondrial impairment may be a key factor leading to heart injury during myocardial infarction (MI). Calpain 1 and 2 are involved in the MI-induced mitochondria injury. G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) could be triggered by hypoxia. Whether or not GPR35 regulates calpain 1/2 in the pathogenesis of MI is still unclear. In this study, we determined that MI increases GPR35 expression in myocardial tissue. Suppression of GPR35 protects heart from MI injury in mice through reduction of reactive oxygen species activity and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Further studies show that GPR35 regulates calpain 1/2. Suppression of GPR35 reduces the expression and activity of calpain 1/2, and alleviates calpain 1/2-associated mitochondrial injury to preserve cardiac function. Based on these data, we conclude that a functional inhibition of GPR35 downregulates calpain 1/2 and contributes to maintenance of cardiac function under pathologic conditions with mitochondrial disorder. In conclusion, our study showed that the identified regulation by GPR35 of calpain 1/2 has important implications for the pathogenesis of MI. Targeting the action of GPR35 and calpain 1/2 in mitochondria presents a potential therapeutic intervention for MI.
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Frye CC, Bery AI, Kreisel D, Kulkarni HS. Sterile inflammation in thoracic transplantation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:581-601. [PMID: 32803398 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The life-saving benefits of organ transplantation can be thwarted by allograft dysfunction due to both infectious and sterile inflammation post-surgery. Sterile inflammation can occur after necrotic cell death due to the release of endogenous ligands [such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and alarmins], which perpetuate inflammation and ongoing cellular injury via various signaling cascades. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a significant contributor to sterile inflammation after organ transplantation and is associated with detrimental short- and long-term outcomes. While the vicious cycle of sterile inflammation and cellular injury is remarkably consistent amongst different organs and even species, we have begun understanding its mechanistic basis only over the last few decades. This understanding has resulted in the developments of novel, yet non-specific therapies for mitigating IRI-induced graft damage, albeit with moderate results. Thus, further understanding of the mechanisms underlying sterile inflammation after transplantation is critical for identifying personalized therapies to prevent or interrupt this vicious cycle and mitigating allograft dysfunction. In this review, we identify common and distinct pathways of post-transplant sterile inflammation across both heart and lung transplantation that can potentially be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Corbin Frye
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Amit I Bery
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, Campus Box 8052, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hrishikesh S Kulkarni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, Campus Box 8052, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Patel P, Karch J. Regulation of cell death in the cardiovascular system. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 353:153-209. [PMID: 32381175 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adult heart is a post-mitotic terminally differentiated organ; therefore, beyond development, cardiomyocyte cell death is maladaptive. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the world and aberrant cardiomyocyte cell death is the underlying problem for most cardiovascular-related diseases and fatalities. In this chapter, we will discuss the different cell death mechanisms that engage during normal cardiac development, aging, and disease states. The most abundant loss of cardiomyocytes occurs during a myocardial infarction, when the blood supply to the heart is obstructed, and the affected myocardium succumbs to cell death. Originally, this form of cell death was considered to be unregulated; however, research from the last half a century clearly demonstrates that this form of cell death is multifaceted and employees various degrees of regulation. We will explore all of the cell death pathways that have been implicated in this disease state and the potential interplay between them. Beyond myocardial infarction, we also explore the role and mechanisms of cardiomyocyte cell death in heart failure, myocarditis, and chemotherapeutic-induced cardiotoxicity. Inhibition of cardiomyocyte cell death has extensive therapeutic potential that will increase the longevity and health of the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Patel
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason Karch
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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Siuda D, Randriamboavonjy V, Fleming I. Regulation of calpain 2 expression by miR-223 and miR-145. