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Li Y, Li Y, Song Y, Liu S. Advances in research and application of photodynamic therapy in cholangiocarcinoma (Review). Oncol Rep 2024; 51:53. [PMID: 38334150 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a disease characterized by insidious clinical manifestations and challenging to diagnose. Patients are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and miss the opportunity for radical surgery. Therefore, effective palliative therapy is the main treatment approach for unresectable CCA. Current common palliative treatments include biliary drainage, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. However, these treatments only offer limited improvement in quality of life and survival. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel local treatment method that is considered a safe tumor ablation method for numerous cancers. It has shown good efficacy in various studies of CCA and is expected to become an important treatment for CCA. In the present study, the mechanisms of PDT in the treatment of CCA were systematically explored and the progress in the research of photosensitizers was discussed. The current study focused on the various PDT protocols and their therapeutic effects in CCA, with the objective of providing a new horizon for future research and clinical applications of PDT in the treatment of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Song
- Central Laboratory of Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Sulai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
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2
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Canakis A, Kahaleh M. Endoscopic palliation of malignant biliary obstruction. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 14:581-596. [PMID: 36303806 PMCID: PMC9593514 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v14.i10.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant biliary obstruction often presents with challenges requiring the endoscopist to assess the location of the lesion, the staging of the disease, the eventual resectability and patient preferences in term of biliary decompression. This review will focus on the different modalities available in order to offer the most appropriate palliation, such as conventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasound guided biliary drainage as well as ablative therapies including photodynamic therapy or radiofrequency ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Canakis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Michel Kahaleh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
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3
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Hashemkhani M, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ, Yagci Acar H. One-Step Aqueous Synthesis of Anionic and Cationic AgInS 2 Quantum Dots and Their Utility in Improving the Efficacy of ALA-Based Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2846-2863. [PMID: 35104130 PMCID: PMC8895404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
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Silver–indium–sulfide
quantum dots (AIS QDs) have
potential applications in many areas, including biomedicine. Their
lack of regulated heavy metals, unlike many commercialized QDs, stands
out as an advantage, but the necessity for alloyed or core–shell
structures and related costly and sophisticated processes for the
production of stable and high quantum yield aqueous AIS QDs are the
current challenges. The present study demonstrates the one-step aqueous
synthesis of simple AgInS2 QD compositions utilizing for
the first time either a polyethyleneimine/2-mercaptopropionic acid
(AIS-PEI/2MPA) mixture or only 2-mercaptopropionic acid (AIS-2MPA)
as the stabilizing molecules, providing a AgInS2 portfolio
consisting of cationic and anionic AIS QDs, respectively, and tuneable
emission. Small AIS QDs with long-term stability and high quantum
yields (19–23%) were achieved at a molar ratio of Ag/In/S 1/10/10
in water without any dopant or a semiconductor shell. The theranostic
potential of these cationic and anionic AIS QDs was also evaluated
in vitro. Non-toxic doses were determined, and fluorescence imaging
potential was demonstrated. More importantly, these QDs were electrostatically
loaded with zwitterionic 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as a prodrug
to enhance the tumor availability of ALA and to improve ALA-induced
porphyrin photodynamic therapy (PDT). This is the first study investigating
the influence of nanoparticle charge on ALA binding, release, and
therapeutic efficacy. Surface charge was found to be more critical
in cellular internalization and dark toxicity rather than drug loading
and release. Both QDs provided enhanced ALA release at acidic pH but
protected the prodrug at physiological pH, which is critical for tumor
delivery of ALA, which suffers from low bioavailability. The PDT efficacy
of the ALA-loaded AIS QDs was tested in 2D monolayers and 3D constructs
of HT29 and SW480 human colon adenocarcinoma cancer cell lines. The
incorporation of ALA delivery by the AIS QDs, which on their own do
not cause phototoxicity, elicited significant cell death due to enhanced
light-induced ROS generation and apoptotic/necrotic cell death, reducing
the IC50 for ALA dramatically to about 0.1 and 0.01 mM in anionic
and cationic AIS QDs, respectively. Combined with simple synthetic
methods, the strong intracellular photoluminescence of AIS QDs, good
