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The Potential Role of PPARs in the Fetal Origins of Adult Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213474. [PMID: 36359869 PMCID: PMC9653757 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal origins of adult disease (FOAD) hypothesis holds that events during early development have a profound impact on one’s risk for the development of future adult disease. Studies from humans and animals have demonstrated that many diseases can begin in childhood and are caused by a variety of early life traumas, including maternal malnutrition, maternal disease conditions, lifestyle changes, exposure to toxins/chemicals, improper medication during pregnancy, and so on. Recently, the roles of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in FOAD have been increasingly appreciated due to their wide variety of biological actions. PPARs are members of the nuclear hormone receptor subfamily, consisting of three distinct subtypes: PPARα, β/δ, and γ, highly expressed in the reproductive tissues. By controlling the maturation of the oocyte, ovulation, implantation of the embryo, development of the placenta, and male fertility, the PPARs play a crucial role in the transition from embryo to fetus in developing mammals. Exposure to adverse events in early life exerts a profound influence on the methylation pattern of PPARs in offspring organs, which can affect development and health throughout the life course, and even across generations. In this review, we summarize the latest research on PPARs in the area of FOAD, highlight the important role of PPARs in FOAD, and provide a potential strategy for early prevention of FOAD.
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Abdelgawad MA, El-Adl K, El-Hddad SSA, Elhady MM, Saleh NM, Khalifa MM, Khedr F, Alswah M, Nayl AA, Ghoneim MM, Abd El-Sattar NEA. Design, Molecular Docking, Synthesis, Anticancer and Anti-Hyperglycemic Assessments of Thiazolidine-2,4-diones Bearing Sulfonylthiourea Moieties as Potent VEGFR-2 Inhibitors and PPARγ Agonists. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020226. [PMID: 35215339 PMCID: PMC8880361 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly designed thiazolidine-2,4-diones 3–7a–c were synthesized, and their anticancer activities were screened against three cancer lines. They showed potent activities against HepG2 compared to the other HCT116 and MCF-7 tumor cell lines. Compounds 7c and 6c were detected as highly effective derivatives against MCF-7 (IC50 = 7.78 and 8.15 µM), HCT116 (IC50 = 5.77 and 7.11 µM) and HepG2 (IC50 = 8.82 and 8.99 µM). The highly effective derivatives 6a–c and 7a–c were tested against VERO normal cell lines. All derivatives were evaluated for their VEGFR-2 inhibitory actions and demonstrated high to low activities, with IC50 values varying from 0.08 to 0.93 µM. Moreover, derivatives 5a–c, 6a–c and 7a–c were assessed to verify their in vitro binding affinities to PPARγ and insulin-secreting activities. Finally, docking studies were performed to explore their affinities and binding modes toward both VEGFR-2 and PPARγ receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khaled El-Adl
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (M.M.K.); (F.K.)
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo 11785, Egypt
- Correspondence: or or
| | | | - Mostafa M. Elhady
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Nashwa M. Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo 11754, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed M. Khalifa
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (M.M.K.); (F.K.)
| | - Fathalla Khedr
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (M.M.K.); (F.K.)
| | - Mohamed Alswah
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - AbdElAziz A. Nayl
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nour E. A. Abd El-Sattar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
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A novel PPARɣ ligand, PPZ023, overcomes radioresistance via ER stress and cell death in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1730-1743. [PMID: 33046822 PMCID: PMC8080717 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARɣ) agonists exert powerful anticancer effects by suppressing tumor growth. In this study, we developed PPZ023 (1-(2-(ethylthio)benzyl)-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine), a novel PPAR ligand candidate, and investigated the underlying signaling pathways in both non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and radio-resistant NSCLC cells. To identify whether PPZ023 has anticancer effects in NSCLC and radioresistant NSCLC cells, we performed WST-1, LDH, Western blot, and caspase-3 and -9 activity assays. Furthermore, we isolated exosomes from PPZ023-treated NSCLC cells and studied cell death signaling. PPZ023 reduces cell viability and increases LDH cytotoxicity and caspase-3 activity in NSCLC cells. PPZ023 induces cell death by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggering mitochondrial cytochrome c release. PPZ023 treatment causes cell death via the PERK–eIF2α–CHOP axis in both NSCLC cell lysates and exosomes, and PERK and CHOP knockdown significantly blocks ER stress-mediated apoptosis by reducing cleaved caspase-3. Interestingly, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI, a Nox inhibitor) inhibits PPZ023-induced cell death via ER stress, and PPARɣ knockdown inhibits PPZ023-induced ROS, ER stress, and cell death. Moreover, PPZ023, in combination with radiation, causes synergic cell death via exosomal ER stress in radioresistant NSCLC cells, indicating that PPZ023/radiation overcomes radioresistance. Taken together, our results suggest that PPZ023 is a powerful anticancer reagent for overcoming radioresistance. A novel small molecule drug candidate known as PPZ023 could be a powerful anti-cancer agent due to its ability to overcome the resistance of tumors to radiation therapy. Sung Hee Hong and colleagues at the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences in Seoul, South Korea, investigated the effects of the molecule on lung cancer cells, including cells that that had acquired resistance to radiotherapy. PPZ023 induces the death of cancer cells by binding to a protein in a known signaling pathway, which generates damaging chemicals known as reactive oxygen species. The researchers identified additional molecular details of the anti-cancer activity. They found the radiotherapy resistance of cancer cells is reversed when PPZ023 promotes cell death via a pathway interfering with the folding of newly formed proteins in a cell structure called the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Uram Ł, Filipowicz A, Misiorek M, Pieńkowska N, Markowicz J, Wałajtys-Rode E, Wołowiec S. Biotinylated PAMAM G3 dendrimer conjugated with celecoxib and/or Fmoc-l-Leucine and its cytotoxicity for normal and cancer human cell lines. