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Hass RM, Stitt D. Neurological Effects of Stimulants and Hallucinogens. Semin Neurol 2024; 44:459-470. [PMID: 38889896 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we will discuss the history, pharmacodynamics, and neurotoxicity of psychostimulants and hallucinogens. The drugs discussed are widely used and have characteristic toxidromes and potential for neurological injuries with which the practicing clinician should be familiar. Psychostimulants are a class of drugs that includes cocaine, methamphetamine/amphetamines, and cathinones, among others, which produce a crescendoing euphoric high. Seizures, ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, rhabdomyolysis, and a variety of movement disorders are commonly encountered in this class. Hallucinogens encompass a broad class of drugs, in which the user experiences hallucinations, altered sensorium, distorted perception, and cognitive dysfunction. The experience can be unpredictable and dysphoric, creating a profound sense of anxiety and panic in some cases. Recognizing the associated neurotoxicities and understanding the appropriate management is critical in caring for these patient populations. Several of these agents are not detectable by standard clinical laboratory analysis, making identification and diagnosis an even greater challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece M Hass
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Derek Stitt
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Neumann J, Dhein S, Kirchhefer U, Hofmann B, Gergs U. Effects of congeners of amphetamine on the human heart. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:4615-4642. [PMID: 38340182 PMCID: PMC11166837 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-02983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Central stimulatory and hallucinogenic drugs of abuse like amphetamine and most congeners of amphetamine can have cardiac harmful effects. These cardiac side effects can lead to morbidities and death. In this paper, we review current knowledge on the direct and indirect effects of these amphetamine congeners on the mammalian heart-more specifically, the isolated human heart muscle preparation. In detail, we address the question of whether and how these drugs affect cardiac contractility and their mechanisms of action. Based on this information, further research areas are defined, and further research efforts are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Neumann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 4, 06112, D-06097, Halle, Germany.
| | - Stefan Dhein
- Rudolf-Boehm Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Britt Hofmann
- Cardiac Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06097, Halle, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gergs
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 4, 06112, D-06097, Halle, Germany
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3
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Pardo B, Nobajas Ganau A, Zeiler I. Modelling the amount of inputs needed for methamphetamine manufacture in Afghanistan. Addiction 2024; 119:1013-1020. [PMID: 38509858 DOI: 10.1111/add.16474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The use and manufacture of methamphetamine has increased in Afghanistan in recent years. Recent research and reports have pointed to the ephedra plant, which grows wildly, as a key source of ephedrine used in the manufacture of methamphetamine. This paper aimed to estimate the relative efficiencies and scale of inputs required to manufacture methamphetamine in Afghanistan. METHODS Monte Carlo simulations model of the amount of ephedra or cold medications needed to render a pure kilogram of methamphetamine in Afghanistan, accounting for uncertainty in ranges of key parameters informed from the literature and elsewhere. Final estimates were extrapolated to recent seizure totals. RESULTS For dried ephedra, the median estimate is 196.8 kg (25th-75th percentiles 119.3-346.6 kg) needed to produce 1 kg of methamphetamine compared with 27.9 kg (25th-75th percentiles 21.9-36.8 kg) for cold medications. Nearly 2.7 t of methamphetamine were seized in Afghanistan in 2021. Assuming a purity range of 50%-90%, some 266-478 t of dried ephedra or 38-68 t of cold medication would need to have been processed. CONCLUSION Simulated estimates show that considerable amounts of either ephedra or cold medication are needed to produce 1 kg of methamphetamine in Afghanistan. This raises questions about the plausibility of ephedra as the dominant source of Afghanistan's methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Pardo
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Research and Trends Analysis Branch, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Irmgard Zeiler
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Research and Trends Analysis Branch, Vienna, Austria
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Chroho M, Bailly C, Bouissane L. Ethnobotanical Uses and Pharmacological Activities of Moroccan Ephedra Species. PLANTA MEDICA 2024; 90:336-352. [PMID: 38423032 DOI: 10.1055/a-2269-2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Ephedra species are among the most popular herbs used in traditional medicine for a long time. The ancient Chinese medical book "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" refers to the classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription Ge Gen decoction, which consists of seven herbs, including an Ephedra species. Ephedra species are utilized all over the world to treat symptoms of the common cold and coughs, and to combat major human diseases, such as asthma, cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular and digestive disorders, and microbial infections. This study aimed at identifying specific Ephedra species used traditionally in Morocco for therapeutic purposes. The plant parts, their preparation process, and the treated pathologies were identified and analyzed. The results revealed five ethnobotanically important species of Ephedra: Ephedra alata Decne, Ephedra altissima Desf., Ephedra distachya L., Ephedra fragilis Desf., and Ephedra nebrodensis Tineo. These species are used traditionally in Morocco for treating people with diabetes, cancer, rheumatism, cold and asthma, hypertension, influenza virus infection, and respiratory ailments. In addition, they are occasionally used as calefacient agents, to regulate weight, or for capillary care. Few studies have underlined the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of some of these Moroccan Ephedra species, but little information is available regarding the natural products at the origin of the bioactivities. Further phytochemical investigations and clinical data are encouraged to better support the use of these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Chroho
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, Lille, France
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Albert Lespagnol, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, France
| | - Latifa Bouissane
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
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Osmic N, Culum D, Ibragic S. Catechins and other phenolic compounds in herb of eight Ephedra species in comparison to Camellia sinensis. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1457-1462. [PMID: 36416500 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2149517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using HPLC-DAD the presence of catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, kaempferol and protocatehuic acid was analysed in herb extracts of eight Ephedra species (Ephedra sinica, Ephedra major, Ephedra chilensis, Ephedra ciliata, Ephedra foeminea, Ephedra equisetina, Ephedra gerardiana and Ephedra distachya). For comparison purposes, the same phenolics were determined in Camellia sinensis herb, which is a common source of catechins and a medicinal plant with valuable antioxidant properties. The catechin content in Ephedra spp. ranged between 0.83 mg/g d.w.- 8.77 mg/g d.w., while the epicatechin content was between 0.11 mg/g d.w.- 3.38 mg/g d.w. In comparison to black tea, Ephedra major, Ephedra distachya and Ephedra equisetina had a higher catechin content. The selected Ephedra spp. are rich in catechins and the obtained results serve as the chemical rationale for the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of Ephedra that are currently being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nudjejma Osmic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dusan Culum
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Saida Ibragic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Naderi A, Akıncıoğlu A, Çağan A, Çelikkaleli H, Akıncıoğlu H, Göksu S. Design, synthesis and anticholinergic properties of novel α-benzyl dopamine, tyramine, and phenethylamine derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107146. [PMID: 38262088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to the important biological properties of dopamine, phenethylamine, and tyramine derivatives in the central nervous system, herein the synthesis of novel α-benzyl dopamine, phenethylamine, and tyramine derivatives is described. The title compounds were synthesized starting from 3-phenylpropanoic acids and methoxybenzenes in six or seven steps. Firstly, 3-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid (11) and 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid (12) were selectively brominated with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS). The Friedel-Crafts acylation of methoxylated benzenes with these brominated acids or commercially available 3-phenylpropanoic acid in polyphosphoric acid gave the desired dihydrochalcones. α-Carboxylation of dihydrochalcones, reduction of benzylic carbonyl groups, hydrolysis of esters to acid derivatives, and the Curtius rearrangement reaction of acids followed by in situ synthesis of carbamates from alkyl isocyanates and hydrogenolysis of the carbamates afforded the title compounds in good total yields. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are chronic neurodegenerative diseases that become serious over time. However, the exact pathophysiology of both diseases has not been revealed yet. There have been many different approaches to the treatment of patients for many years, especially studies on the cholinergic system cover a wide area. Within the scope of this study, the inhibition effects of dopamine-derived carbamates and amine salts on the cholinergic enzymes AChE and BChE were examined. Dopamine-derived carbamate 24a-i showed inhibition in the micro-nanomolar range; compound 24d showed a Ki value of 26.79 nM against AChE and 3.33 nM against BChE, while another molecule, 24i, showed a Ki range of 27.24 nM and 0.92 nM against AChE and BChE, respectively. AChE and BChE were effectively inhibited by dopamine-derived amine salts 25j-s, with Ki values in the range of 17.70 to 468.57 µM and 0.76-211.23 µM, respectively. Additionally, 24c, 24e and 25m were determined to be 60, 276 and 90 times more selective against BChE than AChE, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Naderi
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Erzurum, Turkiye
| | - Akın Akıncıoğlu
- Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Central Researching Laboratory, 04100, Ağrı, Turkiye; Vocational School, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, 04100, Ağrı, Turkiye
| | - Ahmet Çağan
- Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Central Researching Laboratory, 04100, Ağrı, Turkiye
| | - Hilal Çelikkaleli
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Erzurum, Turkiye
| | - Hülya Akıncıoğlu
- Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Faculty of Arts and Science, 04100 Ağrı, Turkiye
| | - Süleyman Göksu
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Erzurum, Turkiye.
