1
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He L, Kang Q, Chan KI, Zhang Y, Zhong Z, Tan W. The immunomodulatory role of matrix metalloproteinases in colitis-associated cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1093990. [PMID: 36776395 PMCID: PMC9910179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1093990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are an important class of enzymes in the body that function through the extracellular matrix (ECM). They are involved in diverse pathophysiological processes, such as tumor invasion and metastasis, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, periodontal disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, and diseases of the central nervous system. MMPs participate in the occurrence and development of numerous cancers and are closely related to immunity. In the present study, we review the immunomodulatory role of MMPs in colitis-associated cancer (CAC) and discuss relevant clinical applications. We analyze more than 300 pharmacological studies retrieved from PubMed and the Web of Science, related to MMPs, cancer, colitis, CAC, and immunomodulation. Key MMPs that interfere with pathological processes in CAC such as MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-12, and MMP-13, as well as their corresponding mechanisms are elaborated. MMPs are involved in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, angiogenesis, ECM remodeling, and the inflammatory response in CAC. They also affect the immune system by modulating differentiation and immune activity of immune cells, recruitment of macrophages, and recruitment of neutrophils. Herein we describe the immunomodulatory role of MMPs in CAC to facilitate treatment of this special type of colon cancer, which is preceded by detectable inflammatory bowel disease in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying He
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qianming Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ka Iong Chan
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China,*Correspondence: Zhangfeng Zhong, ; Wen Tan,
| | - Wen Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhangfeng Zhong, ; Wen Tan,
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2
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Ham NS, Myung SJ. Endoscopic molecular imaging in inflammatory bowel disease. Intest Res 2021; 19:33-44. [PMID: 32299156 PMCID: PMC7873406 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2019.09175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a technique for imaging the processes occurring in a living body at a molecular level in real-time, combining molecular cell biology with advanced imaging technologies using molecular probes and fluorescence. Gastrointestinal endoscopic molecular imaging shows great promise for improving the identification of neoplasms, providing characterization for patient stratification and assessing the response to molecular targeted therapy. In inflammatory bowel disease, endoscopic molecular imaging can be used to assess disease severity and predict therapeutic response and prognosis. Endoscopic molecular imaging is also able to visualize dysplasia in the presence of background inflammation. Several preclinical and clinical trials have evaluated endoscopic molecular imaging; however, this area is just beginning to evolve, and many issues have not been solved yet. In the future, it is expected that endoscopic molecular imaging will be of increasing interest among clinicians as a new technology for the identification and evaluation of colorectal neoplasm and colitis-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Seok Ham
- Department of Gastroenterology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Seung-Jae Myung, Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea. Tel: +82-2-3010-3917, Fax: +82-2- 476-0824, E-mail:
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3
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Marelli G, Avigni R, Allavena P, Garlanda C, Mantovani A, Doni A, Erreni M. Optical in vivo imaging detection of preclinical models of gut tumors through the expression of integrin αVβ3. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31380-31396. [PMID: 30140377 PMCID: PMC6101137 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical imaging and Fluorescent Molecular Tomography (FMT) are becoming increasingly important for the study of different preclinical models of cancer, providing a non-invasive method for the evaluation of tumor progression in a relatively simple and fast way. Intestinal tumors, in particular colorectal cancer (CRC), represent a major cause of cancer-related death in Western countries: despite the presence of a number of preclinical models of intestinal carcinogenesis, there is a paucity of information about the possibility to detect intestinal tumors using fluorescent probes and optical in vivo imaging. Herein, we identify the detection of integrin αvβ3 by FMT and optical imaging as an effective approach to assess the occurrence and progression of intestinal carcinogenesis in genetic and chemically-induced mouse models. For this purpose, a commercially available probe (IntegriSense), recognizing integrin αvβ3, was injected in APC+/min mice bearing small intestinal adenomas or CRC: FMT analysis allowed a specific tumor detection, further confirmed by subsequent ex vivo imaging or conventional histology. In addition, IntegriSense detection by FMT allowed the longitudinal monitoring of tumor growth. Taken together, our data indicate the possibility to use integrin αvβ3 for the visualization of intestinal tumors in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marelli
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Current address: Center for Molecular Oncology, Bart Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Roberta Avigni
