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Souza Bastos P, Amaral TLD, Yehia HC, Tavares A. Prevalences of sleep-related breathing disorders and severity factors in chronic spinal cord injury and abled-bodied individuals undergoing rehabilitation: a comparative study. J Clin Sleep Med 2024; 20:1119-1129. [PMID: 38420961 PMCID: PMC11217642 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.11084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to discern distinguishing characteristics of sleep-related breathing disorders in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (CSCI) compared with participants without CSCI. Additionally, the study investigated factors associated with sleep-related breathing disorder severity. METHODS This is a cross-sectional analysis of 123 individuals without CSCI, 40 tetraplegics, and 48 paraplegics who underwent attended or partially supervised full polysomnography for suspected sleep-related breathing disorders in a rehabilitation center. Polysomnographic, transcutaneous capnography, and clinical data were collected and compared between the groups. RESULTS Among tetraplegics, apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 30 events/h (67.5%, P = .003), central apnea (17.5%, P = .007), and higher oxygen desaturation index (80.0%, P = .01) prevailed. Sleep-related hypoventilation was present in 15.4% of tetraplegics and 15.8% of paraplegics, compared with 3.2% in participants without CSCI (P = .05). In the group without CSCI and the paraplegic group, snoring and neck circumference were positively correlated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity. A positive correlation between waist circumference and OSA severity was identified in all groups, and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that loud snoring and waist circumference had the greatest impact on OSA severity. CONCLUSIONS Severe OSA and central sleep apnea prevailed in tetraplegic participants. Sleep-related hypoventilation was more common in tetraplegics and paraplegics than in participants without CSCI. Loud snoring and waist circumference had an impact on OSA severity in all groups. We recommend the routine implementation of transcutaneous capnography in individuals with CSCI. We underscore the significance of conducting a comprehensive sleep assessment in the rehabilitation process for individuals with CSCI. CITATION Souza Bastos P, Amaral TLD, Yehia HC, Tavares A. Prevalences of sleep-related breathing disorders and severity factors in chronic spinal cord injury and abled-bodied individuals undergoing rehabilitation: a comparative study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(7):1119-1129.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Souza Bastos
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Unidade de Polissonografia, Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilitação, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Leal Dutra Amaral
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Hani Camille Yehia
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Engenharia Eletrônica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Almir Tavares
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Graves LY, Schwartz KR, Shiff J, Chan ER, Galea M, Henzel MK, Olney C, Bogie KM. Genomic Biomarkers Can Provide a Deeper Understanding of Recurrent Pressure Injuries. Adv Skin Wound Care 2023; 36:534-539. [PMID: 37729163 PMCID: PMC10545060 DOI: 10.1097/asw.0000000000000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify genetic biomarkers predisposing individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) to recurrent pressure injuries (PIs). METHODS Repeated measures of the transcriptome profile of veterans with SCI at three Veterans Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders Centers. Exclusion criteria included having significant active systemic disease at time of enrollment. Researchers obtained comprehensive profiles of clinical and health factors and demographic information relevant to PI history at enrollment and at each follow-up visit by reviewing patients' medical charts. Whole blood samples were collected at 6- to 12-month intervals for 2 to 4 years. In addition to DNA profiling with whole genome sequencing of the patients, RNA sequencing was performed to assess pathways associated with PI risk. RESULTS Whole genome sequencing analysis identified 260 genes that showed increased prevalence of single-nucleotide variations in exonic regions with high (>20) combined annotation-dependent depletion scores between persons with high versus low intramuscular adipose tissue levels when cross-referenced with persons who had recurrent PIs. Gene set enrichment analysis using Hallmark and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) gene sets of these candidate genes revealed enrichment in genes encoding proteins involved in fatty acid metabolism (P < .01). Further, RNA sequencing revealed upregulated activity in biological senescence pathways and downregulated activity in antimicrobial protection pathways. CONCLUSIONS Genomic biomarkers may complement electronic health records to support management of complex interactive health issues such as risk of recurrent PIs in people with SCI. These findings may also be leveraged for homogeneous phenotypic grouping of higher-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letitia Y Graves
- Letitia Y. Graves, PhD, RN, is Assistant Professor, School of Nursing, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, and Research Health Scientist, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Katelyn R. Schwartz, MPH, BSN, RN, is Research Nurse, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio. Josie Shiff, MS, is Research Assistant, Cleveland VA Medical Research & Education Foundation. Ernest R. Chan, PhD, is Research Scientist, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland. Marinella Galea, MD, is Chief, Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders, James J. Peters VAMC, Bronx, New York, and Associate Professor, Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. Mary K. Henzel, MD, PhD, is Assistant Chief, Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders, and Spinal Cord Injury Physiatrist, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center. Christine Olney, PhD, RN, is Nurse Scientist, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Kath M. Bogie, DPhil, FAIMBE, is Research Career Scientist, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University