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Kang YE, Chae J, Nguyen TT, Kang JJ, Oh SY. A Case Report of Acute Bilateral Mydriasis Induced by Herbal Medication. Neuroophthalmology 2024; 48:193-197. [PMID: 38756336 PMCID: PMC11095564 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2023.2301363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ma Huang (Ephedra), a traditional herbal remedy, which contains pseudoephedrine and ephedrine, has sympathomimetic characteristics. Despite being banned by the Federal Drug Administration in 2004, it is still used for weight loss and energy boosting in some countries. A previous healthy 42-year-old woman experienced sudden blurred vision in both eyes. Her pupils were dilated to 6 mm each, showing diminished light reflex responses, and were not responsive to both 0.1% and 1% pilocarpine. The day before the onset of her symptoms she had taken a herbal supplement. The woman's herbal medicine was believed to contain ephedrine, a component found in Ma Huang. The sympathomimetic effects of this substance could potentially induce mydriasis. After discontinuing the medication, her symptoms improved over 4 days, leading to a suspicion of drug-induced bilateral mydriasis. Herbal products prescribed for weight loss, which may contain potential elements such as Ma Huang, could lead to unforeseen side effects like bilateral mydriasis, and should be appropriately highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Eun Kang
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Juhee Chae
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Thanh Tin Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Jin-Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Oh
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
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Woo SC, Lyu YR, Lee SW, Kwon OJ, Choi YE, Yang C, Park YC. Efficacy, Safety and Economic Evaluation of Wolbigachul-Tang for Chronic Cough Due to Upper Airway Cough Syndrome (UACS): A Study Protocol for Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Comparator Controlled, Parallel, Exploratory Clinical Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2733. [PMID: 37893807 PMCID: PMC10606134 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11202733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Upper airway cough syndrome (UACS) is a common cause of chronic cough characterized by upper airway symptoms, including nasal discharge and throat discomfort. Empirical treatments for UASC-induced chronic cough, such as first-generation antihistamines, have been used; however, the long-term use of these medicines has adverse effects. Therefore, we evaluate the efficacy, safety, and economic feasibility of Wolbigachul-tang (WBGCT), an herbal medication for UASC-induced chronic cough. This is a randomized, double-blind, active-comparator-controlled, parallel, and exploratory clinical trial. Thirty patients with UASC-induced chronic cough will be recruited and randomly allocated to the WBGCT and control groups in a 1:1 allocation ratio. The investigational medicine will be administered three times per day for 2 weeks (3 g of WBGCT at a time). The primary outcome measure is the cough symptom score measured at screening, before starting the trial, and after 2 and 4 weeks. Secondary outcome measures include the cough visual analog scale, nasal discharge score, questionnaire of clinical symptoms of cough and sputum, Leicester cough questionnaire-Korean version, integrative medicine outcome scale, integrative medicine patient satisfaction scale, and 5-level EuroQol 5-dimensional questionnaire, which will be assessed before starting the trial and after 2 and 4 weeks. This study aims to investigate the efficacy, safety, and economic feasibility of WBGCT in the treatment of chronic cough. Therefore, the results of this trial provide evidence for the application of WBGCT in the treatment of UACS-induced chronic cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Cheon Woo
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea; (S.-C.W.); (S.W.L.)
| | - Yee Ran Lyu
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (Y.R.L.); (O.-J.K.)
| | - Su Won Lee
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea; (S.-C.W.); (S.W.L.)
| | - O-Jin Kwon
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (Y.R.L.); (O.-J.K.)
| | - Young-Eun Choi
- Clinical Research Coordinating Team, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea;
| | - Changsop Yang
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (Y.R.L.); (O.-J.K.)
| | - Yang Chun Park
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea; (S.-C.W.); (S.W.L.)
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Zheng Q, Mu X, Pan S, Luan R, Zhao P. Ephedrae herba: A comprehensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116153. [PMID: 36641108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ephedrae herba (called Mahuang in China) is the dried herbaceous stem of Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C. A. Mey., and Ephedra equisetina Bge. Ephedrae herba has a long history of use as an herb, and it was originally recorded in Sheng Nong's herbal classic. Ephedrae herba has also been widely used as both medicine and food. In the clinic, Ephedrae herba is commonly used for treating colds, bronchial asthma, nasal congestion, and other diseases. AIM OF REVIEW This review aims to provide a systematic summary on the traditional use, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, clinical applications, quality control, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics of Ephedrae herba to provide a theoretical basis for further reasonable development of Ephedrae herba in clinical practice and creation of new drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information on Ephedrae herba was gathered from various sources, including the scientific databases including CNKI, PubMed, SciFinder and ScienceDirect, classical books on traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Ph.D. and M.Sc. dissertations; Baidu Scholar; and from different professional websites. RESULTS Ephedrae herba is distributed in regions of China and other areas. Ephedra and its compound preparations can be used for colds, bronchial asthma, nasal congestion and other diseases. Approximately 281 chemical constituents have been isolated from Ephedrae herba, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides, volatile oils, organic acids, and other compounds. Among these constituents, alkaloids and volatile oils are the most abundant and represent the major bioactive constituents. Ephedrae herba possesses multiple pharmacological activities, including diuretic effect, anti-allergic effect, blood pressure regulatory, anti-inflammatory effect, anti-oxidation effect and anti-viral effects. Ephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride are generally selected as indicators for the quantitative determination of Ephedrae herba. The maximum dosage of Ephedrae herba should not exceed 10 g. If overused, adverse reactions such as palpitations, sweating, irritability and insomnia will occur. CONCLUSIONS Ephedrae herba is an ancient herbal medicine with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities that has been used for thousands of years in China. It is one of the most commonly used herbal components of the TCM formulas. Hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine are the major bioactive constituents. However, there is a need to further understand the mechanisms of active components of Ephedrae herba. Future studies should perform an in-depth analyses of the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of toxicity of Ephedrae herba. Quality standards should be developed to correspond to the various application methods to ensure the efficacy of drugs in actual treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingge Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Xiangyu Mu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Shaobin Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Ruqiao Luan
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Pan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
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Wang Q, Bian Y, Zhang Y, Sun DM, Wang WL, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Feng XS, He ZW. Development of Sampling, Pretreatment and Detection Methods for Ephedrine and Related Substances in Complex Samples. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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The large part German medicine has played in the development of experimental pharmacology in Japan. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:35-42. [PMID: 36282300 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The history of hitherto existing pharmacology in Japan presented here is authored in commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. After the publication of the new book of anatomy "Anatomische Tabellen" translated into Japanese in 1774, the foundation of understanding the medical science was gradually formed in Japan under seclusion policy, and, since the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the modernization of Japanese medicine was rapidly fostered on the basis of German medicine. Thus, the Japanese government officially adopted German medicine, and the philosophy and practice of German medical schools were incorporated. Most of the medical texts used in Japan were of German origins, often in Dutch translations, and many Japanese physicians and medical researchers studied abroad in Germany. The start of experimental pharmacology in Japan was also made up by Japanese disciples of Oswald Schmiedeberg, who was the one of founders of the Archives in 1873. Additionally, it was customary for professor candidates in charge of pharmacology in medical faculties in Japan to go to Germany and study pharmacology. Through such historical circumstances, the Japanese Pharmacology Society has been established to fulfill the responsibility for contributing internationally to world-class research achievements in the field of medical sciences by supplying numerous talented pharmacologists. During the course of the development of experimental pharmacology in Japan, the Archives has provided an excellent stage for many Japanese pharmacologists to publish their research outcomes to proliferate them internationally. Without German medicine influence, Japanese pharmacology would not have been what it is today.
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Al-Radadi NS. Ephedra mediated green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and evaluation of its antioxidant, antipyretic, anti-asthmatic, and antimicrobial properties. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic Effects of Ephedra foeminea Aqueous Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112338. [PMID: 35684137 PMCID: PMC9182796 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ephedra foeminea is known in Jordan as Alanda and traditionally. It is used to treat respiratory symptoms such as asthma and skin rashes as an infusion in boiling water. The purpose of this study was to determine the antidiabetic property of Ephedra foeminea aqueous extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: The aqueous extract of Ephedra foeminea plant was used to determine the potential of its efficacy in the treatment of diabetes, and this extract was tested on diabetic rats as a model. The chemical composition of Ephedra foeminea aqueous extract was determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Antioxidant activity was assessed using two classical assays (ABTS and DPPH). Results: The most abundant compounds in the Ephedra foeminea extract were limonene (6.3%), kaempferol (6.2%), stearic acid (5.9%), β-sitosterol (5.5%), thiamine (4.1%), riboflavin (3.1%), naringenin (2.8%), kaempferol-3-rhamnoside (2.3%), quercetin (2.2%), and ferulic acid (2.0%). The antioxidant activity of Ephedra foeminea aqueous extract was remarkable, as evidenced by radical scavenging capacities of 12.28 mg Trolox/g in ABTS and 72.8 mg GAE/g in DPPH. In comparison to control, induced diabetic rats treated with Ephedra foeminea extract showed significant improvement in blood glucose levels, lipid profile, liver, and kidney functions. Interleukin 1 and glutathione peroxidase levels in the spleen, pancreas, kidney, and liver of induced diabetic rats treated with Ephedra foeminea extract were significantly lower than in untreated diabetic rats. Conclusions: Ephedra foeminea aqueous extract appears to protect diabetic rats against oxidative stress and improve blood parameters. In addition, it has antioxidant properties that might be very beneficial medicinally.