biocompatibility of especially the anionic AIS QDs, and the ability
to act as drug carriers for effective PDT signify that the AIS QDs,
in particular AIS-2MPA, are highly promising theranostic QDs. Use of the ALA-loaded cationic and anionic
AIS QDs for visible
light PDT coupled with QD-based optical imaging in the medical imaging
window was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Hashemkhani
- Graduate School of Materials Science and Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Centre for Nanomedicine and Surgical Theranostics, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PE, U.K
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Centre for Nanomedicine and Surgical Theranostics, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PE, U.K
| | - Havva Yagci Acar
- Graduate School of Materials Science and Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.,Department of Chemistry, Koç University, KUYTAM, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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John ES, Tarnasky PR, Kedia P. Ablative therapies of the biliary tree. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:63. [PMID: 34805585 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2020.02.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma, a malignancy of the epithelial cells in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary tree, is often diagnosed at later stages. Median survival duration ranges from 3 to 9 months with a less than ten percent 5-year survival rate. Thus, often treatment strategies are aimed more towards palliation instead of cure. With the majority of patients presenting with unresectable disease at the time of diagnosis, surgical intervention is not feasible, making less invasive endoscopic therapies more suitable. Initially, biliary stents were utilized for biliary decompression to mitigate cholestatic symptoms and prevent cholangitis; however, this strategy did not prove to provide significant survival benefit. Therefore, efforts to treat the tumor burden itself in addition to maintaining biliary patency became a focus of innovation and research in the endoscopic field. This study has led to the advent of therapies such as photodynamic therapy, radiofrequency ablation, and intraluminal brachytherapy. These options combined with biliary stenting have shown to not only offer the benefit of biliary decompression, but also to potentially improve stent patency and survival. Further, there is an anti-tumor effect of each of these modalities, portending an additional benefit in this subset of patients. Despite numerous retrospective and prospective studies assessing these ablative therapies, there is still a paucity of appropriately powered randomized controlled trials, and further research has yet to be done in the field. This review details the current literature entailing endobiliary ablative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S John
- Department of Gastroenterology, Methodist Dallas Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Paul R Tarnasky
- Department of Gastroenterology, Methodist Dallas Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Prashant Kedia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Methodist Dallas Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Tantau AI, Mandrutiu A, Pop A, Zaharie RD, Crisan D, Preda CM, Tantau M, Mercea V. Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Current status of endoscopic approach and additional therapies. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:166-186. [PMID: 33708349 PMCID: PMC7934015 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i2.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with advanced or unresectable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is poor. More than 50% of patients with jaundice are inoperable at the time of first diagnosis. Endoscopic treatment in patients with obstructive jaundice ensures bile duct drainage in preoperative or palliative settings. Relief of symptoms (pain, pruritus, jaundice) and improvement in quality of life are the aims of palliative therapy. Stent implantation by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is generally preferred for long-term palliation. There is a vast variety of plastic and metal stents, covered or uncovered. The stent choice depends on the expected length of survival, quality of life, costs and physician expertise. This review will provide the framework for the endoscopic minimally invasive therapy in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Moreover, additional therapies, such as brachytherapy, photodynamic therapy, radiofrequency ablation, chemotherapy, molecular-targeted therapy and/or immunotherapy by the endoscopic approach, are the nonsurgical methods associated with survival improvement rate and/or local symptom palliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Ioana Tantau
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Medical Clinic, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Cluj, Romania
| | - Alina Mandrutiu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Medical Center, Cluj-Napoca 400132, Cluj, Romania
| | - Anamaria Pop
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Medical Center, Cluj-Napoca 400132, Cluj, Romania
| | - Roxana Delia Zaharie
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor” Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca 400162, Cluj, Romania
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Cluj, Romania.