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Kimball AL, Petrie MA, McCue PM, Johnson KA, Shields RK. Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Visceral Adipose Tissue Thickness among Lean and Non-Lean People with and without Spinal Cord Injury. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:123. [PMID: 37606417 PMCID: PMC10443282 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), multiple adaptations occur that influence metabolic health and life quality. Prolonged sitting and inactivity predispose people with SCI to body composition changes, such as increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) thickness, which is often associated with impaired glucose tolerance. Our goal is to understand whether VAT is an index of leanness, and, secondarily, whether mobility methods influence glucose tolerance for people living with SCI. A total of 15 people with SCI and 20 people without SCI had fasting oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and VAT thickness (leanness) measured during a single session. Glucose was 51% and 67% greater for individuals with SCI relative to those without SCI after 60 and 120 min of an OGTT (p < 0.001). Glucose area under the curve (AUC) was 28%, 34%, and 60% higher for non-lean people with SCI than lean people with SCI and non-lean and lean people without SCI, respectively (p = 0.05, p = 0.009, p < 0.001). VAT was associated with glucose AUC (R2 = 0.23, p = 0.004). Taken together, these findings suggest that leanness, as estimated from VAT, may be an important consideration when developing rehabilitation programs to influence metabolism among people with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Richard K. Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.L.K.); (M.A.P.); (P.M.M.); (K.A.J.)
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Farkas GJ, Burton AM, McMillan DW, Sneij A, Gater DR. The Diagnosis and Management of Cardiometabolic Risk and Cardiometabolic Syndrome after Spinal Cord Injury. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1088. [PMID: 35887592 PMCID: PMC9320035 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) commonly present with component risk factors for cardiometabolic risk and combined risk factors for cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS). These primary risk factors include obesity, dyslipidemia, dysglycemia/insulin resistance, and hypertension. Commonly referred to as "silent killers", cardiometabolic risk and CMS increase the threat of cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death after SCI. This narrative review will examine current data and the etiopathogenesis of cardiometabolic risk, CMS, and cardiovascular disease associated with SCI, focusing on pivotal research on cardiometabolic sequelae from the last five years. The review will also provide current diagnosis and surveillance criteria for cardiometabolic disorders after SCI, a novel obesity classification system based on percent total body fat, and lifestyle management strategies to improve cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J. Farkas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (A.S.); (D.R.G.J.)
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Adam M. Burton
- School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - David W. McMillan
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alicia Sneij
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (A.S.); (D.R.G.J.)
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - David R. Gater
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (A.S.); (D.R.G.J.)
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
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Goldsmith JA, Lai RE, Garten RS, Chen Q, Lesnefsky EJ, Perera RA, Gorgey AS. Visceral Adiposity, Inflammation, and Testosterone Predict Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Mass and Activity in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Physiol 2022; 13:809845. [PMID: 35222077 PMCID: PMC8867006 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.809845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial health is an important predictor of several health-related comorbidities including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. In persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), mitochondrial health has been linked to several important body composition and metabolic parameters. However, the complex interplay of how mitochondrial health is affected has yet to be determined in this population. Objective In this study, we examined the contribution of visceral adiposity, inflammatory biomarkers, testosterone and circulating serum growth factors as predictors of mitochondrial health in persons with chronic SCI. Participants Thirty-three individuals with chronic SCI (n = 27 Males, n = 6 Females, age: 40 ± 13.26 years, level of injury: C4-L1, BMI: 23 ± 5.57) participated in this cross-sectional study. Methods Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was measured via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). After an overnight fast, serum testosterone, inflammatory biomarkers [interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), c-reactive protein (CRP)], and anabolic growth factors [insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3)] were measured. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle to measure citrate synthase (CS) and Complex III activity. Regression analyses were used to examine predictors of mitochondrial mass and activity. Results CS activity was negatively associated with VAT (r2 = 0.360, p < 0.001), CRP (r2 = 0.168, p = 0.047), and positively associated with testosterone (r2 = 0.145, p = 0.042). Complex III activity was negatively associated with VAT relative to total lean mass (VAT:TLM) (r2 = 0.169, p = 0.033), trended for CRP (r2 = 0.142, p = 0.069), and positively associated with testosterone (r2 = 0.224, p = 0.010). Multiple regression showed CS activity was significantly associated with VAT + CRP (r2 = 0.412, p = 0.008) and VAT + Testosterone (r2 = 0.433, p = 0.001). Complex III activity was significantly associated with VAT relative to total trunk cross-sectional area (CSA) + CRP (VAT:total trunk CSA + CRP; r2 = 0.286, p = 0.048) and VAT + Testosterone (r2 = 0.277, p = 0.024). Conclusion Increased visceral adiposity and associated inflammatory signaling (CRP) along with reduced testosterone levels predict mitochondrial dysfunction following SCI. Specifically, lower VATCSA and higher testosterone levels or lower VATCSA and lower CRP levels positively predict mitochondrial mass and enzyme activity in persons with chronic SCI. Future research should investigate the efficacy of diet, exercise, and potentially testosterone replacement therapy on enhancing mitochondrial health in chronic SCI. Clinical Trial Registration [www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier: [NCT02660073].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Goldsmith