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Allavena
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Doni
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Erreni
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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4
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Ding S, Blue RE, Moorefield E, Yuan H, Lund PK. Ex Vivo and In Vivo Noninvasive Imaging of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition on Colon Tumorigenesis Using Activatable Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes. Mol Imaging 2018; 16:1536012117729044. [PMID: 28884622 PMCID: PMC5595252 DOI: 10.1177/1536012117729044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging combined with enzyme-activatable NIRF probes has yielded promising results in cancer detection. Objective: To test whether 3-dimensional (3-D) noninvasive in vivo NIRF imaging can detect effects of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor on both polypoid and flat tumor load in azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon tumors or tumors in ApcMin/+ mice. Methods: The AOM-injected KK-HIJ mice received EGFR inhibitor diet or chow diet. These and ApcMin/+ mice were given cathepsin-activatable probes (ProSense 680) before imaging. In vivo imaging was performed using quantitative tomographic NIRF imaging. Ex vivo imaging and histologic examination were performed. Dual imaging by micro computed tomography (CT) and 3D NIRF imaging was used to verify tumor location. Results: Tumor load reduction by EGFR inhibition was detected ex vivo using cathepsin B probes. In vivo imaging revealed intense activation of probes only in large tumors. Dual imaging with microCT and 3D NIRF imaging improved tumor detection in vivo. Conclusions: The 3-D NIRF imaging with ProSense 680 can detect and quantify drug effects on colon tumors ex vivo. The NIRF imaging with ProSense 680 probe has limitations as a valid nonendoscopic method for intestinal tumor detection. Combing with other imaging modalities will improve the specificity and sensitivity of intestinal tumor detection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Ding
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Randall E Blue
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily Moorefield
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hong Yuan
- 2 Department of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pauline K Lund
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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5
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Conway JRW, Warren SC, Timpson P. Context-dependent intravital imaging of therapeutic response using intramolecular FRET biosensors. Methods 2017; 128:78-94. [PMID: 28435000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy represents a more physiologically relevant method for assessing therapeutic response. However, the movement into an in vivo setting brings with it several additional considerations, the primary being the context in which drug activity is assessed. Microenvironmental factors, such as hypoxia, pH, fibrosis, immune infiltration and stromal interactions have all been shown to have pronounced effects on drug activity in a more complex setting, which is often lost in simpler two- or three-dimensional assays. Here we present a practical guide for the application of intravital microscopy, looking at the available fluorescent reporters and their respective expression systems and analysis considerations. Moving in vivo, we also discuss the microscopy set up and methods available for overlaying microenvironmental context to the experimental readouts. This enables a smooth transition into applying higher fidelity intravital imaging to improve the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R W Conway
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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6
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Chen YF, Hong J, Wu DY, Zhou YY, D'Ortenzio M, Ding Y, Xia XH. In vivo mapping and assay of matrix metalloproteases for liver tumor diagnosis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26172d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A fluorescent probe constructed by simultaneous modification of FITC-grafted peptide and thiolated mPEG on the surface of gold nanoparticles forin vivomapping and assay of matrix metalloproteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Jin Hong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Sciences
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
| | - Dong-Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | | | - Ya Ding
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Xing-Hua Xia
- Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
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7
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Li F, Li N. Endoscopic molecular imaging of gastrointestinal tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:5333-5341. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i33.5333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In China, the incidence and mortality of gastrointestinal cancers are high, and early diagnosis is the key to improving the survival rate. In recent years, endoscopic molecular imaging in tumor diagnosis with its unique advantages has attracted more and more attention. With the rapid development of molecular biology, the mechanism of tumor occurrence and development has been gradually elucidated. The advent of fluorescent labeled molecular probes and targeted binding to molecular targets of gastrointestinal tumors makes it possible achieve real-time endoscopic molecular diagnosis of digestive tract tumors, which has a significant impact on tumor targeted therapy. In this paper, we review the progress in endoscopic molecular imaging of digestive tract tumors.