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Stephenson T. Hazards of medical terminology from classical languages: it's all Greek (and Latin) to me! Arch Dis Child 2022; 108:361-362. [PMID: 35477647 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-324107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wang HL, Chen FQ, Wu LJ. Ephedrine ameliorates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) through restraining endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in vitro and in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 103:107842. [PMID: 34953449 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease with limited therapeutic options. Ephedrine (Eph) isolated from Ephedra exerts regulatory role in inflammatory response. However, its effects on COPD development still remain unknown. In the present study, we found that Eph significantly ameliorated apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory response in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-stimulated human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). Moreover, all these cellular events attenuated by Eph were closely associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreasing. Furthermore, we found that the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated signaling could be down-regulated by Eph in HBECs without any stimuli. Meanwhile, ER stress was strongly induced by CSE, which was, however, effectively mitigated by Eph exposure in HBECs. Intriguingly, we found that Eph-alleviated cell death, ROS generation and inflammation were almost eliminated by the promotion of ER stress via over-expressing Bip in HBECs upon CSE stimulation. Moreover, Eph administration significantly ameliorated pulmonary indexes and histological impairments in mice with long-term CS exposure, which were largely through the suppression of inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress via blocking ER stress as detected in vitro. Collectively, all these findings indicated that Eph exhibited protective effects against CS-caused COPD by hindering ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lei Wang
- Department of the Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 209 Jianhua South Road, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang 050030, China
| | - Fen-Qiao Chen
- Emergency Department, Hebei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 389 Zhongshan East Road, Changan District, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Li-Juan Wu
- Emergency Department, Hebei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 389 Zhongshan East Road, Changan District, Shijiazhuang 050011, China.
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16
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Garzon-Siatoya WT, Carrillo-Martin I, Chiarella SE, Gonzalez-Estrada A. State-of-the-art beta-adrenoreceptor agonists for the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 23:243-254. [PMID: 34753370 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1988074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma, a heterogeneous disease, is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. β2-adrenoreceptor agonists (β2-agonists) remain pivotal for asthma management. Short-acting β2-agonists (SABAs) result in rapid symptomatic alleviation and bronchospasm prevention. Patients experience significant clinical benefits from therapy with long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs) with efficacy to bronchodilate, and prolonged lung function betterment. Recently discovered β2-agonists with longer half-lives offer once-daily dosing. AREAS COVERED The authors provide a thorough review of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, tolerability, classification, and safety of β2-agonists through an in-depth review of current literature using these databases: U.S. National Institutes of Health's National Library of Medicine (NIH/NLM), PubMed Central, and NLM clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION β2- agonists act primarily on airway smooth muscle cells and are quintessential for adequate asthma management. Given their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, SABAs are used as rescue medication. Notably, the current Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) strategy document recommends using LABA/inhaled corticosteroid combinations both as a daily controller and as a rescue medication. Clinicians should assess this new treatment plan on a per-case basis, making sure to evaluate inhaler adherence and treat modifiable risk factors. The development of next-generation β2- agonists is an exciting research area that could significantly improve patients' adherence to treatment regimens and, consequently, asthma control and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tatiana Garzon-Siatoya
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Ismael Carrillo-Martin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Sergio E Chiarella
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Alexei Gonzalez-Estrada
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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Wei X, Zhao Z, Zhong R, Tan X. A comprehensive review of herbacetin: From chemistry to pharmacological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114356. [PMID: 34166735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herbacetin is an active constituent of traditional Chinese medicines such as Ephedra sinica Stapf (MaHuang) and Sedum roseum (L.). Scop. (Hong JingTian). MaHuang was used to treat cough, asthma, fever, and edema for more than 5000 years, while Hong JingTian was used to treat depression, fatigue, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Recent studies indicate that herbacetin and its glycosides play a critical role in the pharmacological activities of these herbs. However, currently, no comprehensive review on herbacetin has been published yet. AIM OF THE STUDY This review aimed to summarize information on the chemistry, natural sources, and pharmacokinetic features of herbacetin, with an emphasis on its pharmacological activities and possible mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was performed on the Web of Science, PubMed, and China Knowledge Resource Integrated databases (CNKI) using the search term "herbacetin" ("all fields") from 1935 to 2020. Information was also obtained from classic books of Chinese herbal medicine, Chinese pharmacopeia, and the database "The Plant List" (www.theplantlist.org). Studies have been analyzed and summarized in this review if they dealt with chemistry, taxonomy, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacological activity. RESULTS Herbacetin is distributed in various plants and can be extracted or synthesized. It showed diverse pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase. It is thought to have great potential in cancer treatment, especially colon and skin cancers. However, the bioavailability of herbacetin is low and the toxicity of herbacetin has not been studied. Thus, more studies are required to solve these problems. CONCLUSIONS Herbacetin shows promising pharmacological activities against multiple diseases. Future research should focus on improving bioavailability, further studying its pharmacological mechanism, evaluating its toxicity and optimal dose, and performing the clinical assessment. We hope that the present review will serve as a guideline for future research on herbacetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangzhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation, Technology, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhejun Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Rongheng Zhong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaomei Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangzhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation, Technology, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Aburahma A, Pachhain S, Choudhury SR, Rana S, Phuntumart V, Larsen R, Sprague JE. Potential Contribution of the Intestinal Microbiome to Phenethylamine-Induced Hyperthermia. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:256-271. [PMID: 33472193 DOI: 10.1159/000512098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phenethylamines (e.g., methamphetamine) are a common source of drug toxicity. Phenethylamine-induced hyperthermia (PIH) can activate a cascade of events that may result in rhabdomyolysis, coagulopathy, and even death. Here, we review recent evidence that suggests a potential link between the gut-brain axis and PIH. Within the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, phenethylamines lead to changes in catecholamine levels, that activate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and increase the peripheral levels of norepinephrine (NE), resulting in: (1) the loss of heat dissipation through α1 adrenergic receptor (α1-AR)-mediated vasoconstriction, (2) heat generation through β-AR activation and subsequent free fatty acid (FFA) activation of uncoupling proteins (UCPs) in brown and white adipose tissue, and (3) alteration of the gut microbiome and its link to the gut-brain axis. Recent studies have shown that phenethylamine derivatives can influence the composition of the gut microbiome and thus its metabolic potential. Phenethylamines increase the relative level of Proteuswhich has been linked to enhanced NE turnover. Bidirectional fecal microbial transplants (FMT) between PIH-tolerant and PIH-naïve rats demonstrated that the transplantation of gut microbiome can confer phenotypic hyperthermic and tolerant responses to phenethylamines. These phenethylamine-mediated changes in the gut microbiome were also associated with epigenetic changes in the mediators of thermogenesis. Given the significant role that the microbiome has been shown to play in the maintenance of body temperature, we outline current studies demonstrating the effects of phenethylamines on the gut microbiome and how these microbiome changes may mechanistically contribute to alterations in body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Aburahma
- The Ohio Attorney General's Center for the Future of Forensic Science, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Sudhan Pachhain
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Sayantan Roy Choudhury
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Srishti Rana
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Vipa Phuntumart
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Ray Larsen
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Jon E Sprague
- The Ohio Attorney General's Center for the Future of Forensic Science, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA,
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19
