1
|
W A M, J S J, P K D, S S, S AR. Biosoftening of banana pseudostem fiber using cellulase and pectinase enzyme isolated from Aspergillus niger for textile industry. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:170. [PMID: 38108900 PMCID: PMC10728375 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, farmers are facing a lot of problems for the disposal of banana pseudostem waste after the harvesting of banana. Banana pseudostem is a rich source of fiber, which is an alternative source of other natural and synthetic fibers. The banana fibers are biodegradable, and they are expected to be in great demand in the international market. For the textile industry, fibers were extracted using chemical and mechanical methods, but it leads to damage and affects the quality of fibers. So, this study mainly focused on biosoftening of banana pseudostem fiber using crude enzyme produced from Aspergillus niger which is one of the most predominant fungus which can synthesize industrially applicable enzymes and which can soften the surface of banana pseudostem fiber. Through this, biosoftened banana pseudostem fiber can be produced, and the disposal problem of banana pseudostem can be rectified in an eco-friendly manner. RESULT The present study was undertaken for the biosoftening of banana pseudostem fiber using crude enzymes isolated from fungal strain. The fungal isolates were subjected to enzyme screening such as cellulase, pectinase, chitinase, peroxidase, and polygalacturonase. The maximum production of enzyme was observed in F2 strain, and it was subjected to crude enzyme production and purification using dialysis and column chromatography. The collected best enzyme fractions were selected for the biosoftening of banana pseudostem fiber. The banana pseudostem fiber was treated with crude enzymes at the time duration of 2, 4, 24, and 48 h. After the treatment, the treated and untreated fibers were evaluated for the mechanical properties and chemical constituent's analysis. The results revealed that the chemical contents were high during 2- and 4-h-treated fibers. After that, chemical constituents were reduced due to the removal of debris by the action of enzymes. The mechanical properties such as breaking load, breaking extension, tenacity, and diameter of fiber were best in the fibers treated for 2 and 4 h. After 4 h due to the removal of chemical constituents the breaking load and tenacity, diameter will be reduced. SEM results proved that the fiber treated at 4th h showed smooth and softened fiber. CONCLUSION This study proved that the crude enzymes isolated from the Aspergillus niger can be effectively soften and increase the quality of banana pseudostem fiber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha W A
- Department of Biotechnology, Malankara Catholic College, Kaliakkavilai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Josphine J S
- Department of Biotechnology, Malankara Catholic College, Kaliakkavilai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepa P K
- Department of Biotechnology, Malankara Catholic College, Kaliakkavilai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sujatha S
- Department of Biotechnology, Malankara Catholic College, Kaliakkavilai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ahil Raj S
- Department of Biotechnology, Malankara Catholic College, Kaliakkavilai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Exploring the Potential Applications of Paecilomyceslilacinus 112. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms are widely used to obtain biostimulants that can facilitate the assimilation of nutrients, ensuring high crop yield and quality. A particular category of biostimulants are protein hydrolyzates (PH), obtained from microbial cultures grown on a nutrient medium. In the present study, Paecilomyces lilacinus 112, an endophytic fungus isolated from soil, was tested to determine its effect on the growth promotion of tomato seedlings in greenhouse conditions. Additionally, other beneficial features of the P.lilacinus isolate were evaluated via several tests: antagonism against plant pathogenic fungi, production of secondary useful metabolites, and solubilization of vital micronutrients. Out of the tested pathogens, P.lilacinus exhibited the highest antifungal activity against a Cladosporium isolate (inhibition of 66.3%), followed by Rhizoctonia. solani (52.53%), and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (50.23%). Paecilomyceslilacinus 112 was able to secrete hydrolytic enzymes and siderophores, and solubilize zinc and phosphorus. In the tomato treatment, the application of PH obtained from fungal cultivation on a feather medium led to the following increases in plant growth parameters: 3.54-fold in plant biomass; 3.26-fold in plant height, 1.28-fold in plant diameter; 1.5-fold in the number of branches/plant; and 1.43-fold in the number of leaves/plant, as compared to water treatment. The application of this isolate can be of benefit to bioeconomy because keratin wastes are valorized and returned, in agriculture, contributing to renewable natural resources.