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1862:194438. [PMID: 31634637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.194438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calpain 2 (CAPN2) is a Ca2+-dependent cysteine-protease that is involved in different cellular processes. Despite its important role, little is known about how CAPN2 expression is regulated. This study addressed the potential regulation of CAPN2 by microRNAs (miRNAs) in human endothelial cells. Two miRNAs were found to regulate CAPN2 expression by two distinct mechanisms, one direct and the other indirect. MiR-223 directly targeted CAPN2 by binding to the CAPN2 3'-untranslated region. Mir-223 overexpression decreased CAPN2 protein levels in cultured cells and in mice miR-223 antagonism led to an increase in CAPN2 protein in lung tissue. MiR-145 overexpression also decreased CAPN2 expression but did not affect a CAPN2 luciferase construct, indicating that the effect was indirect. MiR-145 targets histone deacetylase (HDAC) 2, and HDAC inhibition transcriptionally regulated CAPN2 expression by hyperacetylation of the promoter of CAPN2 gene and a subsequent decrease in polymerase 2 binding. Indeed, down regulation of HDAC2 by miR-145 not only decreased CAPN2 protein expression and calpain activity, but also protected paxillin against calpain-dependent degradation. Thus, protein levels of CAPN2 are regulated by miR-223, acting directly on the 3'-untranslated region as well as by miR-145, which acts via an increase in HDAC2. ENZYMES: Calpain 2 (EC 3.4.22.53), histone deacetylase 2 (EC 3.5.1.98).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Siuda
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhine-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Voahanginirina Randriamboavonjy
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhine-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhine-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Penela P, Inserte J, Ramos P, Rodriguez-Sinovas A, Garcia-Dorado D, Mayor F. Degradation of GRK2 and AKT is an early and detrimental event in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:605-618. [PMID: 31594751 PMCID: PMC6838402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of signaling pathways altered at early stages after cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is crucial to develop timely therapies aimed at reducing I/R injury. The expression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), a key signaling hub, is up-regulated in the long-term in patients and in experimental models of heart failure. However, whether GRK2 levels change at early time points following myocardial I/R and its functional impact during this period remain to be established. METHODS We have investigated the temporal changes of GRK2 expression and their potential relationships with the cardioprotective AKT pathway in isolated rat hearts and porcine preclinical models of I/R. FINDINGS Contrary to the maladaptive up-regulation of GRK2 reported at later times after myocardial infarction, successive GRK2 phosphorylation at specific sites during ischemia and early reperfusion elicits GRK2 degradation by the proteasome and calpains, respectively, thus keeping GRK2 levels low during early I/R in rat hearts. Concurrently, I/R promotes decay of the prolyl-isomerase Pin1, a positive regulator of AKT stability, and a marked loss of total AKT protein, resulting in an overall decreased activity of this pro-survival pathway. A similar pattern of concomitant down-modulation of GRK2/AKT/Pin1 protein levels in early I/R was observed in pig hearts. Calpain and proteasome inhibition prevents GRK2/Pin1/AKT degradation, restores bulk AKT pathway activity and attenuates myocardial I/R injury in isolated rat hearts. INTERPRETATION Preventing transient degradation of GRK2 and AKT during early I/R might improve the potential of endogenous cardioprotection mechanisms and of conditioning strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Inserte
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Ramos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodriguez-Sinovas
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Garcia-Dorado
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Zhao L, Wang B, Zhang W, Sun L. Effect of miR-499a-5p on damage of cardiomyocyte induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation via downregulating CD38 protein. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:996-1004. [PMID: 31452254 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim is to investigate the mechanism of miR-499a-5p on the damage of cardiomyocyte induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), apoptosis rate and the expression of miR-499a-5p and cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) in hypoxia-reoxygenation model cells were detected by LDH Cytotoxicity Assay Kit, flow cytometry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis, respectively. Apoptosis, the activity of LDH was detected after overexpression of miR-499a-5p or silencing of CD38 in H9c2 cells. The target relationship between miR-499a-5p and CD38 was verified by Targetscan online prediction and dual-luciferase assay. Apoptosis, the activity of LDH was detected after overexpression of miR-499a-5p and CD38. Apoptosis, the activity of LDH and the expression of CD38 were increased (P < .05) while expression of miR-499a-5p was decreased (P < .05) in hypoxia/reoxygenation model cells. Apoptosis and the activity of LDH in H9c2 cells after overexpression of miR-499a-5p or silence of CD38 were decreased (P < .05). The results of Targetscan online prediction and dual-luciferase assay indicated that CD38 was a potential target gene of miR-499a-5p. Overexpression of CD38 could reverse the inhibition of miR-499a-5p on LDH activity and apoptosis in H9c2 cells. miR-499a-5p could relief the injury of cardiomyocytes induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation via targeting CD38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Emergency, North China University of Science Technology of Science Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - BaoHua Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, North China University of Science Technology of Science Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - WeiJia Zhang
- Department of Emergency, North China University of Science Technology of Science Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - LiXia Sun
- Department of Emergency, North China University of Science Technology of Science Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, China
