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Mahmood RA, Hasan A, Rahmatullah M, Paul AK, Jahan R, Jannat K, Bondhon TA, Mahboob T, Nissapatorn V, de Lourdes Pereira M, Paul TK, Rumi OH, Wiart C, Wilairatana P. Solanaceae Family Phytochemicals as Inhibitors of 3C-Like Protease of SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Analysis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154739. [PMID: 35897915 PMCID: PMC9331421 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, emerged in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China. As of 8 April 2022, the virus has caused a global pandemic, resulting in 494,587,638 infections leading to 6,170,283 deaths around the world. Although several vaccines have received emergency authorization from USA and UK drug authorities and two more in Russia and China, it is too early to comment on the prolonged effectiveness of the vaccines, their availability, and affordability for the developing countries of the world, and the daunting task to vaccinate 7 billion people of the world with two doses of the vaccine with additional booster doses. As a result, it is still worthwhile to search for drugs and several promising leads have been found, mainly through in silico studies. In this study, we have examined the binding energies of several alkaloids and anthocyanin derivatives from the Solanaceae family, a family which contains common consumable vegetables and fruit items such as eggplant, pepper, and tomatoes. Our study demonstrates that Solanaceae family alkaloids such as incanumine and solaradixine, as well as anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, have very high predicted binding energies for the 3C-like protease of SARS-CoV-2 (also known as Mpro). Since Mpro is vital for SARS-CoV-2 replication, the compounds merit potential for further antiviral research towards the objective of obtaining affordable drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisul Awal Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Anamul Hasan
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (A.H.); (A.K.P.); (R.J.); (K.J.); (T.A.B.); (T.K.P.); (O.H.R.)
| | - Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (A.H.); (A.K.P.); (R.J.); (K.J.); (T.A.B.); (T.K.P.); (O.H.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (M.d.L.P.)
| | - Alok K. Paul
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (A.H.); (A.K.P.); (R.J.); (K.J.); (T.A.B.); (T.K.P.); (O.H.R.)
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Rownak Jahan
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (A.H.); (A.K.P.); (R.J.); (K.J.); (T.A.B.); (T.K.P.); (O.H.R.)
| | - Khoshnur Jannat
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (A.H.); (A.K.P.); (R.J.); (K.J.); (T.A.B.); (T.K.P.); (O.H.R.)
| | - Tohmina Afroze Bondhon
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (A.H.); (A.K.P.); (R.J.); (K.J.); (T.A.B.); (T.K.P.); (O.H.R.)
| | - Tooba Mahboob
- School of Allied Health Sciences and World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (T.M.); (V.N.)
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences and World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (T.M.); (V.N.)
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (M.d.L.P.)
| | - Tridib K. Paul
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (A.H.); (A.K.P.); (R.J.); (K.J.); (T.A.B.); (T.K.P.); (O.H.R.)
| | - Ommay Hany Rumi
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (A.H.); (A.K.P.); (R.J.); (K.J.); (T.A.B.); (T.K.P.); (O.H.R.)
| | - Christophe Wiart
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
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