Collapse
|
3
|
Identification of a New Endo-β-1,4-xylanase Prospected from the Microbiota of the Termite Heterotermes tenuis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050906. [PMID: 35630351 PMCID: PMC9143652 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanases are hemicellulases that break down xylan to soluble pentoses. They are used for industrial purposes, such as paper whitening, beverage clarification, and biofuel production. The second-generation bioethanol production is hindered by the enzymatic hydrolysis step of the lignocellulosic biomass, due to the complex arrangement established among its constituents. Xylanases can potentially increase the production yield by improving the action of the cellulolytic enzyme complex. We prospected endo-β-1,4-xylanases from meta-transcriptomes of the termite Heterotermes tenuis. In silico structural characterization and functional analysis of an endo-β-1,4-xylanase from a symbiotic protist of H. tenuis indicate two active sites and a substrate-binding groove needed for the catalytic activity. No N-glycosylation sites were found. This endo-β-1,4-xylanase was recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli cells, presenting a molecular mass of approximately 20 kDa. Enzymatic activity assay using recombinant endo-β-1,4-xylanase was also performed on 1% xylan agar stained with Congo red at 30 °C and 40 °C. The enzyme expressed in both systems was able to hydrolyze the substrate xylan, becoming a promising candidate for further analysis aiming to determine its potential for application in industrial xylan degradation processes.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim JY, Kwon HW, Lee DH, Ko HK, Kim SH. Isolation and Characterization of Airborne Mushroom Damaging Trichoderma spp. from Indoor Air of Cultivation Houses Used for Oak Wood Mushroom Production Using Sawdust Media. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 35:674-683. [PMID: 31832047 PMCID: PMC6901246 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.ft.10.2019.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Some species of the Trichoderma genus are reported as the major problem in oak wood mushroom production in Korea. In spite of economic loss by the fungi, scientific information on airborne Trichoderma species is not much available. To generate information for disease management development we analyzed airborne Trichoderma. A total of 1,063 fungal isolates were purely obtained from indoor air sampling of cultivation houses used for oak wood mushroom using sawdust media. Among the obtained isolates, 248 isolates were identified as Trichoderma fungi including T. harzianum, T. atroviride, T. citrinoviride, and T. pseudokoningii, by morphological and molecular analysis. T. harzianum was dominant among the four identified species. All the four Trichoderma species grew fast on solid nutrient media tested (potato dextrose agar [PDA], malt extract agar [MEA], Czapek's Dox + yeast extract agar [CYA] and cornmeal dextrose agar). Compact mycelia growth and mass spore production were better on PDA and CYA. In addition, T. harzianum and T. citrinoviride formed greenish and yellowish mycelium and spores on PDA and CYA. Greenish and yellowish pigment was saturated into PDA only by T. pseudokoningii. These four Trichoderma species could produce extracellular enzymes of sawdust substrate degradation such as β-glucosidase, avicelase, CM-cellulase, amylase, pectinase, xylanase, and protease. Their mycelia inhibited the growth of oak wood mushroom mycelia of two tested cultivars on dual culture assay. Among of eleven antifungal agents tested, benomyl was the best to inhibit the growth of the four Trichoderma species. Our results demonstrate that the airborne Trichoderma fungi need to be properly managed in the cultivation houses for safe mushroom production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Basic Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116,
Korea
| | - Hyuk Woo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Basic Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116,
Korea
- Forest Mushroom Research Center, National Forest Cooperative Federation, Yeoju 12653,
Korea
| | - Dong Hyeung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Basic Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116,
Korea
| | - Han Kyu Ko
- Forest Mushroom Research Center, National Forest Cooperative Federation, Yeoju 12653,
Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Basic Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Applications of Fungal Strains with Keratin-Degrading and Plant Growth Promoting Characteristics. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9090543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates (PHs) are organic non-microbial biostimulants having beneficial effects on plants. The study was designed to assess the effects on plants by the applications of PHs obtained from Trichoderma isolates grown on keratin wastes. Trichoderma isolates were characterized for indole-3-acetic acid and siderophores production, activity of lytic enzymes, phosphorous solubilization and inhibition of pathogens growth, using qualitative specific tests. Fungal isolates were cultured on a medium with keratin wastes (wool and feathers) to obtain PHs. Fungal PHs were tested in vivo for plant biostimulant action, as follows: (i) seeds germination test; (ii) activation of plant proton pump; (iii) evaluation of effect on tomato seedling growth. PHs from T. asperellum cultured on feathers medium reached the highest values for all parameters recorded (plant height and diameter, number of leaves and branches), with the exception of those for plant biomass, which were maximum for the wool medium. The metabolites released by keratin degradation under the activity of selected T. asperellum isolate improved crop health and productivity. The use of PHs can be a reasonable solution for the environmental pollution of by-products from the food chain, as well as for the replacement of chemical fertilizers with microbial formulations to stimulate plant growth.