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8
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Role of P38 MAPK on MMP Activity in Photothrombotic Stroke Mice as Measured using an Ultrafast MMP Activatable Probe. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16951. [PMID: 26581247 PMCID: PMC4652271 DOI: 10.1038/srep16951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) exert a dual effect in ischemic stroke and thus represent an ideal target for detection and therapy. However, to date, all clinical trials of MMP inhibitors have failed, and alternative drug candidates and therapeutic targets are urgently required. Nonetheless, further investigations are limited by the lack of non-invasive imaging techniques. Here, we report a novel, fast and ultrasensitive MMP activatable optical imaging probe for the dynamic visualization of MMP activity in photothrombotic stroke mice. This probe provides a significant signal enhancement in as little as 15 min, with the highest signal intensity occurring at 1 h post-injection, and shows high sensitivity in measuring MMP activity alterations, which makes it specifically suitable for the real-time visualization of MMP activity and drug discovery in preclinical research. Moreover, using this probe, we successfully demonstrate that the regulation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway is capable of modulating MMP activity after stroke, revealing a novel regulatory mechanism of postischemic brain damage and overcoming the limitations of traditional therapeutic strategies associated with MMP inhibitors by using a non-invasive molecular imaging method.
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9
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Al Rawashdeh W, Arns S, Gremse F, Ehling J, Knüchel-Clarke R, Kray S, Spöler F, Kiessling F, Lederle W. Optical tomography of MMP activity allows a sensitive noninvasive characterization of the invasiveness and angiogenesis of SCC xenografts. Neoplasia 2015; 16:235-46, 246.e1. [PMID: 24784000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For improved tumor staging and therapy control, imaging biomarkers are of great interest allowing a noninvasive characterization of invasiveness. In squamous epithelial skin and cervix lesions, transition to invasive stages is associated with enhanced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, increased angiogenesis, and worsened prognosis. Thus, we investigated MMP activity as imaging biomarker of invasiveness and the potential of optical tomography in characterizing the angiogenic and invasive behavior of skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) xenografts. MMP activity was measured in vivo in HaCaT-ras A-5RT3 tumors at different angiogenic and invasive stages (onset of angiogenesis, intermediate and highly angiogenic, invasive stage) and after 1 week of sunitinib treatment by fluorescence molecular tomography-microcomputed tomography imaging using an activatable probe. Treatment response was additionally assessed morphologically by optical coherence tomography (OCT). In vivo MMP activity significantly differed between the groups, revealing highest levels in the highly angiogenic, invasive tumors that were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. At the onset of angiogenesis with lowest MMP activity, fibroblasts were detected in the MMP-positive areas, whereas macrophages were absent. Accumulation of both cell types occurred in both invasive groups, again to a significantly higher degree at the most invasive and angiogenic stage. Sunitinib treatment significantly reduced the MMP activity and accumulation of fibroblasts and macrophages and blocked tumor invasion that was additionally visualized by OCT. Human cervical SCCs also showed high MMP activity and a similar stromal composition as the HaCaT xenografts, whereas normal tissue was negative. This study strongly suggests MMP activity as imaging biomarker and demonstrates the high sensitivity of optical tomography in determining tumor invasiveness that can morphologically be supported by OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wa'el Al Rawashdeh
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Arns
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Josef Ehling
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruth Knüchel-Clarke
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Kray
- Institute for Semiconductor Electronics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Spöler
- Institute for Semiconductor Electronics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Lederle
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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10
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Cheng D, Zou W, Li X, Xiu Y, Tan H, Shi H, Yang X. Preparation and Evaluation of 99mTc-labeled anti-CD11b Antibody Targeting Inflammatory Microenvironment for Colon Cancer Imaging. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 85:696-701. [PMID: 25346241 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD11b, an active constituent of innate immune response highly expressed in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), can be used as a marker of inflammatory microenvironment, particularly in tumor tissues. In this research, we aimed to fabricate a (99m)Tc-labeled anti-CD11b antibody as a probe for CD11b(+) myeloid cells in colon cancer imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In situ murine colon tumor model was established in histidine decarboxylase knockout (Hdc(-/-)) mice by chemicals induction. (99m)Tc-labeled anti-CD11b was obtained with labeling yields of over 30% and radiochemical purity of over 95%. Micro-SPECT/CT scans were performed at 6 h post injection to investigate biodistributions and targeting of the probe. In situ colonic neoplasma as small as 3 mm diameters was clearly identified by imaging; after dissection of the animal, anti-CD11b immunofluorescence staining was performed to identify infiltration of CD11b+ MDSCs in microenvironment of colonic neoplasms. In addition, the images displayed intense signal from bone marrow and spleen, which indicated the origin and migration of CD11b(+) MDSCs in vivo, and these results were further proved by flow cytometry analysis. Therefore, (99m)Tc-labeled anti-CD11b SPECT displayed the potential to facilitate the diagnosis of colon tumor in very early stage via detection of inflammatory microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weihong Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Xiu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hui Tan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongcheng Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, FudanUniversity, Shanghai, 200032, China
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The introduction of novel molecular imaging modalities that can not only define disease states on the basis of structural changes and morphology, but also allow in-vivo visualization and characterization of molecular and biochemical alterations on a cellular level add a new dimension to our current diagnostic possibilities. The advents of innovative endoscopic devices coupled with the introduction of novel targeting ligands contribute to the recent advances made in the field of molecular imaging. The purpose of this review is to present and discuss the concepts and the potential of novel endoscopic imaging modalities for immune cell monitoring in the intestine. RECENT FINDINGS Recent progress concerning molecular imaging studies in animals and human patients implicates that this approach can be used to improve detection of mucosal lesions in wide-field imaging and for in-vivo characterization of the mucosa with the ultimate goal of assessing the likelihood of response to targeted therapy with biological agents. In particular, molecular endomicroscopy for assessment of mucosal immune responses ('immunoendoscopy') emerges as a novel approach for optimized endoscopic diagnosis and individualized therapy. SUMMARY Molecular imaging modalities in the intestine have the immediate potential to have an impact on current clinical practice and could therefore open new frontiers for clinical endoscopy and give hope for improved diagnosis and targeted therapies.
