Determination of ABO Blood Groups and Rh Typing from Dry Salivary Samples

The secretor status of blood group antigens in the saliva in people with oral cancers: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Human ABO blood group type and the antigenic secretor status are hypothesized to associate with oral diseases including oral cancer. Secretor status is the ability of individuals to secrete blood group antigens into body fluids. This study aimed to evaluate the secretor status of ABO antigens of saliva in patients with oral cancers or oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) relative to healthy adults.

METHODS

A systematic and comprehensive online search from inception to April 28, 2022, was carried out in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, and Emcare. The language was limited to English. Yielded records were screened by two independent reviewers at the title and abstract phase and at full-text screening. Studies investigating adults (≥ 18 years) with oral cancers or oral potentially malignant disorders compared to adults free of oral cancer were included in this study. Data were extracted according to the planned objectives. Methodological quality was assessed, and the findings were analyzed narratively. Meta-analyses were conducted to pool the odds of the non-secretor status of oral cancers and OPMDs compared to healthy adults.

RESULTS

The search included a total of 34 studies from three databases. Nine duplicates were removed. During the title and abstract screening, 11 irrelevant studies were excluded. Twelve studies were screened during the full-text screening, and eight articles were eligible to be included in the final analysis. A pooled odds ratio (OR) of 3.80 (95%CI, 1.53-9.44) was estimated when pooled 1254 oral cancers and oral potentially malignant disorders patients compared to 666 healthy adults.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The odds of being a non-secretor appear to be approximately 3.8 times higher in patients with oral cancers and oral potentially malignant disorders compared to healthy adults. The lack of ABO blood group antigens in body fluids of non-secretors is more exposed to exogenous antigens than secretors. The host-parasite interactions of secretors and non-secretors underlying oral cancer and other diseases may be evidence to support or refuse them. Clinicians may use the secretor status as a detection test during their regular oral check-ups for high-risk populations for oral cancers. Non-secretors can be given more attention considering them as high-risk groups, and in terms of prognosis, differences between these two groups may be expected.

ABO Blood Grouping and Rhesus Factor Determination From Dental Pulp Tissue: A Forensic Research

Introduction Collection of blood samples from mass disaster victims and blood grouping is a challenging task. This can be attributed to various reasons. From the forensic odontology perspective, teeth and bones are one of the noteworthy remains that can be derived from such sites. Aims and objectives The aim of our study is to detect ABO blood groups and Rhesus (Rh) factor from extirpated pulp tissue of the extracted teeth at zero, three, and six months' time interval by absorption-elution technique. Materials and methods The study consisted of 90 freshly extracted teeth as suggested by a biostatistician. Thirty teeth were analyzed immediately and 60 teeth were stored in vials without any preservative at room temperature. The pulp tissue was extirpated and studied at zero months, three months, and six months to determine blood groups and Rh factors. The extraction socket blood was tested to identify the blood group of that patient and used as a control reference. The blood grouping was done at respective time periods through the absorption-elution method and matched with the control. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The chi-square test and Kruskal-Wallis test were done. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Pulp showed the highest sensitivity for blood groups at zero months but it could be identified up to six months, although the sensitivity and specificity gradually decreased. ABO blood grouping showed higher sensitivity than the Rh factor as time progressed. Conclusion In cases where teeth are the only remains in a forensic condition, the dental pulp can be an authentic source for blood group detection.

Assessment of Salivary ABO Blood Group Antigens and Secretor Status in Sriganganagar, Rajasthan: A Correlational Analysis of 300 Samples

Aim To estimate the ABO blood groups from saliva samples and to correlate with the secretor status. Materials and methods A sample size of 300 individuals was selected from the outpatient department of Surendera Dental College & Research Institute, Sriganganagar, India, and from dental camps organized by the college in the near vicinity. Informed consent was obtained from selected individuals to collect their blood and saliva samples. Salivary samples were evaluated for ABO blood groups by the absorption-inhibition method. The indicator erythrocytes were prepared after blood group confirmation from serum. It was used to identify the blood group antigens in saliva to confirm the secretor status. The results were tabulated and the Pearson's chi-squared test was performed for statistical analysis using SPSS 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Results The present study showed that 282 subjects (94%) were Rhesus positive and 18 subjects (6%) were Rhesus negative. Two-hundred-and-fifty subjects (83.3%) were secretors of antigens in saliva. Non-secretors were 50 subjects (16.7%). We identified that 250/300 were secretors and the majority were in AB & A group. Conclusion Blood groups could not be detected from the saliva of subjects who were non-secretors. In contrast, blood types could be accurately identified from the saliva of those subjects who were secretors of antigen.

Dental Radiographic/Digital Radiography Technology along with Biological Agents in Human Identification

The heavy casualties associated with mass disasters necessitate substantial resources to be managed. The unexpectedly violent nature of such occurrences usually remains a problematic amount of victims that urgently require to be identified by a reliable and economical method. Conventional identification methods are inefficient in many cases such as plane crashes and fire accidents that have damaged the macrobiometric features such as fingerprints or faces. An appropriate recognition method for such cases should use features more resistant to destruction. Forensic dentistry provides the most appropriate available method for the successful identification of victims using careful techniques and precise data interpretation. Since bones and teeth are the most persistent parts of the demolished bodies in sudden mass disasters, scanning and radiographs are unrepeatable parts of forensic dentistry. Forensic dentistry as a scientific method of human remain identification has been considerably referred to be efficient in disasters. Forensic dentistry can be used for either "sex and age estimation," "Medical biotechnology techniques," or "identification with dental records," etc. The present review is aimed at discussing the development and implementation of forensic dentistry methods for human identification. For this object, the literature from the last decade has been searched for the innovations in forensic dentistry for human identification based on the PubMed database.