| | - Dana Crisan
- Internal Medicine Department, Cluj-Napoca Internal Medicine Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 5 Medical Clinic, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Cluj, Romania
| | - Carmen Monica Preda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic Fundeni Institute, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 22328, Romania
| | - Marcel Tantau
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor” Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca 400162, Cluj, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, “Iuliu Hatieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Cluj, Romania
| | - Voicu Mercea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor” Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca 400162, Cluj, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, “Iuliu Hatieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Cluj, Romania
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Abstract
The problem of treating patients with malignant neoplasms of the extrahepatic bile ducts and the large duodenal papilla remains relevant due to the growing incidence, high mortality, and a pronounced decrease in the quality of life of patients, despite the radical surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in inoperable patients with malignant tumors of these localizations.The study is based on the treatment of 79 patients with adenocarcinoma of large duodenal papilla and extrahepatic bile ducts. 29 patients received palliative bile drainage operations with PDT. 50 patients in the control group only had palliative bile drainage operations. Patients in the study group received from 1 to 3 PDT courses in a year. In total, 29 patients received 52 PDT courses. The tolerance to the method and the life expectancy of patients were evaluated. The median survival of patients who underwent PDT was 18 months (11–60 months); in the control group – 11.5 months. PDT, in combination with bile drainage operation, is an effective method for the treatment of inoperable patients with malignant neoplasms of the extrahepatic bile ducts and the large duodenal papilla in the absence of severe complications and with easy tolerance to therapy by patients. For the treatment and prolongation of life of patients whose radical surgical treatment is associated with a high risk of death, PDT seems to be the best treatment option. Results of PDT treatment for cancer of this localization are comparable with the results of radical surgeries and exceed those for palliative surgeries.
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7
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Buerlein RCD, Wang AY. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography-Guided Ablation for Cholangiocarcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2019; 29:351-367. [PMID: 30846158 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Most patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma present with surgically unresectable disease owing to the insidious nature of this malignancy. Relief of malignant perihilar biliary obstruction is a key aspect of cholangiocarcinoma. Although palliative stenting using uncovered metal stents has been advocated in patients with unresectable malignant perihilar biliary strictures, several endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-guided ablative modalities have emerged. Palliative photodynamic therapy, radiofrequency ablation, and intraluminal brachytherapy have been associated with improved stent patency and survival, although the ideal treatment approach remains unclear. This article reviews the published evidence for using each of these endobiliary ablative modalities in this difficult-to-treat patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C D Buerlein
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800708, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Andrew Y Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800708, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm originating from biliary epithelial cells. The incidence and mortality of this cancer are rising in the world. Currently, cholangiocarcinoma is accepted as a stem cell disease with many risk factors. Diagnosis is relatively simple but therapy is extremely difficult. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for early stage patients. Endobiliary approaches, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are other therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedat Goral
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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9
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Lu Y, Liu L, Wu JC, Bie LK, Gong B. Efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: A meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39:718-24. [PMID: 26070572 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy with the placement of a biliary stent may improve the prognosis in patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of this research is to determine the hazard ratio of photodynamic therapy with stent compared to biliary stenting alone or other therapies for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS Several databases were searched from inception to December 31 2013 for trials comparing photodynamic therapy+stent vs. stent-only or other treatments for cholangiocarcinoma. The outcomes of interest included patient survival, the changes of serum bilirubin levels, the quality of life (Karnofsky performance status), and adverse events. The hazard ratios (HR) were extracted from the survival curves using Tierney's Method. LnHR and its variance were pooled using an inverse variance-weighted average. Inconsistency was quantified using I(2) statistics. RESULTS In all, 8 trials comparing PDT+stent with other therapeutic methods were selected. We made a meta-analysis based on the 7 trials, which compared the result of PDT+stent and the stent-only group. HR summarizes the survival for the two groups. Overall survival was significantly better in patients who received photodynamic therapy than those who did not [HR=0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.33∼0.73, P=0.0005]. Among the 8 trials (642 subjects), 5 assessed the changes of serum bilirubin levels, and/or Karnofsky performance status, as other indications for improvement. In all, the incidence for phototoxic reaction is 11.11%. The incidence for other events in photodynamic therapy and the stent-only group was 13.64% and 12.79%, respectively. CONCLUSION The palliative treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, with photodynamic therapy, is associated with an increased survival benefit, an improved biliary drainage, and a better quality of life. However, the quality of this evidence is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jia-chuan Wu