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Gad MZ, Azab SS, Khattab AR, Farag MA. Over a century since ephedrine discovery: an updated revisit to its pharmacological aspects, functionality and toxicity in comparison to its herbal extracts. Food Funct 2021; 12:9563-9582. [PMID: 34533553 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02093e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ephedrine, a sympathomimetic amine that exhibits several adrenaline actions, is a plant alkaloid that is a common ingredient in several cold, asthma and narcolepsy treatment preparations, and in obesity management and sport medicine. Its principal action mechanism relies on its direct adrenergic actions as well as indirect role that involves the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, thus increasing the activity of epinephrine and norepinephrine at the postsynaptic α and β receptors. Nevertheless, its serious side effects, including stroke, heart attack, drug abuse and interactions, have never been comprehensively reviewed. We conducted a systematic review of data on ephedrine, including its occurrence in functional foods, pharmacological aspects, metabolism, pharmaco/toxicokinetics and clinical features. Furthermore, a review of ephedrine natural structural analogues with regards to their differential adrenergic receptor binding affinities, food interaction, and their impact on the pharmacokinetics and effects relative to ephedrine are presented for the first time, and in comparison to its action when present in herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Z Gad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar S Azab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira R Khattab
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt. .,Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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20
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Zhu Y, Liu L, Gao B, Liu J, Qiao X, Lian C, He Y. TCDO: A Community-Based Ontology for Integrative Representation and Analysis of Traditional Chinese Drugs and Their Properties. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:6637810. [PMID: 34603473 PMCID: PMC8483929 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6637810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese drugs (TCDs) have been widely used in clinical practice in China and many other regions for thousands of years. Nowadays TCD's bioactive ingredients and mechanisms of action are being identified. However, the lack of standardized terminologies or ontologies for the description of TCDs has hindered the interoperability and deep analysis of TCD knowledge and data. By aligning with the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), an ISO-approved top-level ontology, we constructed a community-driven TCD ontology (TCDO) with the aim of supporting standardized TCD representation and integrated analysis. TCDO provides logical and textual definitions of TCDs, TCD categories, and the properties of TCDs (i.e., nature, flavor, toxicity, and channel tropism). More than 400 popular TCD decoction pieces (TCD-DPs) and Chinese medicinal materials (CMMs) are systematically represented. The logical TCD representation in TCDO supports computer-assisted reasoning and queries using tools such as Description Logic (DL) and SPARQL queries. Our statistical analysis of the knowledge represented in TCDO revealed scientific insights about TCDs. A total of 36 TCDs with medium or high toxicity are most densely distributed, primarily in Aconitum genus, Lamiids clade, and Fabids clade. TCD toxicity is mostly associated with the hot nature and pungent or bitter flavors and has liver, kidney, and spleen channel tropism. The three pairs of TCD flavor-nature associations (i.e., bitter-cold, pungent-warm, and sweet-neutral) were identified. The significance of these findings is discussed. TCDO has also been used to support the development of a web-based traditional Chinese medicine semantic annotation system that provides comprehensive annotation for individual TCDs. As a novel formal TCD ontology, TCDO lays out a strong foundation for more advanced TCD studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xingchao Qiao
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chaojie Lian
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102627, China
| | - Yongqun He
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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21
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Sharma HS, Lafuente JV, Feng L, Muresanu DF, Menon PK, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Buzoianu AD, Sjöquist PO, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Methamphetamine exacerbates pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury at high altitude. Neuroprotective effects of nanodelivery of a potent antioxidant compound H-290/51. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 266:123-193. [PMID: 34689858 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel are often exposed to high altitude (HA, ca. 4500-5000m) for combat operations associated with neurological dysfunctions. HA is a severe stressful situation and people frequently use methamphetamine (METH) or other psychostimulants to cope stress. Since military personnel are prone to different kinds of traumatic brain injury (TBI), in this review we discuss possible effects of METH on concussive head injury (CHI) at HA based on our own observations. METH exposure at HA exacerbates pathophysiology of CHI as compared to normobaric laboratory environment comparable to sea level. Increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, edema formation and reductions in the cerebral blood flow (CBF) following CHI were exacerbated by METH intoxication at HA. Damage to cerebral microvasculature and expression of beta catenin was also exacerbated following CHI in METH treated group at HA. TiO2-nanowired delivery of H-290/51 (150mg/kg, i.p.), a potent chain-breaking antioxidant significantly enhanced CBF and reduced BBB breakdown, edema formation, beta catenin expression and brain pathology in METH exposed rats after CHI at HA. These observations are the first to point out that METH exposure in CHI exacerbated brain pathology at HA and this appears to be related with greater production of oxidative stress induced brain pathology, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Preeti K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Per-Ove Sjöquist
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Bhaktavalsala Suresh A, Kilingar Nadumane V. The metabolite 5-methyl-1,3-benzenediol and its derivative methyl-2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate from the lichen Parmotrema tinctorum with potent apoptotic and anti-angiogenesis effects. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:346. [PMID: 34178568 PMCID: PMC8212346 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature has been a rich resource of novel anticancer agents, one such source being lichens, which represent the symbiosis between algae and fungi with diverse range of secondary metabolites having therapeutic significance. With respect to this, the present study evaluates the in vitro apoptogenic profile of secondary metabolites from the lichen Parmotrema tinctorum towards cancer cell lines. Treatment with TLC-purified fraction 1 from P. tinctorum resulted in significant reduction in the cell viabilities of cancer cells with IC50 values ranging between 1.2 and 12.8 μg/ml. The potential anticancer effect of the bioactive fraction was further supported by Trypan blue cell viability, LDH and DNA fragmentation assays. At the cellular level, induction of apoptosis was confirmed through the activation of the caspase cascade and apoptotic cells accumulating in the Sub-G1 phase of cell cycle. Angiogenesis being one of the major characteristics needed for cancer growth, the ability of the lichen fraction to inhibit angiogenesis was checked through in ovo Yolk Sac Membrane (YSM) assay and was found to be significant. The study also verified the non-toxic nature of the bioactive fraction towards normal human peripheral lymphocytes. HPLC analysis and GC-MS characterisation of the bioactive fraction indicated the presence of 5-methyl-1,3-benzenediol and its derivative methyl-2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashrini Bhaktavalsala Suresh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Block-I, Jain (Deemed-to-be-University), #18/3, 9th Main, III Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore, 560 011 India
| | - Varalakshmi Kilingar Nadumane
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Block-I, Jain (Deemed-to-be-University), #18/3, 9th Main, III Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore, 560 011 India
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23
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Morelli M, Tognotti E. Brief history of the medical and non-medical use of amphetamine-like psychostimulants. Exp Neurol 2021; 342:113754. [PMID: 34000249 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The alkaloid ephedrine derived from Ephedra vulgaris is at the origin of psychostimulant-drugs as amphetamine. These drugs have been principally utilized for medical treatments in the past, while their utilization has been largely reduced from the 1970s when the high risk of addiction and abuse has been recognized. The first reported treatments were as anti-asthmatics and to contrast narcolepsy until their recreational stimulant and anorexic effects were reported. Benzedrine and Pervitin use were of great importance during the Second World War due to their abundant utilization among military troops. Nowadays the use of selective amphetamine-like drugs is limited to ADHD treatment.
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Głowacka K, Wiela-Hojeńska A. Pseudoephedrine-Benefits and Risks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105146. [PMID: 34067981 PMCID: PMC8152226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoephedrine (PSE) is a drug with a long history of medical use; it is helpful in treating symptoms of the common cold and flu, sinusitis, asthma, and bronchitis. Due to its central nervous system (CNS) stimulant properties and structural similarity to amphetamine, it is also used for non-medical purposes. The substance is taken as an appetite reducer, an agent which eliminates drowsiness and fatigue, to improve concentration and as a doping agent. Due to its easier availability, it is sometimes used as a substitute for amphetamine or methamphetamine. Pseudoephedrine is also a substrate (precursor) used in the production of these drugs. Time will tell whether legal restrictions on the sale of this drug will reduce the scale of the problem associated with its misuse.