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Román-Anguiano NG, Correa F, Cano-Martínez A, de la Peña-Díaz A, Zazueta C. Cardioprotective effects of Prolame and SNAP are related with nitric oxide production and with diminution of caspases and calpain-1 activities in reperfused rat hearts. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7348. [PMID: 31392096 PMCID: PMC6673759 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac tissue undergoes changes during ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) that compromise its normal function. Cell death is one of the consequences of such damage, as well as diminution in nitric oxide (NO) content. This signaling molecule regulates the function of the cardiovascular system through dependent and independent effects of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). The independent cGMP pathway involves post-translational modification of proteins by S-nitrosylation. Studies in vitro have shown that NO inhibits the activity of caspases and calpains through S-nitrosylation of a cysteine located in their catalytic site, so we propose to elucidate if the regulatory mechanisms of NO are related with changes in S-nitrosylation of cell death proteins in the ischemic-reperfused myocardium. We used two compounds that increase the levels of NO by different mechanisms: Prolame, an amino-estrogenic compound with antiplatelet and anticoagulant effects that induces the increase of NO levels in vivo by activating the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and that has not been tested as a potential inhibitor of apoptosis. On the other hand, S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a synthetic NO donor that has been shown to decrease cell death after inducing hypoxia-reoxygenation in cell cultures. Main experimental groups were Control, I-R, I-R+Prolame and I-R+SNAP. Additional groups were used to evaluate the NO action pathways. Contractile function represented as heart rate and ventricular pressure was evaluated in a Langendorff system. Infarct size was measured with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride stain. NO content was determined indirectly by measuring nitrite levels with the Griess reaction and cGMP content was measured by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay. DNA integrity was evaluated by DNA laddering visualized on an agarose gel and by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick-End Labeling assay. Activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and calpain-1 were evaluated spectrophotometrically and the content of caspase-3 and calpain-1 by western blot. S-nitrosylation of caspase-3 and calpain-1 was evaluated by labeling S-nitrosylated cysteines. Our results show that both Prolame and SNAP increased NO content and improved functional recovery in post-ischemic hearts. cGMP-dependent and S-nitrosylation pathways were activated in both groups, but the cGMP-independent pathway was preferentially activated by SNAP, which induced higher levels of NO than Prolame. Although SNAP effectively diminished the activity of all the proteases, a correlative link between the activity of these proteases and S-nitrosylation was not fully established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Correa
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chávez, México, México
| | - Agustina Cano-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chávez, México, México
| | - Aurora de la Peña-Díaz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chávez, México, México.,Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Zazueta
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chávez, México, México
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Calpain silencing alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through the NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 axis in mice. Life Sci 2019; 233:116631. [PMID: 31278945 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Prior to reperfusion, Calpains remain inactive due to the acidic pH and elevated ionic strength in the ischemic myocardium; but Calpain is activated during myocardial reperfusion. The underlying mechanism of Calpain activation in the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is yet to be determined. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the mechanism of Calpain in I/R-induced mice. MAIN METHODS In order to detect the function of Calpain and the NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 axis in cardiomyocyte pyroptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and myocardial function, the cardiomyocytes were treated with hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R), and NLRP3 were silenced, Calpain was overexpressed and Caspase-1 inhibitors were used to determine cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. The results obtained from the cell experiments were then verified with an animal experiment in I/R mice. KEY FINDINGS There was an overexpression in Calpain, ASC, NLRP3, GRP78 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in cardiomyocytes following H/R. A significant increase was witnessed in lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, cardiomyocyte pyroptosis rate, Calpain activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, as well as activation of ER stress in cardiomyocytes after H/R. However, opposing results were observed in H/R cardiomyocytes that received siRNA Calpain, siRNA NLRP3 or Caspase-1 inhibitor treatment. Overall, the results obtained from the animal experiment were consistent with the results from the cell experiment. SIGNIFICANCE The silencing of Calpain suppresses the activation of the NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 axis, thus inhibiting ER stress in mice and improving myocardial dysfunction induced by I/R, providing a novel therapeutic pathway for I/R.