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 124:1-9. [PMID: 30118847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumors still remain one of the main causes of mortality due to the lack of effective anti-cancer therapy. Recently it has been shown, that overexpression of inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and decrease of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression accompany many malignances, therefore, it has been proposed, that COX-2 inhibitors and PPARγ agonists are potential candidates for anticancer therapy and their synergistic, antineoplastic action has been described. In the present study a COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib) and/or PPARγ agonist (Fmoc-l-Leucine) were conjugated with the biotinylated G3 PAMAM dendrimer to form a three different constructs targeted to cells with increased biotin uptake. All conjugates were characterized by the NMR spectroscopy. Investigation of three types of human cells: normal skin fibroblasts (BJ), immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) and cancer lines: glioblastoma (U-118 MG) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-15) revealed similar biotin labeled ATTO590 accumulation (after 24 h), except for SCC-15 with significantly lower loading. Constitutive expression of COX-2 protein was confirmed in all tested cells with significantly higher levels (2-2.5 times) in both cancer lines. Comparison of cytotoxicity of the new synthetized dendrimers clearly documented the highest cytotoxicity of the G31B16C15L dendrimer conjugated with both drugs (1: 1) as compared with drugs alone and single conjugates. Additive effects of construct with both compounds were shown for fibroblasts and both cancer cell lines in the order BJ > U-118 MG > SCC-15 with IC50 in the range: 0.69, 1.44 and 2.22 μM, respectively and lowest cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells (IC50 = 2.88). Our results showed, that biotinylated G3 PAMAM dendrimers substituted with COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, and PPARγ agonist, Fmoc-l-Leucine (1:1) may be a good candidate for local therapy of glioblastoma but not a skin cancer. Since the effect of PPARγ agonists on COX-2 expression vary depending upon the cell type, specificity of used agonist and the presence of other environmental factors, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the response of chosen drugs on the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Uram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Filipowicz
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rzeszów University of Information Technology and Management, 2 Sucharskiego Str, 35-225 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Maria Misiorek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Natalia Pieńkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Joanna Markowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wałajtys-Rode
- Department of Drug Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology,75 Koszykowa Str, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Wołowiec
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Warzywna 1a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
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Li J, Liu YP. The roles of PPARs in human diseases. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 37:361-382. [PMID: 30036119 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1475673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), as members of nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, can be activated by binding natural or synthetic ligands. The use of related ligands has revealed many potential roles for PPARs in the pathogenesis of some human metabolic disorders and inflammatory-related disease. Based on the previous studies, this review primarily concluded the current progress of knowledge regarding the specific biological activity of PPARs in cancers, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, providing a foundation for the potential therapeutic use of PPAR ligands in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- a Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yi-Ping Liu
- a Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
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Hua TNM, Namkung J, Phan ANH, Vo VTA, Kim MK, Jeong Y, Choi JW. PPARgamma-mediated ALDH1A3 suppression exerts anti-proliferative effects in lung cancer by inducing lipid peroxidation. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2018; 38:191-197. [DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2018.1468781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuyen N. M. Hua
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
- Department of Global Medical Science, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Nuclear Receptor Research Consortium, Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Jun Namkung
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Ai N. H. Phan
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
- Department of Global Medical Science, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Nuclear Receptor Research Consortium, Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Vu T. A. Vo
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
- Department of Global Medical Science, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Nuclear Receptor Research Consortium, Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
- Department of Global Medical Science, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Nuclear Receptor Research Consortium, Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Yangsik Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
- Department of Global Medical Science, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Nuclear Receptor Research Consortium, Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Jong-Whan Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