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25
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Oesch F, Oesch-Bartlomowicz B, Efferth T. Toxicity as prime selection criterion among SARS-active herbal medications. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:153476. [PMID: 33593628 PMCID: PMC7840405 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present here a new selection criterion for prioritizing research on efficacious drugs for the fight against COVID-19: the relative toxicity versus safety of herbal medications, which were effective against SARS in the 2002/2003 epidemic. We rank these medicines according to their toxicity versus safety as basis for preferential rapid research on their potential in the treatment of COVID-19. The data demonstrate that from toxicological information nothing speaks against immediate investigation on, followed by rapid implementation of Lonicera japonica, Morus alba, Forsythia suspensa, and Codonopsis spec. for treatment of COVID-19 patients. Glycyrrhiza spec. and Panax ginseng are ranked in second priority and ephedrine-free Herba Ephedrae extract in third priority (followed by several drugs in lower preferences). Rapid research on their efficacy in the therapy - as well as safety under the specific circumstances of COVID-19 - followed by equally rapid implementation will provide substantial advantages to Public Health including immediate availability, enlargement of medicinal possibilities, in cases where other means are not successful (non-responders), not tolerated (sensitive individuals) or just not available (as is presently the case) and thus minimize sufferings and save lives. Moreover, their moderate costs and convenient oral application are especially advantageous for underprivileged populations in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Oesch
- Institute of Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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26
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Alharbi AS, Yousef AA, Alharbi SA, Al-Shamrani A, Alqwaiee MM, Almeziny M, Said YS, Alshehri SA, Alotaibi FN, Mosalli R, Alawam KA, Alsaadi MM. Application of aerosol therapy in respiratory diseases in children: A Saudi expert consensus. Ann Thorac Med 2021; 16:188-218. [PMID: 34012486 PMCID: PMC8109687 DOI: 10.4103/atm.atm_74_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saudi Pediatric Pulmonology Association (SPPA) is a subsidiary of the Saudi Thoracic Society (STS), which consists of a group of Saudi experts with well-respected academic and clinical backgrounds in the fields of asthma and other respiratory diseases. The SPPA Expert Panel realized the need to draw up a clear, simple to understand, and easy to use guidance regarding the application of different aerosol therapies in respiratory diseases in children, due to the high prevalence and high economic burden of these diseases in Saudi Arabia. This statement was developed based on the available literature, new evidence, and experts' practice to come up with such consensuses about the usage of different aerosol therapies for the management of respiratory diseases in children (asthma and nonasthma) in different patient settings, including outpatient, emergency room, intensive care unit, and inpatient settings. For this purpose, SPPA has initiated and formed a national committee which consists of experts from concerned specialties (pediatric pulmonology, pediatric emergency, clinical pharmacology, pediatric respiratory therapy, as well as pediatric and neonatal intensive care). These committee members are from different healthcare sectors in Saudi Arabia (Ministry of Health, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Education, and private healthcare sector). In addition to that, this committee is representing different regions in Saudi Arabia (Eastern, Central, and Western region). The subject was divided into several topics which were then assigned to at least two experts. The authors searched the literature according to their own strategies without central literature review. To achieve consensus, draft reports and recommendations were reviewed and voted on by the whole panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel S. Alharbi
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military City, Ministry of Defence, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Yousef
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Alharbi
- Department of Pediatrics, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Soliman Fakeeh Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Shamrani
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military City, Ministry of Defence, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour M. Alqwaiee
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military City, Ministry of Defence, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almeziny
- Department of Pharmacy, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazan S. Said
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Ali Alshehri
- Department of Emergency, Pediatric Emergency Division, Prince Sultan Medical Military City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal N. Alotaibi
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military City, Ministry of Defence, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafat Mosalli
- Department of Pediatrics, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, International Medical Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Ali Alawam
- Department of Respiratory Therapy Sciences, Inaya Medical College, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muslim M. Alsaadi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Khan YH, Uttra AM, Qasim S, Mallhi TH, Alotaibi NH, Rasheed M, Alzarea AI, Iqbal MS, Alruwaili NK, Khan SUD, Alanazi AS. Potential Role of Phytochemicals Against Matrix Metalloproteinase Induced Breast Cancer; An Explanatory Review. Front Chem 2021; 8:592152. [PMID: 33520928 PMCID: PMC7843438 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.592152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) estimated breast cancer as one of the most prevailed malignancy around the globe. Its incident cases are gradually increasing every year, resulting in considerable healthcare burden. The heterogeneity of breast cancer accounts for its differential molecular subtyping, interaction between pathways, DNA damaging, and chronic inflammation. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of zinc-containing, calcium dependent endopeptidases which play a substantial role in breast carcinogenesis through several mechanisms. These mechanisms include remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM), cell proliferation, and angiogenesis which promote metastasis and result in tumor progression. In this context, compounds bearing MMP inhibitory potential can serve as potent therapeutic agents in combating MMPs provoked breast cancer. Current systematic review aimed to encompass the details of potent natural lead molecules that can deter MMPs-provoked breast cancer. Following the critical appraisal of literature, a total of n = 44 studies that explored inhibitory effect of phytochemicals on MMPs were included in this review. These phytoconstituents include alkaloids (n = 11), flavonoids (n = 23), terpenoids (n = 7), and lignans (n = 2). The most common inhibitory methods used to evaluate efficacy of these phytoconstituents included Gelatin Zymography, Western Blotting, and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Moreover, current limitations, challenges, and future directions of using such compounds have been critically discussed. This review underscores the potential implications of phytochemicals in the management of breast cancer which could lessen the growing encumbrance of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusra Habib Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sumera Qasim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Hadal Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Rasheed
- Institute of Pharmacy, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Shahid Iqbal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Salah-Ud-Din Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Salah Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
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Miao SM, Zhang Q, Bi XB, Cui JL, Wang ML. A review of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Ephedra herb. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:321-344. [PMID: 32451091 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ephedra herb is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long history. Conventionally, it was used as a folk phytomedicine in many ancient medical books and traditional prescriptions. Up to date, a variety of specific ingredients have been found in Ephedra herb, mainly including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides, organic acids, volatile oils, and many other active compounds. These components from Ephedra herb account for its use as the accurate treatment of cold, cough, cardiovascular and immune system disease, cancer, microbial infection, and other diseases. Moreover, with the fast development of novel chemistry and medicine technology, new chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Ephedra herb are increasingly identified, demonstrating their great potential for various diseases treatment. Therefore, further detailed understanding and investigation of this ancient herb will offer new opportunities to develop novel therapeutics. This study systematically reviews its progress of phytochemistry, traditional and modern pharmacology based on research data that have been reported, aiming at providing useful insight for commercial exploitation, further study and precision medication of Ephedra herb in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Man Miao
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiao-Bao Bi
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science (CBSS), School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Jin-Long Cui
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Meng-Liang Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Summer K, Browne J, Liu L, Benkendorff K. Molluscan Compounds Provide Drug Leads for the Treatment and Prevention of Respiratory Disease. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18110570. [PMID: 33228163 PMCID: PMC7699502 DOI: 10.3390/md18110570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases place an immense burden on global health and there is a compelling need for the discovery of new compounds for therapeutic development. Here, we identify research priorities by critically reviewing pre-clinical and clinical studies using extracts and compounds derived from molluscs, as well as traditional molluscan medicines, used in the treatment of respiratory diseases. We reviewed 97 biomedical articles demonstrating the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties of >320 molluscan extracts/compounds with direct relevance to respiratory disease, in addition to others with promising bioactivities yet to be tested in the respiratory context. Of pertinent interest are compounds demonstrating biofilm inhibition/disruption and antiviral activity, as well as synergism with approved antimicrobial and chemotherapeutic agents. At least 100 traditional medicines, incorporating over 300 different mollusc species, have been used to treat respiratory-related illness in cultures worldwide for thousands of years. These medicines provide useful clues for the discovery of bioactive components that likely underpin their continued use. There is particular incentive for investigations into anti-inflammatory compounds, given the extensive application of molluscan traditional medicines for symptoms of inflammation, and shells, which are the principal molluscan product used in these preparations. Overall, there is a need to target research toward specific respiratory disease-related hypotheses, purify bioactive compounds and elucidate their chemical structures, and develop an evidence base for the integration of quality-controlled traditional medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Summer
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, GPO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia;
| | - Jessica Browne
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Terminal Drive, Bilinga, QLD 4225, Australia;
| | - Lei Liu
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, GPO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia;
| | - Kirsten Benkendorff
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, 2 Bay Drive, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-429-520-589
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Duan S, Xie L, Zheng L, Huang J, Guo R, Sun Z, Xie Y, Lv J, Lin Z, Ma S. Long-term exposure to ephedrine leads to neurotoxicity and neurobehavioral disorders accompanied by up-regulation of CRF in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in rhesus macaques. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112796. [PMID: 32634541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction continues to threaten the health and welfare of people worldwide, and ephedrine abuse is a serious drug problem in many areas of the world. Ephedrine toxicity is thought to induce behavioral effects primarily through actions on the central nervous system. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system plays an important role in regulating behavioral effects induced by addictive drugs, but whether CRF is related to ephedrine toxicity remains unclear. This study seeks to examine whether there is a correlation between the CRF and chronic ephedrine neurotoxicity. To this end, we established a chronic ephedrine (0.4-1.6 mg/kg/d) exposure model in rhesus macaques, assessed its effects on body weight and behavior, examined neuronal changes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and measured the CRF expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. After 8-weeks of exposure to ephedrine, the toxic effects of ephedrine included significant weight loss and induction of behavioral changes in rhesus macaques. In particular, in the modeling group, the abnormal behavioral changes mainly manifested as irritability and behavioral sensitization. Meanwhile, the histological abnormalities included neuronal morphological changes, pyknosis and irregular shapes of neurons in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In addition, the expression levels of CRF mRNA and protein were increased in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of ephedrine-treated animals. In summary, the finding of this study indicated that ephedrine neurotoxicity can cause neuronal damage in cerebral cortex, which in turn can result in certain neurobehavioral abnormalities, and that CRF expression in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus is elevated in response to ephedrine exposure. These observations suggested that long-term exposure to ephedrine might be causing neurotoxicity and leading to neurobehavioral disorders accompanied by up-regulation of CRF in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxing Duan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Lian Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - JinZhuang Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - RuiWei Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - ZongBo Sun
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - JunYao Lv
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - ZhiRong Lin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuhua Ma
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
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A Review of the Ephedra genus: Distribution, Ecology, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143283. [PMID: 32698308 PMCID: PMC7397145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ephedra is one of the largest genera of the Ephedraceae family, which is distributed in arid and semiarid regions of the world. In the traditional medicine from several countries some species from the genus are commonly used to treat asthma, cold, flu, chills, fever, headache, nasal congestion, and cough. The chemical constituents of Ephedra species have been of research interest for decades due to their contents of ephedrine-type alkaloids and its pharmacological properties. Other chemical constituents such as phenolic and amino acid derivatives also have resulted attractive and have provided evidence-based supporting of the ethnomedical uses of the Ephedra species. In recent years, research has been expanded to explore the endophytic fungal diversity associated to Ephedra species, as well as, the chemical constituents derived from these fungi and their pharmacological bioprospecting. Two additional aspects that illustrate the chemical diversity of Ephedra genus are the chemotaxonomy approaches and the use of ephedrine-type alkaloids as building blocks in organic synthesis. American Ephedra species, especially those that exist in Mexico, are considered to lack ephedrine type alkaloids. In this sense, the phytochemical study of Mexican Ephedra species is a promising area of research to corroborate their ephedrine-type alkaloids content and, in turn, discover new chemical compounds with potential biological activity. Therefore, the present review represents a key compilation of all the relevant information for the Ephedra genus, in particular the American species, the species distribution, their ecological interactions, its ethnobotany, its phytochemistry and their pharmacological activities and toxicities, in order to promote clear directions for future research.