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12
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Park Y, Ryu YM, Jung Y, Wang T, Baek Y, Yoon Y, Bae SM, Park J, Hwang S, Kim J, Do EJ, Kim SY, Chung E, Kim KH, Kim S, Myung SJ. Spraying quantum dot conjugates in the colon of live animals enabled rapid and multiplex cancer diagnosis using endoscopy. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8896-910. [PMID: 25188899 DOI: 10.1021/nn5009269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The detection of colon cancer using endoscopy is widely used, but the interpretation of the diagnosis is based on the clinician's naked eye. This is subjective and can lead to false detection. Here we developed a rapid and accurate molecular fluorescence imaging technique using antibody-coated quantum dots (Ab-QDs) sprayed and washed simultaneously on colon tumor tissues inside live animals, subsequently excited and imaged by endoscopy. QDs were conjugated to matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 9, MMP 14, or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Abs with zwitterionic surface coating to reduce nonspecific bindings. The Ab-QD probes can diagnose tumors on sectioned mouse tissues, fresh mouse colons stained ex vivo and also in vivo as well as fresh human colon adenoma tissues in 30 min and can be imaged with a depth of 100 μm. The probes successfully detected not only cancers that are readily discernible by bare eyes but also hyperplasia and adenoma regions. Sum and cross signal operations provided postprocessed images that can show complementary information or regions of high priority. This multiplexed quantum dot, spray-and-wash, and endoscopy approach provides a significant advantage for detecting small or flat tumors that may be missed by conventional endoscopic examinations and bestows a strategy for the improvement of cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngrong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , San 31, Hyojadong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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13
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Oh G, Yoo SW, Jung Y, Ryu YM, Park Y, Kim SY, Kim KH, Kim S, Myung SJ, Chung E. Intravital imaging of mouse colonic adenoma using MMP-based molecular probes with multi-channel fluorescence endoscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:1677-89. [PMID: 24877024 PMCID: PMC4026906 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.001677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Intravital imaging has provided molecular, cellular and anatomical insight into the study of tumor. Early detection and treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases can be enhanced with specific molecular markers and endoscopic imaging modalities. We present a wide-field multi-channel fluorescence endoscope to screen GI tract for colon cancer using multiple molecular probes targeting matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) conjugated with quantum dots (QD) in AOM/DSS mouse model. MMP9 and MMP14 antibody (Ab)-QD conjugates demonstrate specific binding to colonic adenoma. The average target-to-background (T/B) ratios are 2.10 ± 0.28 and 1.78 ± 0.18 for MMP14 Ab-QD and MMP9 Ab-QD, respectively. The overlap between the two molecular probes is 67.7 ± 8.4%. The presence of false negative indicates that even more number of targeting could increase the sensitivity of overall detection given heterogeneous molecular expression in tumors. Our approach indicates potential for the screening of small or flat lesions that are precancerous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyungseok Oh
- School of Mechatronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Su Woong Yoo
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yebin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Mi Ryu
- Asan Institute for Life sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngrong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- Asan Institute for Life sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Deparment of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Sungjee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Asan Institute for Life sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center,University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Euiheon Chung
- School of Mechatronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
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14