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Randriamboavonjy V, Kyselova A, Fleming I. Redox Regulation of Calpains: Consequences on Vascular Function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1011-1026. [PMID: 30266074 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Calpains (CAPNs) are a family of calcium-activated cysteine proteases. The ubiquitous isoforms CAPN1 and CAPN2 have been involved in the maintenance of vascular integrity, but uncontrolled CAPN activation plays a role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Recent Advances: It is well accepted that chronic and acute overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with the development of vascular diseases. There is increasing evidence that ROS can also affect the CAPN activity, suggesting CAPN as a potential link between oxidative stress and vascular disease. CRITICAL ISSUES The physiopathological relevance of ROS in regulating the CAPN activity is not fully understood but seems to involve direct effects on CAPNs, redox modifications of CAPN substrates, as well as indirect effect on CAPNs via changes in Ca2+ levels. Finally, CAPNs can also stimulate ROS production; however, data showing in which context ROS are the causes or the consequences of CAPN activation are missing. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Detailed characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of the different members of the CAPN system by specific ROS would help understanding the pathophysiological role of CAPN in the modulation of the vascular function. Moreover, given that CAPNs have been found in different cellular compartments such as mitochondria and nucleus as well as in the extracellular space, identification of new CAPN targets as well as their functional consequences would add new insights in the function of these enigmatic proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voahanginirina Randriamboavonjy
- 1 Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,2 German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anastasia Kyselova
- 1 Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,2 German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- 1 Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,2 German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Killing Two Angry Birds with One Stone: Autophagy Activation by Inhibiting Calpains in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Beyond. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4741252. [PMID: 30895192 PMCID: PMC6393885 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4741252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic machineries execute vital cellular functions and their disturbances are implicated in diverse medical conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, calpains, a class of Ca2+-dependent regulatory proteases, can modulate the degradational system of autophagy by cleaving proteins involved in this pathway. Moreover, both machineries are common players in many molecular pathomechanisms and have been targeted individually or together, as a therapeutic strategy in experimental setups. In this review, we briefly introduce calpains and autophagy, with their roles in health and disease, and focus on their direct pathologically relevant interplay in neurodegeneration and beyond. The modulation of calpain activity may comprise a promising treatment approach to attenuate the deregulation of these two essential mechanisms.
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Ahmad S, Masjoan Juncos JX, Ahmad A, Zaky A, Wei CC, Bradley WE, Zafar I, Powell P, Mariappan N, Vetal N, Louch WE, Ford DA, Doran SF, Matalon S, Dell'Italia LJ. Bromine inhalation mimics ischemia-reperfusion cardiomyocyte injury and calpain activation in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 316:H212-H223. [PMID: 30379573 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00652.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Halogens are widely used, highly toxic chemicals that pose a potential threat to humans because of their abundance. Halogens such as bromine (Br2) cause severe pulmonary and systemic injuries; however, the mechanisms of their toxicity are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that Br2 and reactive brominated species produced in the lung and released in blood reach the heart and cause acute cardiac ultrastructural damage and dysfunction in rats. Br2-induced cardiac damage was demonstrated by acute (3-24 h) increases in circulating troponin I, heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, and NH2-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated acute (3-24 h) cardiac contraction band necrosis, disruption of z-disks, and mitochondrial swelling and disorganization. Echocardiography and hemodynamic analysis revealed left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunction at 7 days. Plasma and LV tissue had increased levels of brominated fatty acids. 2-Bromohexadecanal (Br-HDA) injected into the LV cavity of a normal rat caused acute LV enlargement with extensive disruption of the sarcomeric architecture and mitochondrial damage. There was extensive infiltration of neutrophils and increased myeloperoxidase levels in the hearts of Br2- or Br2 reactant-exposed rats. Increased bromination of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and increased phosphalamban after Br2 inhalation decreased cardiac SERCA activity by 70%. SERCA inactivation was accompanied by increased Ca2+-sensitive LV calpain activity. The calpain-specific inhibitor MDL28170 administered within 1 h after exposure significantly decreased calpain activity and acute mortality. Bromine inhalation and formation of reactive brominated species caused acute cardiac injury and myocardial damage that can lead to heart failure. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study defines left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction due to cardiac injury after bromine (Br2) inhalation. A calpain-dependent mechanism was identified as a potential mediator of cardiac ultrastructure damage. This study not only highlights the importance of monitoring acute cardiac symptoms in victims of Br2 exposure but also defines calpains as a potential target to treat Br2-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Juan Xavier Masjoan Juncos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ahmed Zaky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chih-Chang Wei