Collapse
|
6
|
Isolation of Cellulose Degrading Fungi from Decaying Banana Pseudostem and Strelitzia alba. Enzyme Res 2019; 2019:1390890. [PMID: 31428468 PMCID: PMC6683783 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1390890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulases are a group of hydrolytic enzymes that break down cellulose to glucose units. These enzymes are used in the food, beverage, textile, pulp, and paper and the biofuel industries. The aim of this study was to isolate fungi from natural compost and produce cellulases in submerged fermentation (SmF). Initial selection was based on the ability of the fungi to grow on agar containing Avicel followed by cellulase activity determination in the form of endoglucanase and total cellulase activity. Ten fungal isolates obtained from the screening process showed good endoglucanase activity on carboxymethyl cellulose-Congo Red agar plates. Six of the fungal isolates were selected based on high total cellulase activity and identified as belonging to the genera Trichoderma and Aspergillus. In SmF of synthetic media with an initial pH of 6.5 at 30°C Trichoderma longibrachiatum LMLSAUL 14-1 produced total cellulase activity of 8 FPU/mL and endoglucanase activity of 23 U/mL whilst Trichoderma harzianum LMLBP07 13-5 produced 6 FPU/mL and endoglucanase activity of 16 U/mL. The produced levels of both cellulases and endoglucanase by Trichoderma species were higher than the levels for the Aspergillus fumigatus strains. Aspergillus fumigatus LMLPS 13-4 produced higher β-glucosidase 38 U/mL activity than Trichoderma species.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kalinina AN, Borshchevskaya LN, Gordeeva TL, Sineoky SP. Screening and Taxonomic Characterization of Xylanase Bacterial Producers. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683818070037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
8
|
Furtuna DK, Debora K, Warsito EB. Comparison of Microbiological Examination by Test Tube and Congo Red Agar Methods to Detect Biofilm Production on Clinical Isolates. FOLIA MEDICA INDONESIANA 2018. [DOI: 10.20473/fmi.v54i1.8047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm on medical devices can cause significant diseases and deaths and give a large effecton disease transmission among patients and health providers and potentially increasethe cost of patient treatment. By knowing the presence of biofilm on a patient, one can differentiate the treatment management for that particular patient from the patients without biofilm on their medical device. The purpose of this study was to obtain diagnostic method to detect biofilm formation on isolates from the medical devices by simple method that is easy to do and can be applied in resource-limited microbiology laboratory. 36 specimens obtained from IV Line, CVC, urinary catheter and ETT were grown on Muller Hinton agar and continued with 3 methods, i.e., Test Tube method, Congo Red Agar method and Microtiter Plate Assay method. Results of this study showed Test Tube (nephelometer), Test Tube (visual) and Congo Red Agar in order to have the same sensitivity of 100% but has higher specificity compared to Test Tube method (visual) and Congo Red Agar method in detecting biofilm production on isolates from medical devices that had been plugged into patients body. The biofilm formation inside devices depends on factors, i.e., host, device and the microorganism itself.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao SN, Yuan Y, Qin YH, Zhang MZ, de Figueiredo P, Li GH, Qin QM. The pre-rRNA processing factor Nop53 regulates fungal development and pathogenesis via mediating production of reactive oxygen species. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1531-1549. [PMID: 29488307 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic plant fungal pathogen that annually causes enormous economic losses worldwide. The ribosome is an organelle for cellular protein biosynthesis. However, little is known about how the ribosome operates as a machine to mediate microbial pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that Nop53, a late-acting factor for 60S ribosomal subunit maturation, is crucial for the pathogen's development and virulence. BcNop53 is functionally equivalent to yeast nop53p. Complementation of BcNOP53 completely restored the growth defect of the yeast Δnop53 mutant. BcNop53 is located in nuclei and disruption of BcNOP53 also dramatically impaired pathogen growth. Deletion of BcNOP53 blocked infection structure formation and abolished virulence of the pathogen, possibly due to reduced production of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, loss of BcNOP53 impaired pathogen conidiation and stress adaptation, altered conidial and sclerotial morphology, retarded conidium and sclerotium germination as well as reduced the activities of cell-wall degradation-associated enzymes. Sclerotium production was, however, increased. Complementation with the wild-type BcNOP53 allele rescued defects found in the ΔBcnop53 mutant. Our work establishes a systematic elucidation of Nop53 in regulating microbial development and pathogenesis, provides novel insights into ribosomal processes that regulate fungal pathogenesis, and may open up new targets for addressing fungal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Cao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yu Haity Qin
