Psycho-social health problems: Prevalence and associated factors among students of professional colleges in Jammu

Prevalence of depression and its associated factors among Ethiopian students: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study is to estimate the overall pooled prevalence of depression and its associated factors among high school, college and university students in Ethiopia.

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

DATA SOURCES

PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Direct, African Journal Online and Google Scholar. The primary articles were searched from 2 April 2023 to 11 May 2023.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

Observational studies such as cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies that reported the prevalence and associated factors of depression among students in Ethiopia were included. Both published and unpublished primary studies were included in this review.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

Two authors independently extracted all the important data using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and exported it to Stata V.14 for analysis. The statistical heterogeneity among the included articles was assessed by the I2 statistics test. Publication bias was checked using the funnel plot and Egger's regression test.

RESULTS

A total of 17 primary studies with 8798 study participants were included in the current study to estimate the combined prevalence of depression. The pooled prevalence of depression among Ethiopian students was 35.52% with a 95% CI (30.54% to 40.51%). Subgroup analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of depression was higher in Addis Ababa, which was 40.43%, with a 95% CI (28.02% to 52.83%). Female sex, first-year educational level, family history of mental illness, alcohol drinking and parental neglect were significantly associated with depression in this study.

CONCLUSION

In this review, the overall pooled prevalence of depression among students in Ethiopia was high compared with the general population. Therefore, it is necessary to make more efforts to provide mental healthcare and psychosocial support to students to improve their mental health and decrease the overall burden of depression.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42023424301.

The Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety and Its Association with Sleep Quality in the First-Year Medical Science Students

Methods

A total number of 471 freshmen students (NUMS) participated in the study, pinpointing that the data are collected in 2019 and 2020. In line with measuring depression, anxiety, and sleep quality, the Persian Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were employed. The associations between depression and anxiety with sleep quality were assessed by using the multiple logistic regression model. All statistical analyses were conducted in STATA14, and the significant level was set at P < 0.05.

Results

The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and poor sleep quality in the study population was 21.4%, 31.9%, and 28%, respectively. Analytical analyses indicated that after adjusting for studied covariates, the odds of poor sleep quality in individuals with depression were 3.5 times higher compared to the counter group (P < 0.001). Moreover, the odds of poor sleep quality in individuals with anxiety were 2.1 times higher compared to the counter group (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Noticeable proportion of freshmen students suffer from depression and anxiety; in line with such a critical issue, our study found that depression and anxiety had a statistical association with sleep quality in study population. From this respect, it seems that providing essential interventions and psychological counseling services could be constructive for the freshmen medical students.

Emotion differentiation and negative emotional states: the mediating role of perceived academic control and the moderated effect of intrinsic motivation

University students experience academic pressure, fatigue, and changes in their everyday and social lives during their transition into college. This study explored variables that influenced first-year students' stress, anxiety, and depression at a university in Chile. The remnant of long-term social unrest, which emerged at the end of the dictatorship in 1990, has lasted for more than three decades. It is present in the education sector and might reflect the negative emotional states that Chilean students still experience. In this way, students' capacity to distinguish and to regulate stress, anxiety, and depression is crucial, especially in contexts where intense negative emotional states occur; thus, more research is needed to achieve a richer understanding in academic settings. The study involved testing hypotheses over 6 months to undertake a regression-based path analysis using simple mediation and moderated mediation analysis. Results revealed that students' perceptions of their academic control mediated the relationship between their factor differentiation of emotional experiences and stress, anxiety, and depression. The indirect effect was statistically significantly moderated by intrinsic motivation. Consequently, the effect of their ability to differentiate emotions on stress, anxiety, and depression through the mediator changed due to the levels of intrinsic motivation. Implications and recommendations are discussed.