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Li-Ke Bie
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Biao Gong
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Smith I, Kahaleh M. Biliary Tumor Ablation with Photodynamic Therapy and Radiofrequency Ablation. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2015; 25:793-804. [PMID: 26431605 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Within the past two decades, major progress has been made in biliary endoscopy both with stenting and with ablative therapy. A primary goal in patients with malignant biliary lesions who are not candidates for surgery is to provide localized and efficient necrosis of the lesions. This article summarizes the current literature on biliary tumor ablation with photodynamic therapy and radiofrequency ablation. Prognosis, treatment technique, potential complications, treatment efficacy, and controversies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Smith
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South BDB 380, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Michel Kahaleh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Avenue 4th floor, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Mönkemüller K, Popa D, Wilcox CM. Endoscopic treatment options for cholangiocarcinomas. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:407-18. [PMID: 24506765 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.870480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) is a very aggressive tumor, which remains highly resistant to current chemoradiation therapies. Death is usually caused by the tumor burden. However, biliary obstruction, which leads to cholangitis and liver failure, is also a cause of death. Therefore, relief of biliary obstruction is one of the key palliative treatment options for patients with hilar or distal CCC. Radiologic or endoscopic insertions of stents (plastic or self-expanding metal) are definite biliary drainage options. Whereas stents alone can help achieve relief of bile duct obstruction, endoscopic ablative interventions with photodynamic therapy or radiofrequency ablation are also useful in destroying intraluminal tumor. Destroying the tumor leads to an increase in the luminal diameter of the obstructed bile duct, allowing for placement of more or larger diameter stents, and thus improving bile flow. Besides decreasing morbidity associated with obstruction, ablative therapies such as photodynamic therapy have also been associated with improved survival in a sub-group of patients with CCC and should therefore be incorporated into the treatment algorithm of any center treating patients with CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Mönkemüller
- Basil I. Hirschowitz Endoscopic Center of Excellence, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35249, USA
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Ursodeoxycholic acid-conjugated chitosan for photodynamic treatment of HuCC-T1 human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Int J Pharm 2013; 454:74-81. [PMID: 23834828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan was hydrophobically modified with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to fabricate nano-photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of HuCC-T1 cholangiocarcinoma cells. Synthesis of UDCA-conjugated chitosan (ChitoUDCA) was confirmed using (1)H NMR spectra. Chlorin E6 (Ce6) was used as a photosensitizer and incorporated into ChitoUDCA nanoparticles through formation of ion complexes. Morphology of Ce6-incorporated ChitoUDCA nanoparticles was observed using TEM and their shapes were spherical with sizes around 200-400 nm. The PDT potential of Ce6-incorporated ChitoUDCA nanoparticles were studied with HuCC-T1 human cholangiocarcinoma cells. The results showed that ChitoUDCA nanoparticles enhances of Ce6 uptake into tumor cells, phototoxicity, and ROS generation compared to Ce6 itself. Furthermore, Ce6-incorporated ChitoUDCA nanoparticles showed quenching in aqueous solution and sensing at tumor cells. We suggest that Ce6-incorporated ChitoUDCA nanoparticles are promising candidates for PDT of cholangiocarcinoma cells.
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13
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Abstract
Miniature endoscopes that can be introduced into the bile duct through the duodenoscope during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were developed to allow nonsurgical management of difficult biliary stones. The direct visualization enabled by these cholangioscopes of the biliary epithelium provides additional data in the assessment of biliary strictures. Cholangioscopy allows assessment of the biliary lumen, biliary epithelium, targeted tissue acquisition, targeted therapy, and wire guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Raijman
- Digestive Associates of Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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14
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Kahaleh M. Spyglass direct visualization system. Clin Endosc 2012; 45:316-8. [PMID: 22977826 PMCID: PMC3429760 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2012.45.3.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is considered the gold standard to manage biliary disorders, it has its own limitations. The single-operator cholangioscopy (SOC) system (Spyglass) may offer an interesting compromise for most advanced biliary endoscopists, in terms of size (10 Fr diameter) and complexity of use. SOC is a great step toward intraductal visualization and therapy but the best is yet to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Kahaleh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Gaidhane M, Kahaleh M. Single-operator cholangioscopy in biliary disorders: going beyond visualization. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74:815-6. [PMID: 21951476 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Yano S, Hirohara S, Obata M, Hagiya Y, Ogura SI, Ikeda A, Kataoka H, Tanaka M, Joh T. Current states and future views in photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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