- College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ming-Zhe Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gui-Hua Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schückel J, Kračun SK. Two-Dimensional High-Throughput Endo-Enzyme Screening Assays Based on Chromogenic Polysaccharide Hydrogel and Complex Biomass Substrates. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1796:201-217. [PMID: 29856056 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7877-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we present a two-dimensional approach for high-throughput screening of endo-cellulases as well as other endo-acting enzymes. The method is based on chromogenic substrates, produced either from purified or complex material, providing valuable information about enzyme activity toward its target as well as that same target in a context of complex natural material normally encountered in bioindustrial settings. The enzymes that can be tested using this assay can be from virtually any source: in purified form, directly from microbial cultures or even from raw materials, enabling study of the interplay between enzyme mixtures such as synergistic or inhibitory effects. By using the method of analysis described in this chapter, enzymes can be screened and evaluated quickly and information pertinent to both the inherent properties of the enzyme itself as well as predictions about its performance on complex biomass samples can be obtained.
Collapse
|
11
|
Endoglucanase enzymatic modification of kraft pulp during recycling. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1139-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
12
|
Yun YH, Suh DY, Yoo HD, Oh MH, Kim SH. Yeast Associated with the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus koryoensis, the Pest of Oak Trees in Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2015; 43:458-466. [PMID: 26839506 PMCID: PMC4731651 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2015.43.4.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Oak tree death caused by symbiosis of an ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, and an ophiostomatoid filamentous fungus, Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae, has been a nationwide problem in Korea since 2004. In this study, we surveyed the yeast species associated with P. koryoensis to better understand the diversity of fungal associates of the beetle pest. In 2009, a total of 195 yeast isolates were sampled from larvae and adult beetles (female and male) of P. koryoensis in Cheonan, Goyang, and Paju; 8 species were identified by based on their morphological, biochemical and molecular analyses. Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Candida kashinagacola were found to be the two dominant species. Among the 8 species, Candida homilentoma was a newly recorded yeast species in Korea, and thus, its mycological characteristics were described. The P. koryoensis symbiont R. quercusmongolicae did not show extracelluar CM-cellulase, xylanase and avicelase activity that are responsible for degradation of wood structure; however, C. kashinagacola and M. guilliermondii did show the three extracellular enzymatic activities. Extracelluar CM-cellulase activity was also found in Ambrosiozyma sp., C. homilentoma, C. kashinagacola, and Candida sp. Extracelluar pectinase activity was detected in Ambrosiozyma sp., C. homilentoma, Candida sp., and M. guilliermondii. All the 8 yeast species displayed compatible relationships with R. quercus-mongolicae when they were co-cultivated on yeast extract-malt extract plates. Overall, our results demonstrated that P. koryoensis carries the yeast species as a symbiotic fungal associate. This is first report of yeast diversity associated with P. koryoensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeo Hong Yun
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biodiversity, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Dong Yeon Suh
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biodiversity, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Hun Dal Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biodiversity, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Man Hwan Oh