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Habchi KM, Li MT, Mallard CA, Baker M, Ortega R. The Anesthesiologist's Armamentarium: From Recreation to Medication and Back. J Anesth Hist 2020; 6:17-26. [PMID: 32473762 DOI: 10.1016/j.janh.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
For millennia, mankind has sought a means of altering consciousness, often aided by naturally occurring elements. Psychotropic substances have been an integral part of spiritual, medicinal, and recreational aspects of life. The origin of anesthesiology stems directly from the use of recreational drugs; early inhaled anesthetics were first used as a means of entertainment. Hence, it is no surprise that many medications in the anesthesiologist's armamentarium are diverted for recreational use. In the 172 years following the first successful public demonstration of ether anesthesia, many drugs with abuse potential have been introduced to the practice of anesthesia. Although anesthesiologists are aware of the abuse potential of these drugs, how these drugs are obtained and used for recreational purposes is worthy of discussion. There are articles describing the historical and recreational use of specific drug classes. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review focusing on the breadth of drugs used by anesthesiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam M Habchi
- Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118.
| | - Michael T Li
- Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118.
| | | | | | - Rafael Ortega
- Boston Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, 1 Boston Medical Center Place, Boston, MA 02118.
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A Review on Worldwide Ephedra History and Story: From Fossils to Natural Products Mass Spectroscopy Characterization and Biopharmacotherapy Potential. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:1540638. [PMID: 32419789 PMCID: PMC7210547 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1540638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing worldwide, the genus Ephedra (family Ephedraceae) had a medicinal, ecological, and economic value. The extraordinary morphological diversity suggests that Ephedra was survivor of an ancient group, and its antiquity is also supported by fossil data. It has recently been suggested that Ephedra appeared 8–32 million years ago, and a few megafossils document its presence in the Early Cretaceous. Recently, the high analytical power provided by the new mass spectrometry (MS) instruments is making the characterization of Ephedra metabolites more feasible, such as ephedrine series. In this regard, the chemical compounds isolated from crude extracts, fractions, and few isolated compounds of Ephedra species were characterized by MS-based techniques (LC-MS, LC-ESI-MS, HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS, LC-DAD-ESI/MSn, LC/Orbitrap MS, etc.). Moreover, we carry out an exhaustive review of the scientific literature on biomedicine and pharmacotherapy (anticancer, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antiarthritic, and anti-influenza activities; proapoptotic and cytotoxic potential; and so on). Equally, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were discussed. This review is focused on all these topics, along with current studies published in the last 5 years (2015–2019) providing in-depth information for readers.
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Duan S, Ma Y, Xie L, Zheng L, Huang J, Guo R, Sun Z, Xie Y, Lv J, Lin Z, Ma S. Effects of Chronic Ephedrine Toxicity on Functional Connections, Cell Apoptosis, and CREB-Related Proteins in the Prefrontal Cortex of Rhesus Monkeys. Neurotox Res 2020; 37:602-615. [PMID: 31858422 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ephedrine abuse has spread in many parts of the world, severely threatening human health. The mechanism of ephedrine toxicity is still unclear. To explore the possible neural mechanisms of ephedrine toxicity, this study established a non-human primate model of ephedrine exposure, analyzed the functional connectivity changes in its prefrontal cortex through resting state BOLD-fMRI, and then inspected the pathophysiological changes as well as the expression of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB), phosphorylated CREB (P-CREB), and CREB target proteins (c-fos and fosB) in the prefrontal cortex. After ephedrine toxicity, we found that the prefrontal cortex of monkeys strengthened its functional connectivity with the brain regions that perform motivation, drive, reward, and learning and memory functions and weakened its functional connectivity with the brain regions that perform cognitive control. These results suggest that ephedrine toxicity causes abnormal neural circuits that lead to the amplification and enhancement of drug-related cues and the weakening and damage of cognitive control function. Histology showed that the neurocytotoxicity of ephedrine can cause neuronal degeneration and apoptosis. Real-time PCR and Western blot showed increased expression of CREB mRNA and CREB/P-CREB/c-fos/fosB protein in the prefrontal cortex after ephedrine toxicity. Collectively, the present study indicates that the enhancement of drug-related cues and the weakening of cognitive control caused by abnormal neural circuits after drug exposure may be a major mechanism of brain function changes caused by ephedrine. These histological and molecular changes may be the pathophysiological basis of brain function changes caused by ephedrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxing Duan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Ma
- Department of Linguistics & Languages, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lei Xie
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhuang Huang
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiwei Guo
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongbo Sun
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Xie
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyao Lv
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Lin
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Ma
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
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Lo PC, Lin SK, Lai JN. Long-term use of Chinese herbal medicine therapy reduced the risk of asthma hospitalization in school-age children: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. J Tradit Complement Med 2020; 10:141-149. [PMID: 32257877 PMCID: PMC7109476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials have indicated some traditional Chinese medicine formulas reduce airway hyperresponsiveness and relieve asthma symptoms. This study investigated Chinese herbal Medicine (CHM) for childhood asthma and clarified the relationship between CHM use and consequent asthma hospitalization by a population-based cohort study. METHODS We used the data of one million individuals randomly selected from Registry of Beneficiaries of the National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients aged less than 18 years and diagnosed as asthma were followed from 2000 to 2012 and divided into the CHM group and the non-CHM group. Cox proportional hazard regression model was conducted to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of the two groups, and the Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to determine the association between CHM cumulative days and consequent asthma hospitalization. RESULTS Of the total of 33,865 patients, 14,783 (43.6%) were included in the CHM group, and 19,082 (56.4%) were included in the non-CHM group. After adjustment for gender, age, comorbidities, and total numbers of asthma medication, CHM users had a lower risk of asthma hospitalization than non-CHM users (aHR: 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83-0.95). Children older than 6 years who used CHM therapy for more than 180 days exhibited a reduction of 29% for the risk of consequent asthma hospitalization (aHR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.51-0.98). CONCLUSION Children aged 6-18 years who used more than 6 months CHM therapy reduced the risk of consequent asthma hospitalization. Long-term CHM therapy has benefit in school-age children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chia Lo
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong St, Beitou Dist, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Taiwan Association for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Family, 9F, No.105, Yusheng St, Shilin Dist, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Ku Lin
- Taiwan Association for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Family, 9F, No.105, Yusheng St, Shilin Dist, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong St, Beitou Dist, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Renai Branch, No.10, Sec.4, Renai Rd, Daan Dist, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Nien Lai
- Taiwan Association for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Family, 9F, No.105, Yusheng St, Shilin Dist, Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, North Dist, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, No.2, Yude Rd, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Syari DM, Rosidah R, Hasibuan PAZ, Haro G, Satria D. Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activity Alkaloid Fractions of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Fruits. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:3745-3747. [PMID: 32127967 PMCID: PMC7048336 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: This study was carried out to investigate cytotoxic activity towards T47D, 4T1, MCF-7, HeLa, and Raji cells of alkaloid fractions of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. fruits. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. METHODS: The fruit was extracted by maceration. The ethanol extract was fractionated with liquid-liquid extraction using n-hexane, chloroform at pH 3, 7, and 9 to obtained alkaloid fractions. Cytotoxic activity for fraction chloroform at pH 7 and 9 was determined with MTT assay. RESULTS: The IC50 of fraction chloroform at pH 7 and 9 was (92.67 ± 1.37; 71.87 ± 1.04; 159.87 ± 0.63; 123.39 ± 0.81; and 103.09 ± 0.58 µg/mLfor pH 7) and (451.29 ± 25.48; 247.18 ± 2.82; 318.46 ± 5.40; 303.96 ± 8.75; and 181.45 ± 1.35 µg/mL for pH 9) respectively. CONCLUSION: The results reveal that alkaloid fractions at pH 7 and 9 of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Fruits have cytotoxic activity. Our further study is to isolate and assesses anticancer activity from alkaloid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Maya Syari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Rosidah Rosidah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | | | - Ginda Haro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Denny Satria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
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Mondal A, Gandhi A, Fimognari C, Atanasov AG, Bishayee A. Alkaloids for cancer prevention and therapy: Current progress and future perspectives. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 858:172472. [PMID: 31228447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alkaloids are important chemical compounds that serve as a rich source for drug discovery. Numerous alkaloids screened from medicinal plants and herbs showed antiproliferative and anticancer effects on wide category of cancers both in vitro and in vivo. Vinblastine, vinorelbine, vincristine, and vindesine have already been successfully developed as anticancer drugs. The available and up-to-date information on the ethnopharmacological uses in traditional medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical utility of alkaloids were collected using various resources (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Springerlink). In this article, we provide a comprehensive and critical overview on naturally-occurring alkaloids with anticancer activities and highlight the molecular mechanisms of action of these secondary metabolites. Furthermore, this review also presents a summary of synthetic derivatives and pharmacological profiles useful to researchers for the therapeutic development of alkaloids. Based on the literature survey compiled in this review, alkaloids represent an important group of anticancer drugs of plant origin with enormous potential for future development of drugs for cancer therapy and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Mondal
- Department of Pharmacy, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, Kolkata, 700 053, West Bengal, India.