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wayne E Bradley
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Iram Zafar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Pamela Powell
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nithya Mariappan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nilam Vetal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - William E Louch
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - David A Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephen F Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Louis J Dell'Italia
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Birmingham, Alabama
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38
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Kim H, Zamel R, Bai XH, Lu C, Keshavjee S, Keshavjee S, Liu M. Ischemia-reperfusion induces death receptor-independent necroptosis via calpain-STAT3 activation in a lung transplant setting. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L595-L608. [PMID: 30024306 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00069.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced lung injury undermines lung transplantation (LTx) outcomes by predisposing lung grafts to primary graft dysfunction (PGD). Necrosis is a feature of I/R lung injury. However, regulated necrosis (RN) with specific signaling pathways has not been explored in an LTx setting. In this study, we investigated the role of RN in I/R-induced lung injury. To study I/R-induced cell death, we simulated an LTx procedure using our cell culture model with human lung epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. After 18 h of cold ischemic time (CIT) followed by reperfusion, caspase-independent cell death, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, and mitochondrial membrane permeability were significantly increased. N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-norleucinal (ALLN) (calpain inhibitor) or necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) [receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1) inhibitor] reduced these changes. ALLN altered RIPK1/RIPK3 expression and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) phosphorylation, whereas Nec-1 did not change calpain/calpastatin expression. Furthermore, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was demonstrated to be downstream of calpain and regulate RIPK3 expression and MLKL phosphorylation during I/R. This calpain-STAT3-RIPK axis induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial calcium dysregulation. LTx patients' samples demonstrate that RIPK1, MLKL, and STAT3 mRNA expression increased from CIT to reperfusion. Moreover, the expressions of the key proteins are higher in PGD samples than in non-PGD samples. Cell death associated with prolonged lung preservation is mediated by the calpain-STAT3-RIPK axis. Inhibition of RIPK and/or calpain pathways could be an effective therapy in LTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhee Kim
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Ricardo Zamel
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Xiao-Hui Bai
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Christina Lu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Sara Keshavjee
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
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Poncelas M, Inserte J, Aluja D, Hernando V, Vilardosa U, Garcia-Dorado D. Delayed, oral pharmacological inhibition of calpains attenuates adverse post-infarction remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:950-961. [PMID: 28460013 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpains activate during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and contribute to reperfusion injury. Studies in transgenic animals with altered calpain/calpastatin system subjected to permanent ischemia suggest that calpains are also involved in post-infarction remodelling and heart failure. Aims To determine whether delayed oral administration of the calpain inhibitor SNJ-1945 reduces adverse myocardial remodelling and dysfunction following transient coronary occlusion. Methods and results Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 21 days of reperfusion and received the calpain inhibitor SNJ-1945 intraperitoneally at the onset of reperfusion (Acute group), orally starting after 24 h of reperfusion and for 14 days (Chronic group), or the combination of both treatments. Calpain-1 and calpain-2 protein content increased and correlated with higher calpain activity in control hearts. Administration of SNJ-1945 attenuated calpain activation, and reduced scar expansion, ventricular dilation and dysfunction in both acute and chronic groups. Acute treatment reduced infarct size in hearts reperfused for 24 h and inflammation measured after 3 days. Delayed, chronic oral administration of SNJ-1945 attenuated inflammation, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and collagen infiltration in the non-infarcted myocardium at 21 days in correlation with increased levels of IĸB and reduced NF-ĸB activation. In cultured fibroblasts, SNJ-1945 attenuated TGF-β1-induced fibroblast activation. Conclusions Our data demonstrate for the first time that long-term calpain inhibition is possible with delayed oral treatment, attenuates adverse post-infarction remodelling, likely through prevention of NF-ĸB activation, and may be a promising therapeutic intervention to prevent adverse remodelling and heart failure in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Poncelas
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute VHIR, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Inserte
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute VHIR, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Spain