- Department of NanoBioMedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biodiversity, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Robledo A, Aguilar CN, Belmares-Cerda RE, Flores-Gallegos AC, Contreras-Esquivel JC, Montañez JC, Mussatto SI. Production of thermostable xylanase by thermophilic fungal strains isolated from maize silage. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2015.1105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
14
|
Meddeb-Mouelhi F, Moisan JK, Beauregard M. A comparison of plate assay methods for detecting extracellular cellulase and xylanase activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 66:16-9. [PMID: 25248694 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Identification of microorganisms for the production of carbohydrolytic enzymes is extremely important given the increased demand for these enzymes in many industries. To this end, dye-polysaccharide interactions which provide a visual indication of polymer hydrolysis (clear zones or halos) have been used for decades. For the detection of extracellular cellulase or xylanase activity many laboratories use Gram's iodine as the chromogenic dye, as it is a more rapid initial screening method compared to the use of other dyes. Here, we compared Gram's iodine and Congo red as indicators of polysaccharide hydrolysis. We attempted to detect cellulase activity using carboxymethylcellulose, and xylanase activity using birchwood xylan, in fourteen uncharacterized bacteria isolated from wood chips. Our results indicate that Gram's iodine may lead to identification of false positives in a typical screening protocol and that Congo red allows for avoidance of such pitfall. Congo red allowed detection of cellulase activity from live microbial colonies but not Gram's iodine. To confirm this, detection of enzymatic activity was also assessed using cell-free enzyme preparations. Congo red was found to be reliable in detecting cellulase activity with isolated enzymes preparations. Under the same conditions, neither of these dyes detected xylanase activity, despite independent evidence of xylanase activity for one of the preparations. We detected xylanase activity for this particular enzyme preparation using a coloured derivative of xylan (Remazol Brillant Blue R-xylan adduct) that respond to xylan hydrolysis. Our results suggest that methods that rely on interactions between a dye (Congo red or Gram's iodine) and a polymeric substrate (carboxymethylcellulose or birchwood xylan) for indirect detection of hydrolysis may require the use of relevant controls and independent confirmation of enzymatic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Meddeb-Mouelhi
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. Des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada; Buckman North America, 351 Joseph-Carrier, Vaudreuil-Dorion, Québec J7V 5V5, Canada.
| | - Jessica Kelly Moisan
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. Des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada; PROTEO, Université Laval, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marc Beauregard
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. Des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada; PROTEO, Université Laval, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Reynolds HT, Barton HA. Comparison of the white-nose syndrome agent Pseudogymnoascus destructans to cave-dwelling relatives suggests reduced saprotrophic enzyme activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86437. [PMID: 24466096 PMCID: PMC3899275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
White-nose Syndrome (WNS) is an emerging infectious mycosis that has impacted multiple species of North American bats since its initial discovery in 2006, yet the physiology of the causal agent, the psychrophilic fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans ( = Geomyces destructans), is not well understood. We investigated the ability of P. destructans to secrete enzymes that could permit environmental growth or affect pathogenesis and compared enzyme activity across several Pseudogymnoascus species isolated from both hibernating bats and cave sediments. We found that P. destructans produced enzymes that could be beneficial in either a pathogenic or saprotrophic context, such as lipases, hemolysins, and urease, as well as chitinase and cellulases, which could aid in saprotrophic growth. The WNS pathogen showed significantly lower activity for urease and endoglucanase compared to con-generic species (Pseudogymnoascus), which may indicate a shift in selective pressure to the detriment of P. destructans’ saprotrophic ability. Based on the positive function of multiple saprotrophic enzymes, the causal agent of White-nose Syndrome shows potential for environmental growth on a variety of substrates found in caves, albeit at a reduced level compared to environmental strains. Our data suggest that if P. destructans emerged as an opportunistic infection from an environmental source, co-evolution with its host may have led to a reduced capacity for saprotrophic growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah T. Reynolds