| | - Arijit Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Durgapur, 713 212, West Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552, Jastrzebiec, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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Abstract
The genus Ephedra of the Ephedraceae family contains more than 60 species of nonflowering seed plants distributed throughout Asia, America, Europe, and North Africa. These Ephedra species have medicinal, ecological, and economic value. This review aims to summarize the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of the Ephedra species to unveil opportunities for future research. Comprehensive information on the Ephedra species was collected by electronic search (e.g., GoogleScholar, Pubmed, SciFinder, and Web of Science) and phytochemical books. The chemical compounds isolated from the Ephedra species include alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides, and others. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on the crude extracts, fractions and few isolated compounds of Ephedra species showed anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-obesity, antiviral, and diuretic activities. After chemical and pharmacological profiling, current research is focused on the antibacterial and antifungal effects of the phenolic acid compounds, the immunosuppressive activity of the polysaccharides, and the antitumor activity of flavonoids.
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Babor M, Nievergelt PP, Čejka J, Zvoníček V, Spingler B. Microbatch under-oil salt screening of organic cations: single-crystal growth of active pharmaceutical ingredients. IUCRJ 2019; 6:145-151. [PMID: 30713712 PMCID: PMC6327184 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252518017876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent solid forms of active pharmaceutical ingredients represent a modern method of tuning their physicochemical properties. Typically, salts are the most commonly used multicomponent solid form in the pharmaceutical industry. More than 38% are formulated as organic cations. Salt screening is an essential but demanding step when identifying the most appropriate formulation. The microbatch under-oil crystallization technique of proteins has been combined with the previously developed high-throughput vapour-diffusion screening for use as a novel method of primary salt screening of organic cations. The procedure allows the set up of about 100 crystallization experiments per 30 min. This requires between 17 and 564 mg of screened cationic active pharmaceutical ingredients, which were of moderate to very high water solublity. Five distinct organic salts, three of them diverse active pharmaceutical compounds or the other enantiomer thereof, in the form of chloride salts were tested. The screening was extremely successful; at least two new single-crystal structures could be obtained for each particular compound and many more salts as single crystals were formed compared with our previous vapour-diffusion method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Babor
- Department of Solid State Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Zentiva k.s., U kabelovny 130, Prague 10 10237, Czech Republic
| | - Philipp P. Nievergelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jan Čejka
- Department of Solid State Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Zvoníček
- Zentiva k.s., U kabelovny 130, Prague 10 10237, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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Xu P, Song Y, Feng B, Zeng Q, Shan B, Liu K, Su D. Multi-component profiles through the blood-brain barrier in rat after oral administration of over-the-counter drug Keke capsule by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole- time-of-flight MS E method. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4380. [PMID: 30178888 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Keke capsule as a traditional Chinese medicine formulation is used to relieve cough, for analgesia and to reduce bronchial asthma. The multi-components are absorbed into the blood and brain after oral administration of Keke capsule, with no systematic investigation so far. A reliable and rapid UPLC-QTOF-MSE combined with a data processing software platform was used to characterize the components of Keke capsule and simultaneously identify bioactive components in blood and brain tissues in rat after oral administration. Consequently, a total of 41 components of Keke capsule, including alkaloids, flavone, flavonols, triterpene, lignanoid, organic acids, glycosides and coumarin were identified. Twenty-one components were found in plasma, including 18 prototypes and three metabolites; 15 components were found in brain tissues, including 10 prototypes and five metabolites. Alkaloids and flavonoids in Keke capsule were the main components which were absorbed into blood. The main alkaloids of Keke capsule can pass through the blood-brain barrier and show different distribution tendencies in brain tissues. The main components of keke capsule was simultaneously analyzed by throughput analysis, and the corresponding bioactive components were examined by blood-brain barrier in the rat after oral administration of the capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yonggui Song
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Bingwei Feng
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Baixi Shan
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Kuangyi Liu
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Changning District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Su
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Roe AL, McMillan DA, Mahony C. A Tiered Approach for the Evaluation of the Safety of Botanicals Used as Dietary Supplements: An Industry Strategy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:446-457. [PMID: 29882956 PMCID: PMC6175063 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to botanicals in dietary supplements is increasing across many geographies; with increased expectations from consumers, regulators, and industry stewards centered on quality and safety of these products. We present a tiered approach to assess the safety of botanicals, and an in silico decision tree to address toxicity data gaps. Tier 1 describes a Threshold of Toxicologic Concern (TTC) approach that can be used to assess the safety of conceptual levels of botanicals. Tier 2 is an approach to document a history of safe human use for botanical exposures higher than the TTC. An assessment of botanical-drug interaction (BDI) may also be necessary at this stage. Tier 3 involves botanical chemical constituent identification and safety assessment and the in silico approach as needed. Our novel approaches to identify potential hazards and establish safe human use levels for botanicals is cost and time efficient and minimizes reliance on animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Roe
- The Procter and Gamble CompanyMason Business CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Donna A. McMillan
- The Procter and Gamble CompanyMason Business CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Catherine Mahony
- Procter and Gamble Technical Centres LtdGreater London Innovation CentreEghamUK
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Anderson SD. Repurposing drugs as inhaled therapies in asthma. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 133:19-33. [PMID: 29906501 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
For the first 40 years of the 20th century treatment for asthma occurred in response to an asthma attack. The treatments were given by injection or orally and included the adrenergic agonists adrenalin/epinephrine and ephedrine and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor theophylline. Epinephrine became available as an aerosol in 1930. After 1945, isoprenaline, a non-selective beta agonist, became available for oral use but it was most widely used by inhalation. Isoprenaline was short-acting with unwanted cardiac effects. More selective beta agonists, with a longer duration of action and fewer side-effects became available, including orciprenaline in 1967, salbutamol in 1969 and terbutaline in 1970. The inhaled steroid beclomethasone was available by 1972 and budesonide by 1982. Spirometry alone and in response to exercise was used to assess efficacy and duration of action of these drugs for the acute benefits of beta2 agonists and the chronic benefits of corticosteroids. Early studies comparing oral and aerosol beta2 agonists found equivalence in bronchodilator effect but the aerosol treatment was superior in preventing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Inhaled drugs are now widely used including the long-acting beta2 agonists, salmeterol and formoterol, and the corticosteroids, fluticasone, ciclesonide, mometasone and triamcinolone, that act locally and have low systemic bio-availability. Repurposing drugs as inhaled therapies permitted direct delivery of low doses of drug to the site of action reducing the incidence of unwanted side-effects and permitting the prophylactic treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Anderson
- Clinical Professor, Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Liu L, Wang LP, He S, Ma Y. Immune Homeostasis: Effects of Chinese Herbal Formulae and Herb-Derived Compounds on Allergic Asthma in Different Experimental Models. Chin J Integr Med 2018; 24:390-398. [PMID: 29752613 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-2836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is thought to arise from an imbalance of immune regulation, which is characterized by the production of large quantities of IgE antibodies by B cells and a decrease of the interferon-γ/interleukin-4 (Th1/Th2) ratio. Certain immunomodulatory components and Chinese herbal formulae have been used in traditional herbal medicine for thousands of years. However, there are few studies performing evidence-based Chinese medicine (CM) research on the mechanisms and effificacy of these drugs in allergic asthma. This review aims to explore the roles of Chinese herbal formulae and herb-derived compounds in experimental research models of allergic asthma. We screened published modern CM research results on the experimental effects of Chinese herbal formulae and herb-derived bioactive compounds for allergic asthma and their possible underlying mechanisms in English language articles from the PubMed and the Google Scholar databases with the keywords allergic asthma, experimental model and Chinese herbal medicine. We found 22 Chinese herb species and 31 herb-derived anti-asthmatic compounds as well as 12 Chinese herbal formulae which showed a reduction of airway hyperresponsiveness, allergen-specifific immunoglobulin E, inflflammatory cell infifiltration and a regulation of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo, respectively. Chinese herbal formulae and herbderived bioactive compounds exhibit immunomodulatory, anti-inflflammatory and anti-asthma activities in different experimental models and their various mechanisms of action are being investigated in modern CM research with genomics, proteomics and metabolomics technologies, which will lead to a new era in the development of new drug discovery for allergic asthma in CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China.,University Course of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lin-Peng Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Shan He
- Molecular Research in Traditional Chinese Medicine Group, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yan Ma
- University Course of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Molecular Research in Traditional Chinese Medicine Group, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
AIM Extracts from Ephedra species have been reported to be effective as antidiabetics. A previous in silico study predicted that ephedrine and five ephedrine derivatives could contribute to the described antidiabetic effect of Ephedra extracts by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). Finding selective DPP-IV inhibitors is a current therapeutic strategy for Type 2 diabetes mellitus management. Therefore, the main aim of this work is to experimentally determine whether these alkaloids are DPP-IV inhibitors. Materials & methods: The DPP-IV inhibition of Ephedra's alkaloids was determined via a competitive-binding assay. Then, computational analyses were used in order to find out the protein-ligand interactions and to perform a lead optimization. RESULTS Our results show that all six molecules are DPP-IV inhibitors, with IC50 ranging from 124 μM for ephedrine to 28 mM for N-methylpseudoephedrine. CONCLUSION Further computational analysis shows how Ephedra's alkaloids could be used as promising lead molecules for designing more potent and selective DPP-IV inhibitors.