| | - David Aluja
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute VHIR, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Hernando
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute VHIR, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ursula Vilardosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute VHIR, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Garcia-Dorado
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute VHIR, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Spain
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Abstract
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Reperfusion injury (RI) following the opening of an occluded coronary artery mitigates the effect of reperfusion by further accentuating ischemic damage and increasing infarct size. Experimental studies have shown that nearly 50% of final infarct size is attributable to RI, an elusive phenomenon that remains resistant to treatment. This review proposes a hypothesis to explain the failure of strategies that have been used in an attempt to prevent RI. This hypothesis suggests that, after a certain duration of myocardial ischemia in the affected myocardium, three phases of myocardial damage occur: reversible ischemia, irreversible ischemia, and necrosis. In the reversible ischemia phase, cellular adaptive responses remain functional, and cellular repair and thus recovery of cellular functions is possible, whereas in the irreversible ischemia phase protective maneuvers fail to confer cytoprotection. Preventive therapies for RI fail because they cannot prevent cell death once cells have entered the irreversible ischemia phase, although they may succeed in postponing cell death. Failure to salvage myocardium with irreversible ischemia in addition to postponement and change in the mode of cell death (mainly from necrosis to apoptosis) by various RI preventive strategies may be the key to understanding the failure of these strategies in the clinical setting, despite their success in the reduction of infarct size in the experimental setting. Early reperfusion before large amounts of myocardium at risk reach the stage of irreversible ischemia is the best strategy for reduction of RI-related myocardial damage.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) released by dying cells is an alarmin that activates the innate immunity. We hypothesized that after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, IL-1α amplifies the myocardial damage by activating the inflammasome and caspase-1. METHODS Adult male CD1 mice were used. The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated for 30 minutes, after 24 hours of reperfusion. An IL-1α blocking antibody (15 μg/kg intraperitoneally) or matching vehicle was given after reperfusion. A subgroup of mice underwent sham surgery. We assessed the effects of IL-1α blockade on caspase-1 activity, infarct size, cardiac troponin I serum levels, and left ventricular fractional shortening, 24 hours after I/R. RESULTS I/R led to inflammasome formation, and IL-1α blockade significantly reduced inflammasome formation, reflected by a >50% reduction in caspase-1 activity versus vehicle (P = 0.03). IL-1α blockade also reduced the infarct size (-52% infarct expressed as percentage of area at risk, and -79% for cardiac troponin I serum levels, P < 0.001 vs. vehicle) and preserved the left ventricular fractional shortening (31 ± 3% vs. 25 ± 2%, P < 0.001 vs. vehicle). CONCLUSION IL-1α blockade after I/R reduces the inflammasome activation, decreases the infarct size, and preserves the left ventricular function. IL-1α blockade may therefore represent a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce I/R injury.
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42
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Dewenter M, von der Lieth A, Katus HA, Backs J. Calcium Signaling and Transcriptional Regulation in Cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 2017; 121:1000-1020. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca
2+
) is a universal regulator of various cellular functions. In cardiomyocytes, Ca
2+
is the central element of excitation–contraction coupling, but also impacts diverse signaling cascades and influences the regulation of gene expression, referred to as excitation–transcription coupling. Disturbances in cellular Ca
2+
-handling and alterations in Ca
2+
-dependent gene expression patterns are pivotal characteristics of failing cardiomyocytes, with several excitation–transcription coupling pathways shown to be critically involved in structural and functional remodeling processes. Thus, targeting Ca
2+
-dependent transcriptional pathways might offer broad therapeutic potential. In this article, we (1) review cytosolic and nuclear Ca
2+
dynamics in cardiomyocytes with respect to their impact on Ca
2+
-dependent signaling, (2) give an overview on Ca
2+
-dependent transcriptional pathways in cardiomyocytes, and (3) discuss implications of excitation–transcription coupling in the diseased heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dewenter
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics (M.D., A.v.d.L., J.B.) and Department of Cardiology (H.A.K.), Heidelberg University, Germany; and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany (M.D., A.v.d.L., H.A.K., J.B.)
| | - Albert von der Lieth
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics (M.D., A.v.d.L., J.B.) and Department of Cardiology (H.A.K.), Heidelberg University, Germany; and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany (M.D., A.v.d.L., H.A.K., J.B.)
| | - Hugo A. Katus
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics (M.D., A.v.d.L., J.B.) and Department of Cardiology (H.A.K.), Heidelberg University, Germany; and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany (M.D., A.v.d.L., H.A.K., J.B.)
| | - Johannes Backs
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics (M.D., A.v.d.L., J.B.) and Department of Cardiology (H.A.K.), Heidelberg University, Germany; and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany (M.D., A.v.d.L., H.A.K., J.B.)