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Raymond E. Lai
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ryan S. Garten
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Qun Chen
- Medical Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Edward J. Lesnefsky
- Medical Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Robert A. Perera
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ashraf S. Gorgey
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ashraf S. Gorgey,
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Sutor TW, Ghatas MP, Goetz LL, Lavis TD, Gorgey AS. Exoskeleton Training and Trans-Spinal Stimulation for Physical Activity Enhancement After Spinal Cord Injury (EXTra-SCI): An Exploratory Study. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 2:789422. [PMID: 35169770 PMCID: PMC8842517 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2021.789422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI) physical activity levels decrease drastically, leading to numerous secondary health complications. Exoskeleton-assisted walking (EAW) may be one way to improve physical activity for adults with SCI and potentially alleviate secondary health complications. The effects of EAW may be limited, however, since exoskeletons induce passive movement for users who cannot volitionally contribute to walking. Trans-spinal stimulation (TSS) has shown the potential to enable those with even the most severe SCI to actively contribute to movements during EAW. To explore the effects of EAW training on improving secondary health complications in persons with SCI, participants with chronic (n = 8) were enrolled in an EAW program 2-3 times per week for 12 weeks. Anthropometrics (seated and supine waist and abdominal circumferences (WC and AC), body composition assessment (dual exposure x-ray absorptiometry-derived body fat percent, lean mass and total mass for the total body, legs, and trunk), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2 during a 6-minute walk test [6MWT]) were assessed before and after 12 weeks of EAW training. A subset of participants (n = 3) completed EAW training with concurrent TSS, and neuromuscular activity of locomotor muscles was assessed during a 10-m walk test (10MWT) with and without TSS following 12 weeks of EAW training. Upon completion of 12 weeks of training, reductions from baseline (BL) were found in seated WC (-2.2%, P = 0.036), seated AC (-2.9%, P = 0.05), and supine AC (-3.9%, P = 0.017). Percent fat was also reduced from BL for the total body (-1.4%, P = 0.018), leg (-1.3%, P = 0.018), and trunk (-2%, P = 0.036) regions. No effects were found for peak VO2. The addition of TSS for three individuals yielded individualized responses but generally increased knee extensor activity during EAW. Two of three participants who received TSS were also able to initiate more steps without additional assistance from the exoskeleton during a 10MWT. In summary, 12 weeks of EAW training significantly attenuated markers of obesity relevant to cardiometabolic health in eight men with chronic SCI. Changes in VO2 and neuromuscular activity with vs. without TSS were highly individualized and yielded no overall group effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy W. Sutor
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Mina P. Ghatas
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Lance L. Goetz
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lavis
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ashraf S. Gorgey
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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Goldsmith JA, Ennasr AN, Farkas GJ, Gater DR, Gorgey AS. Role of exercise on visceral adiposity after spinal cord injury: a cardiometabolic risk factor. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2143-2163. [PMID: 33891156 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with cardiometabolic disease risk in able-bodied (AB) populations. However, the underlying mechanisms of VAT-induced disease risk are unknown in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Potential mechanisms of VAT-induced cardiometabolic dysfunction in persons with SCI include systemic inflammation, liver adiposity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and anabolic deficiency. Moreover, how exercise interventions impact these mechanisms associated with VAT-induced cardiometabolic dysfunction are still being explored. METHODS A search for relevant scientific literature about the effects of exercise on VAT and cardiometabolic health was conducted on the PubMed database. Literature from reference lists was also included when appropriate. RESULTS Both aerobic and resistance exercise training beneficially impact health and VAT mass via improving mitochondrial function, glucose effectiveness, and inflammatory signaling in SCI and AB populations. Specifically, aerobic exercise appears to also modulate cellular senescence in AB populations and animal models, while resistance exercise seems to augment anabolic signaling in persons with SCI. CONCLUSIONS The current evidence supports regular engagement in exercise to reduce VAT mass and the adverse effects on cardiometabolic health in persons with SCI. Future research is needed to further elucidate the precise mechanisms by which VAT negatively impacts health following SCI. This will likely facilitate the development of rehabilitation protocols that target VAT reduction in persons with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Goldsmith
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA
| | - Areej N Ennasr
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA
| | - Gary J Farkas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - David R Gater
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ashraf S Gorgey
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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