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Comparison of multiple enzyme activatable near-infrared fluorescent molecular probes for detection and quantification of inflammation in murine colitis models. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:363-77. [PMID: 24374874 PMCID: PMC4618379 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000440612.98950.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activatable near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) probes have been used for ex vivo and in vivo detection of intestinal tumors in animal models. We hypothesized that NIRF probes activatable by cathepsins or metalloproteinases will detect and quantify dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colonic inflammation in wild type mice or chronic colitis in interleukin-10 (IL-10)-null mice ex vivo or in vivo. METHODS Wild type mice given DSS, water controls, and IL-10-null mice with chronic colitis were administered probes by retro-orbital injection. FMT2500 LX system imaged fresh and fixed intestine ex vivo and mice in vivo. Inflammation detected by probes was verified by histology and colitis scoring. NIRF signal intensity was quantified using 2-dimensional region of interest ex vivo or 3-dimensional region of interest analysis in vivo. RESULTS Ex vivo, 7 probes tested yielded significant higher NIRF signals in colon of DSS-treated mice versus controls. A subset of probes was tested in IL-10-null mice and yielded strong ex vivo signals. Ex vivo fluorescence signal with 680 series probes was preserved after formalin fixation. In DSS and IL-10-null models, ex vivo NIRF signal strongly and significantly correlated with colitis scores. In vivo, ProSense680, CatK680FAST, and MMPsense680 yielded significantly higher NIRF signals in DSS-treated mice than controls, but background was high in controls. CONCLUSIONS Both cathepsin or metalloproteinase-activated NIRF probes can detect and quantify colonic inflammation ex vivo. ProSense680 yielded the strongest signals in DSS colitis ex vivo and in vivo, but background remains a problem for in vivo quantification of colitis.
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Kim SY, Myung SJ. Optical molecular imaging for diagnosing intestinal diseases. Clin Endosc 2013; 46:620-6. [PMID: 24340254 PMCID: PMC3856262 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2013.46.6.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time visualization of the molecular signature of cells can be achieved with advanced targeted imaging techniques using molecular probes and fluorescence endoscopy. This molecular optical imaging in gastrointestinal endoscopy is promising for improving the detection of neoplastic lesions, their characterization for patient stratification, and the assessment of their response to molecular targeted therapy and radiotherapy. In inflammatory bowel disease, this method can be used to detect dysplasia in the presence of background inflammation and to visualize inflammatory molecular targets for assessing disease severity and prognosis. Several preclinical and clinical trials have applied this method in endoscopy; however, this field has just started to evolve. Hence, many problems have yet to be solved to enable the clinical application of this novel method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yeob Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Choi KY, Jeon EJ, Yoon HY, Lee BS, Na JH, Min KH, Kim SY, Myung SJ, Lee S, Chen X, Kwon IC, Choi K, Jeong SY, Kim K, Park JH. Theranostic nanoparticles based on PEGylated hyaluronic acid for the diagnosis, therapy and monitoring of colon cancer. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6186-93. [PMID: 22687759 PMCID: PMC3617484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. The considerable mortality from colon cancer is due to metastasis to other organs, mainly the liver. In the management of colon cancer, early detection and targeted therapy are crucial. In this study, we aimed to establish a versatile theranostic system for early tumor detection and targeted tumor therapy by using poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (P-HA-NPs) which can selectively accumulate in tumor tissue. For the diagnostic application, a near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging dye (Cy 5.5) was chemically conjugated onto the HA backbone of P-HA-NPs. After intravenous injection of Cy5.5-P-HA-NPs into the tumor-bearing mice, small-sized colon tumors as well as liver-implanted colon tumors were effectively visualized using the NIRF imaging technique. For targeted therapy, we physically encapsulated the anticancer drug, irinotecan (IRT), into the hydrophobic cores of P-HA-NPs. Owing to their notable tumor targeting capability, IRT-P-HA-NPs exhibited an excellent antitumor activity while showing a reduction in undesirable systemic toxicity. Importantly, we demonstrated the theranostic application using Cy5.5-P-HA-NPs and IRT-P-HA-NPs in orthotopic colon cancer models. Following the systemic administration of Cy5.5-P-HA-NPs, neoplasia was clearly visualized, and the tumor growth was effectively suppressed by intravenous injection of IRT-P-HA-NPs. It should be emphasized that the therapeutic responses could be simultaneously monitored by Cy5.5-P-HA-NPs. Our results suggest that P-HA-NPs can be used as a versatile theranostic system for the early detection, targeted therapy, and therapeutic monitoring of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Young Choi
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Eun Jung Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Yeol Yoon
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Suk Lee
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138- 736, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Na
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Min