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43
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Gedik N, Krüger M, Thielmann M, Kottenberg E, Skyschally A, Frey UH, Cario E, Peters J, Jakob H, Heusch G, Kleinbongard P. Proteomics/phosphoproteomics of left ventricular biopsies from patients with surgical coronary revascularization and pigs with coronary occlusion/reperfusion: remote ischemic preconditioning. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7629. [PMID: 28794502 PMCID: PMC5550488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) by repeated brief cycles of limb ischemia/reperfusion reduces myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. In left ventricular (LV) biopsies from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), only the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 was associated with RIPC’s cardioprotection. We have now used an unbiased, non-hypothesis-driven proteomics and phosphoproteomics approach to analyze LV biopsies from patients undergoing CABG and from pigs undergoing coronary occlusion/reperfusion without (sham) and with RIPC. False discovery rate-based statistics identified a higher prostaglandin reductase 2 expression at early reperfusion with RIPC than with sham in patients. In pigs, the phosphorylation of 116 proteins was different between baseline and early reperfusion with RIPC and/or with sham. The identified proteins were not identical for patients and pigs, but in-silico pathway analysis of proteins with ≥2-fold higher expression/phosphorylation at early reperfusion with RIPC in comparison to sham revealed a relation to mitochondria and cytoskeleton in both species. Apart from limitations of the proteomics analysis per se, the small cohorts, the sampling/sample processing and the number of uncharacterized/unverifiable porcine proteins may have contributed to this largely unsatisfactory result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgün Gedik
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Institute for Genetics Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), and University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Thielmann
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg- Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eva Kottenberg
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Skyschally
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich H Frey
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elke Cario
- Experimental Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Peters
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Heinz Jakob
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg- Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Kleinbongard
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Totzeck M, Korste S, Miinalainen I, Hendgen-Cotta UB, Rassaf T. S -nitrosation of calpains is associated with cardioprotection in myocardial I/R injury. Nitric Oxide 2017; 67:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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45
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Chun N, Haddadin AS, Liu J, Hou Y, Wong KA, Lee D, Rushbrook JI, Gulaya K, Hines R, Hollis T, Nistal Nuno B, Mangi AA, Hashim S, Pekna M, Catalfamo A, Chin HY, Patel F, Rayala S, Shevde K, Heeger PS, Zhang M. Activation of complement factor B contributes to murine and human myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179450. [PMID: 28662037 PMCID: PMC5491012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of myocardial injury that results from cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) is incompletely understood. Experimental evidence from murine models indicates that innate immune mechanisms including complement activation via the classical and lectin pathways are crucial. Whether factor B (fB), a component of the alternative complement pathway required for amplification of complement cascade activation, participates in the pathophysiology of myocardial I/R injury has not been addressed. We induced regional myocardial I/R injury by transient coronary ligation in WT C57BL/6 mice, a manipulation that resulted in marked myocardial necrosis associated with activation of fB protein and myocardial deposition of C3 activation products. In contrast, in fB-/- mice, the same procedure resulted in significantly reduced myocardial necrosis (% ventricular tissue necrotic; fB-/- mice, 20 ± 4%; WT mice, 45 ± 3%; P < 0.05) and diminished deposition of C3 activation products in the myocardial tissue (fB-/- mice, 0 ± 0%; WT mice, 31 ± 6%; P<0.05). Reconstitution of fB-/- mice with WT serum followed by cardiac I/R restored the myocardial necrosis and activated C3 deposition in the myocardium. In translational human studies we measured levels of activated fB (Bb) in intracoronary blood samples obtained during cardio-pulmonary bypass surgery before and after aortic cross clamping (AXCL), during which global heart ischemia was induced. Intracoronary Bb increased immediately after AXCL, and the levels were directly correlated with peripheral blood levels of cardiac troponin I, an established biomarker of myocardial necrosis (Spearman coefficient = 0.465, P < 0.01). Taken together, our results support the conclusion that circulating fB is a crucial pathophysiological amplifier of I/R-induced, complement-dependent myocardial necrosis and identify fB as a potential therapeutic target for prevention of human myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Chun
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine and Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ala S. Haddadin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Junying Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Yunfang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Karen A. Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Julie I. Rushbrook
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Karan Gulaya
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Roberta Hines
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tamika Hollis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Nistal Nuno
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Abeel A. Mangi
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sabet Hashim
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Amy Catalfamo
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Hsiao-ying Chin
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Foramben Patel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University, Brookville, New York, United States of America
| | - Sravani Rayala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University, Brookville, New York, United States of America
| | - Ketan Shevde