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hazel A. Barton
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kraková L, Chovanová K, Puškarová A, Bučková M, Pangallo D. A novel PCR-based approach for the detection and classification of potential cellulolytic fungal strains isolated from museum items and surrounding indoor environment. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 54:433-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
Suh DY, Hyun MW, Kim SH, Seo ST, Kim KH. Filamentous Fungi Isolated from Platypus koryoensis, the Insect Vector of Oak Wilt Disease in Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2011; 39:313-316. [PMID: 22783124 PMCID: PMC3385125 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2011.39.4.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, is a serious pest of oak trees in Korea. In this study we investigated filamentous fungi present in the body of the beetle. Fourteen genera of filamentous fungi belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were isolated. Among the isolated fungi, some were able to produce wood degrading enzymes. This is first report of fungi associated with P. koryoensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yeon Suh
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Basic Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jo WS, Park HN, Cho DH, Yoo YB, Park SC. Optimal Media Conditions for the Detection of Extracellular Cellulase Activity in Ganoderma neo-japonicum. MYCOBIOLOGY 2011; 39:129-132. [PMID: 22783091 PMCID: PMC3385106 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2011.39.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To determine the optimal media conditions for the detection of the extracellular cellulase activity in Ganoderma neo-japonicum, we varied three media conditions: dye reagent, pH, and temperature. We evaluated the use of four dyes, Congo red, phenol red, remazol brilliant blue, and trypan blue. To observe the effect of pH on the chromogenic reaction, we tested media ranging from 4.5 to 8.0. To research the effect of temperature on the clear zone and the fungus growing zone, we tested temperatures ranging from 15 to 35℃. On the whole, the best protocol called for Ganoderma neo-japonicum transfer onto media containing Congo red with a pH of 7.0, followed by incubation at 25℃ for 5 days. Our results will be useful to researchers who study extracellular enzyme activity in Ganoderma neo-japonicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Sik Jo
- Department of Agricultural Environment, Gyeongbuk Agricultural Technology Administration, Daegu 702-320, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jo WS, Bae SH, Choi SY, Park SD, Yoo YB, Park SC. Development of Detection Methods for Cellulolytic Activity of Auricularia auricula-judae. MYCOBIOLOGY 2010; 38:74-77. [PMID: 23956630 PMCID: PMC3741601 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2010.38.1.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To obtain basic information on the detection of cellulolytic activity in Auricularia auricula-judae, the influences of dye reagent, pH, and temperature were assessed. Chromogenic dye (congo red, phenol red, remazol brilliant blue, and trypan blue) was individually incorporated into a medium containing either carboxymethyl-cellulose, Avicel, or D-cellobiose as a polysaccharide carbon substrate. The other assessments utilized pHs ranging from 4.5 to 8.0 and temperatures from 15~35℃. Overall, when A. auricula-judae species were transferred onto media contained Congo red and adjusted pH 7.0 and then incubated at 25℃ for 5 days, the clear zone indicative of cellulolytic activity was more pronounced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Sik Jo
- Department of Agricultural Environment, Gyeongbuk Agricultural Technology Administration, Daegu 702-320, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jo WS, Bae SH, Cho DH, Park SD, Yoo YB, Park SC. Optimal Medium Conditions for the Detection of Cellulolytic Activity in Ganoderma lucidum. MYCOBIOLOGY 2009; 37:313-316. [PMID: 23983556 PMCID: PMC3749426 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2009.37.4.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To determine the optimal medium conditions for the detection of the cellulolytic activity in Ganoderma lucidum, we varied three media conditions: dye reagent, pH, and temperature. First, we evaluated the use of four dyes, Congo Red, Phenol Red, Remazol Brilliant Blue, and Trypan Blue. To observe the effect of pH on the chromogenic reaction, we also made and tested various media spanning acidic and alkaline pHs, ranging from 4.5 to 8.0. Furthermore, in order to research the effect of temperature on the clear zone and the fungus growing zone, we tested temperatures ranging from 15 to 35℃. On the whole, the best protocol called for Ganoderma lucidum transfer onto media containing Congo red with pH adjusted to 7.0, followed by incubation at 25℃ for 5 days. Our results will be useful to researchers who aim to study extracellular enzyme activity in Ganoderma lucidum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Sik Jo