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138- 736, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Department of Internal Medicine and Asan Digestive Disease Research Institute, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Seulki Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Kuiwon Choi
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Seo Young Jeong
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Li J, Chen K, Liu H, Cheng K, Yang M, Zhang J, Cheng JD, Zhang Y, Cheng Z. Activatable near-infrared fluorescent probe for in vivo imaging of fibroblast activation protein-alpha. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1704-11. [PMID: 22812530 DOI: 10.1021/bc300278r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein-alpha (FAPα) is a cell surface glycoprotein which is selectively expressed by tumor-associated fibroblasts in malignant tumors but rarely on normal tissues. FAPα has also been reported to promote tumor growth and invasion and therefore has been of increasing interest as a promising target for designing tumor-targeted drugs and imaging agents. Although medicinal study on FAPα inhibitors has led to the discovery of many FAPα-targeting inhibitors including a drug candidate in a phase II clinical trial, the development of imaging probes to monitor the expression and activity of FAPα in vivo has largely lagged behind. Herein, we report an activatable near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (ANP(FAP)) for in vivo optical imaging of FAPα. The ANP(FAP) consists of a NIR dye (Cy5.5) and a quencher dye (QSY21) which are linked together by a short peptide sequence (KGPGPNQC) specific for FAPα cleavage. Because of the efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between Cy5.5 and QSY21 in ANP(FAP), high contrast on the NIR fluorescence signal can be achieved after the cleavage of the peptide sequence by FAPα both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro assay on ANP(FAP) indicated the specificity of the probe to FAPα. The in vivo optical imaging using ANP(FAP) showed fast tumor uptake as well as high tumor to background contrast on U87MG tumor models with FAPα expression, while much lower signal and tumor contrast were observed in the C6 tumor without FAPα expression, demonstrating the in vivo targeting specificity of the ANP(FAP). Ex vivo imaging also demonstrated ANP(FAP) had high tumor uptake at 4 h post injection. Collectively, these results indicated that ANP(FAP) could serve as a useful NIR optical probe for early detection of FAPα expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Li
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, and Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5344, USA
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Barber PA, Rushforth D, Agrawal S, Tuor UI. Infrared optical imaging of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) up regulation following ischemia reperfusion is ameliorated by hypothermia. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:76. [PMID: 22742423 PMCID: PMC3441425 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the use of a new MMP activatable probe MMPSense™ 750 FAST (MMPSense750) for in-vivo visualization of early MMP activity in ischemic stroke. Following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) optical imaging was performed. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent images of MMPSense activation were acquired using an Olympus fluorescent microscope, 1.25x objective, a CCD camera and an appropriate filter cube for detecting the activated probe with peak excitation and emission at 749 and 775 nm, respectively. Images were acquired starting at 2 or 24 hours after reperfusion over the ipsilateral and contralateral cortex before and for 3 hours after, MMPSense750 was injected. Results Increased intensities ipsilaterally were observed following MMPSense750 injection with ischemic injury but not in sham animals. There were significant ipsilateral and contralateral differences at 15 minutes (P <0.05) in early ischemic reperfusion and at time 0 in 24 hours post ischemia (P <0.05) which persisted at 180 minutes in both these groups (P <0.01), but not following sham surgery. The increase in ipsilateral signal intensity was attenuated by hypothermia. These observations corresponded with a significant increase in the total MMP-9 protein levels, 5 and 24 hours following ischemia reperfusion (P <0.05) and their reduction by hypothermia. Conclusions Matrix-metalloproteinase upregulation in ischemia reperfusion can be imaged acutely in-vivo with NIRF using MMPSense750. Hypothermia attenuated both the optical increase in intensity after MMPSense750 and the increase in MMP-9 protein expression supporting the proof of concept that NIRF imaging using MMPSense can be used to assess potential therapeutic strategies for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Barber
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Experimental Imaging Centre and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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Krizkova S, Zitka O, Adam V, Kizek R, Masarik M, Stiborova M, Eckschlager T, Chavis GJ. Assays for determination of matrix metalloproteinases and their activity. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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