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Zhao T, Du H, Blum JS, Yan C. Critical role of PPARγ in myeloid-derived suppressor cell-stimulated cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1529-43. [PMID: 26625314 PMCID: PMC4811478 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is a key enzyme controlling neutral lipid metabolic signaling in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs from LAL-deficient (lal−/−) mice directly stimulate cancer cell proliferation. PPARγ ligand treatment inhibited lal−/− MDSCs stimulation of tumor cell growth and metastasis in vivo, and tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro. In addition, PPARγ ligand treatment impaired lal−/− MDSCs transendothelial migration, and differentiation from lineage-negative cells. The corrective effects of PPARγ ligand on lal−/− MDSCs functions were mediated by regulating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and subsequently blocking MDSCs ROS overproduction. Furthermore, in the myeloid-specific dominant-negative PPARγ (dnPPARγ) overexpression bitransgenic mouse model, tumor growth and metastasis were enhanced, and MDSCs from these mice stimulated tumor cell proliferation and migration. MDSCs with dnPPARγ overexpression showed increased transendothelial migration, overactivation of the mTOR pathway, and ROS overproduction. These results indicate that PPARγ plays a critical role in neutral lipid metabolic signaling controlled by LAL, which provides a mechanistic basis for clinically targeting MDSCs to reduce the risk of cancer proliferation, growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Janice S Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cong Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Mangoni M, Sottili M, Gerini C, Bonomo P, Bottoncetti A, Castiglione F, Franzese C, Cassani S, Greto D, Masoni T, Meattini I, Pallotta S, Passeri A, Pupi A, Vanzi E, Biti G, Livi L. A PPAR-gamma agonist attenuates pulmonary injury induced by irradiation in a murine model. Lung Cancer 2015; 90:405-9. [PMID: 26791799 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Due to its anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic and antineoplastic properties, the PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone is of interest in the prevention and therapy of radiation-induced pulmonary injury. We evaluated the radioprotective effects of rosiglitazone in a murine model of pulmonary damage to determine whether radioprotection was selective for normal and tumor tissues. METHODS Lungs in C57BL/6J mice were irradiated (19 Gy) with or without rosiglitazone (RGZ, 5mg/kg/day for 16 weeks, oral gavage). Computed tomography (CT) was performed and Hounsfield Units (HU) were determined during the observation period. Histological analysis and evaluation of fibrosis/inflammatory markers by western blot were performed at 16 weeks. A549 tumor-bearing CD1 mice were irradiated (16 Gy) with or without RGZ, and tumor volumes were measured at 35 days. RESULTS Rosiglitazone reduced radiologic and histologic signs of fibrosis, inflammatory infiltrate, alterations to alveolar structures, and HU lung density that was increased due to irradiation. RGZ treatment also significantly decreased Col1, NF-kB and TGF-β expression and increased Bcl-2 protein expression compared to the irradiation group and reduced A549 clonogenic survival and xenograft tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS Rosiglitazone exerted a protective effect on normal tissues in radiation-induced pulmonary injury, while irradiated lung cancer cells were not protected in vivo and in vitro. Thus, rosiglitazone could be proposed as a radioprotective agent in the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mangoni
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Sottili
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Gerini
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Bonomo
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Bottoncetti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Castiglione
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Ciro Franzese
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Cassani
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Greto
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Tatiana Masoni
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Icro Meattini
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Pallotta
- Medical Physic Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Passeri
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Pupi
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vanzi
- Medical Physic Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Biti
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Livi
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Zhao H, Gu H, Zhang H, Li JH, Zhao WE. PPARγ-dependent pathway in the growth-inhibitory effects of K562 cells by carotenoids in combination with rosiglitazone. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:545-55. [PMID: 24036327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoids have been found to play roles in the prevention and therapy of some cancers which PPARγ was also discovered to be involved in. The present studies were directed to determine the inhibitory effects of carotenoids in combination with rosiglitazone, a synthetic PPARγ agonist, on K562 cell proliferation and elucidate the contribution of PPARγ-dependent pathway to cell proliferation suppression. METHODS The effects of carotenoid and rosiglitazone combination on K562 cell proliferation were evaluated by trypan blue dye exclusion assay and MTT assay. When PPARγ has been inhibited by GW9662 and siRNA, cycle-related regulator expression in K562 cells treated with carotenoid and rosiglitazone combination was analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS Rosiglitazone inhibited K562 cell proliferation and augmented the inhibitory effects of carotenoids on the cell proliferation greatly. Specific PPARγ inhibition attenuated the cell growth suppression induced by carotenoid and rosiglitazone combination. GW9662 pre-treatment attenuated the enhanced up-regulation of PPARγ expression caused by the combination treatment. Moreover, GW9662 and PPARγ siRNA also significantly attenuated the up-regulation of p21 and down-regulation of cyclin D1 caused by carotenoids and rosiglitazone. CONCLUSIONS PPARγ signaling pathway, via stimulating p21 and inhibiting cyclin D1, may play an important role in the anti-proliferative effects of carotenoid and rosiglitazone combination on K562 cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Carotenoids in combination with rosiglitazone are hopeful to provide attractive dietary or supplementation-based and pharmaceutical strategies to treat cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
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