- Department of Agricultural Environment, Gyeongbuk Agricultural Technology Administration, Daegu 702-320, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Choi YS, Kim GH, Lim YW, Kim SH, Imamura Y, Yoshimura T, Kim JJ. Characterization of a strong CCA-treated wood degrader, unknown Crustoderma species. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2009; 95:285-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-009-9311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
22
|
Kwon HW, Back IJ, Ko HG, You CH, Kim SH. Extracellular enzyme activities of the monokaryotic strains generated from basidiospores of shiitake mushroom. MYCOBIOLOGY 2008; 36:74-76. [PMID: 23997613 PMCID: PMC3755257 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2008.36.1.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To obtain basic information on the biochemical property of basidiospores of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes), the ability of producing extracellular enzyme was assessed using a chromogenic plate-based assay. For the aim, amylase, avicelase, β-glucosidase, CM-cellulase, pectinase, proteinase, and xylanase were tested against monokaryotic strains generated from forty basidiospores of two different parental dikaryotic strains of shiitake mushroom, Sanjo-101Ho and Sanjo-108Ho. These two parental strains showed different degree of extracellular enzyme activity. No identical patterns of the degree of enzyme activity were observed between monokaryotic strains and parental strains of the two shiitake cultivars. The degree of extracellular enzyme activity also varied among monokaryotic strains of the two shiitake cultivars. Our results showed that dikaryotic parental strains of shiitake mushroom produce monokaryotic basidiospores having very diverse biochemical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Woo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Basic Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yoon JH, Hong SB, Ko SJ, Kim SH. Detection of Extracellular Enzyme Activity in Penicillium using Chromogenic Media. MYCOBIOLOGY 2007; 35:166-169. [PMID: 24015091 PMCID: PMC3763148 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2007.35.3.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A total of 106 Penicillium species were tested to examine their ability of degrading cellobiose, pectin and xylan. The activity of β-glucosidase was generally strong in all the Penicillium species tested. P. citrinum, P. charlesii, P. manginii and P. aurantiacum showed the higher ability of producing β-glucosidase than other tested species. Pectinase activity was detected in 24 Penicillium species. P. paracanescens, P. sizovae, P. sartoryi, P. chrysogenum, and P. claviforme showed strong pectinase activity. In xylanase assay, 84 Penicillium species showed activity. Strong xylanase activity was detected from P. megasporum, P. sartoryi, P. chrysogenum, P. glandicola, P. discolor, and P. coprophilum. Overall, most of the Penicillium species tested showed strong β-glucosidase activity. The degree of pectinase and xylanase activity varied depending on Penicillium species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Basic Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kwon HW, Yoon JH, Kim SH, Hong SB, Cheon Y, Ko SJ. Detection of Extracellular enzymes Activities in Various Fusarium spp. MYCOBIOLOGY 2007; 35:162-165. [PMID: 24015090 PMCID: PMC3763147 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2007.35.3.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thirty seven species of Fusarium were evaluated for their ability of producing extracellular enzymes using chromogenic medium containing substrates such as starch, cellobiose, CM-cellulose, xylan, and pectin. Among the tested species Fusarium mesoamericanum, F. graminearum, F. asiaticum, and F. acuminatum showed high β-glucosidase acitivity. Xylanase activity was strongly detected in F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum. Strong pectinase activity was also found in F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum. Amylase activity was apparent in F. oxysporum. No clear activity in cellulase was found from all the Fusarium species tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Woo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Basic Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|