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Heeger
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine and Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
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46
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Guo C, Ma Y, Ma S, Mu F, Deng J, Duan J, Xiong L, Yin Y, Wang Y, Xi M, Wen A. The Role of TRPC6 in the Neuroprotection of Calycosin Against Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3039. [PMID: 28596571 PMCID: PMC5465205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have provided evidences that calycosin can protect the brain from ischemia/reperfusion injury, but its mechanisms is not fully understand. Transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) has a critical role in promoting neuronal survival against cerebral ischemic injury. The aim of the present study is to test whether calycosin protects against cerebral ischemic injury through TRPC6-CREB pathway. In vivo, rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h and then treated with different doses of calycosin at the onset of reperfusion. In vitro, primary cultured neurons were treated by calycosin, then exposed to 2 h oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by 24 h reoxygenation. Our results showed that treatment with calycosin protected against ischemia-induced damages by increasing TRPC6 and P-CREB expression and inhibiting calpain activation. The neuroprotection effect of calycosin was diminished by inhibition or knockdown of TRPC6 and CREB. These findings indicated that the potential neuroprotection mechanism of calycosin was involved with TRPC6-CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yongyuan Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, PR China
| | - Shanbo Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
| | - Fei Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, PR China
| | - Jialin Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, PR China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
| | - Miaomaio Xi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China.
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China.
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Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury following Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Critical Issue for Clinicians and Forensic Pathologists. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:7018393. [PMID: 28286377 PMCID: PMC5327760 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7018393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Reperfusion strategies are the current standard therapy for AMI. However, they may result in paradoxical cardiomyocyte dysfunction, known as ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI). Different forms of IRI are recognized, of which only the first two are reversible: reperfusion-induced arrhythmias, myocardial stunning, microvascular obstruction, and lethal myocardial reperfusion injury. Sudden death is the most common pattern for ischemia-induced lethal ventricular arrhythmias during AMI. The exact mechanisms of IRI are not fully known. Molecular, cellular, and tissue alterations such as cell death, inflammation, neurohumoral activation, and oxidative stress are considered to be of paramount importance in IRI. However, comprehension of the exact pathophysiological mechanisms remains a challenge for clinicians. Furthermore, myocardial IRI is a critical issue also for forensic pathologists since sudden death may occur despite timely reperfusion following AMI, that is one of the most frequently litigated areas of cardiology practice. In this paper we explore the literature regarding the pathophysiology of myocardial IRI, focusing on the possible role of the calpain system, oxidative-nitrosative stress, and matrix metalloproteinases and aiming to foster knowledge of IRI pathophysiology also in terms of medicolegal understanding of sudden deaths following AMI.
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Abstract
Ischemic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, are the most common causes of debilitating disease and death in westernized cultures. The extent of tissue injury relates directly to the extent of blood flow reduction and to the length of the ischemic period, which influence the levels to which cellular ATP and intracellular pH are reduced. By impairing ATPase-dependent ion transport, ischemia causes intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels to increase (calcium overload). Cell volume regulatory mechanisms are also disrupted by the lack of ATP, which can induce lysis of organelle and plasma membranes. Reperfusion, although required to salvage oxygen-starved tissues, produces paradoxical tissue responses that fuel the production of reactive oxygen species (oxygen paradox), sequestration of proinflammatory immunocytes in ischemic tissues, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and development of postischemic capillary no-reflow, which amplify tissue injury. These pathologic events culminate in opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores as a common end-effector of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cell lysis and death. Emerging concepts include the influence of the intestinal microbiome, fetal programming, epigenetic changes, and microparticles in the pathogenesis of I/R. The overall goal of this review is to describe these and other mechanisms that contribute to I/R injury. Because so many different deleterious events participate in I/R, it is clear that therapeutic approaches will be effective only when multiple pathologic processes are targeted. In addition, the translational significance of I/R research will be enhanced by much wider use of animal models that incorporate the complicating effects of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:113-170, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher P. Baines
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Maike Krenz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ronald J. Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Crestanello JA. Calpain inhibitors: The aspirin of the 21st century? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 153:358-359. [PMID: 27865555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Crestanello
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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50
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The protective effect of herbal polysaccharides on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:431-440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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