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Crisafulli E, Frizzelli A, Fantin A, Manco A, Mangia A, Pisi G, Fainardi V, Alfieri V, Aiello M, Bertorelli G, Chetta A. Next generation beta adrenoreceptor agonists for the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:1499-1505. [PMID: 28891349 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1378348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A fixed-dose inhalation of a long-acting β-agonist (LABA) and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) is commonly recommended for moderate to severe asthmatic patients not adequately controlled by an ICS only. In order to improve the patients' adherence and the control of disease there is a noteworthy interest for the next generation inhaled β adrenoreceptor agonists maintaining an over 24 hours bronchodilatation and used once-daily (ultra-LABAs). This review focuses on the currently available evidences on the clinical role of any single ultra-LABAs in the treatment of asthmatic patients. Areas covered: New ultra-LABAs have been developed in recent years for the treatment of asthma. In particular, several evidences in asthmatic patients include indacaterol, vilanterol, olodaterol, and abediterol. Expert opinion: Pharmacologically, all new ultra-LABAs considered have demonstrated a good ability to maintain a true bronchodilatation for over 24 hours and a good safety profile. This aspect could be a key point to improve the patient's perspective, the adherence to the treatment regimens and therefore the control of disease. At this time, however, limited data are available and no ultra-LABA+ICS may be recommended as preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Crisafulli
- a Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Annalisa Frizzelli
- a Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Alberto Fantin
- a Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Alessandra Manco
- a Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Angelo Mangia
- a Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Giovanna Pisi
- b Cystic Fibrotic Centre , University Hospital , Parma , Italy
| | | | - Veronica Alfieri
- a Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Marina Aiello
- a Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Giuseppina Bertorelli
- a Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Alfredo Chetta
- a Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
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Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Three Ephedrines in Rat after Oral Administration of Unprocessed and Honey-Fried Ephedra Extract by Response Surface Experimental Design. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:2802193. [PMID: 28706557 PMCID: PMC5494778 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2802193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ephedra have been used as a common traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. However, the perspiration effect of the unprocessed ephedra was too strong. Clinical trials have shown that processing methods play a critical role in moderating the perspiration property of ephedra according to the needs. A LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to compare the pharmacokinetic properties of the three ephedrines after oral administration of unprocessed and honey-fried ephedra extract. The contents of honey, frying temperature, and frying time were set at 20%, 116°C, and 7 min by the Box-Behnken response surface method, respectively. In the pharmacokinetics study, the biosamples were pretreated and extracted by protein precipitation method with acetonitrile and separated on an Agilent TC-C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid methanol and 5 mM ammonium acetate aqueous solution (5 : 95, v/v). All calibration curves were linear (r > 0.9932) with lower limits of quantitation (LLOQs) < 12 ng/mL. The mean recoveries of the three analytes were higher than 75%. The pharmacokinetics study indicated that the reduced absorption of ephedrine hydrochloride (EH) and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (PEH) in honey-fried ephedra group might be the main reason for the moderation of the diaphoretic property.
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Matsumoto T, Kushida H, Matsushita S, Oyama Y, Suda T, Watanabe J, Kase Y, Setou M. Distribution Analysis via Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Ephedrine in the Lungs of Rats Orally Administered the Japanese Kampo Medicine Maoto. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44098. [PMID: 28272490 PMCID: PMC5341069 DOI: 10.1038/srep44098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Maoto, a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, has been used to treat various respiratory diseases, including respiratory infections and influenza. Ephedrine (EPD), the main ingredient in maoto, is also clinically used to treat respiratory diseases. However, the pharmacokinetics and distribution of EPD in the lungs after the administration of maoto have not been demonstrated. This study aimed to determine the concentrations, distribution, and pharmacokinetics of EPD and its precursor methylephedrine (MEPD) in the lungs of rats orally administered maoto (1 and 4 g/kg). We used liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry to measure the ingredient concentrations. Both ingredients were detected in maoto-treated lung homogenates. Next, we examined the distribution of both ingredients in lung sections by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging, a powerful tool for the visualization of the distribution of biological molecules. The mass spectrometry imaging analysis detected only EPD and provided the first visual demonstration that EPD is distributed in the alveoli, bronchi, and bronchioles in the lungs of rats orally administered maoto (4 g/kg, three times at 2-h intervals). These results suggest that the pharmacological efficacy of maoto for the amelioration of respiratory symptoms is related to the distribution of EPD in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsumoto
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura &Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kushida
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura &Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shoko Matsushita
- Department of Cellular &Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Oyama
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Junko Watanabe
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura &Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kase
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura &Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cellular &Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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Goforth CW, Kazman JB. Exertional heat stroke in navy and marine personnel: a hot topic. Crit Care Nurse 2016; 35:52-9. [PMID: 25639577 DOI: 10.4037/ccn2015257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Although exertional heat stroke is considered a preventable condition, this life-threatening emergency affects hundreds of military personnel annually. Because heat stroke is preventable, it is important that Navy critical care nurses rapidly recognize and treat heat stroke casualties. Combined intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors can quickly lead to heat stroke if not recognized by deployed critical care nurses and other first responders. In addition to initial critical care nursing interventions, such as establishing intravenous access, determining body core temperature, and assessing hemodynamic status, aggressive cooling measures should be initiated immediately. The most important determinant in heat stroke outcome is the amount of time that patients sustain hyperthermia. Heat stroke survival approaches 100% when evidence-based cooling guidelines are followed, but mortality from heat stroke is a significant risk when care is delayed. Navy critical care and other military nurses should be aware of targeted assessments and cooling interventions when heat stroke is suspected during military operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl W Goforth
- Carl Goforth is the clinical subject matter expert for the Marine Corps Combat Development Command located in Quantico, Virginia. He has more than 20 years of combined Navy and Marine service and has deployed as a critical care and flight nurse attached to US Marine units overseas.Josh Kazman is a research associate with the Consortium for Health and Military Performance at Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. He has worked on a variety of projects and publications related to health disparities, heat tolerance, cardiovascular disease, and injury prevention.
| | - Josh B Kazman
- Carl Goforth is the clinical subject matter expert for the Marine Corps Combat Development Command located in Quantico, Virginia. He has more than 20 years of combined Navy and Marine service and has deployed as a critical care and flight nurse attached to US Marine units overseas.Josh Kazman is a research associate with the Consortium for Health and Military Performance at Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. He has worked on a variety of projects and publications related to health disparities, heat tolerance, cardiovascular disease, and injury prevention
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50
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Validated quantification method for five ephedrines in dietary supplements using LC–MS/MS: Application to 503 cases. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1039:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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