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Xing Z, Jiang X, Wu Y, Yu Z. Targeted Mevalonate Pathway and Autophagy in Antitumor Immunotherapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:890-909. [PMID: 38275055 DOI: 10.2174/0115680096273730231206054104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Tumors of the digestive system are currently one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Despite considerable progress in tumor immunotherapy, the prognosis for most patients remains poor. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor cells attain immune escape through immune editing and acquire immune tolerance. The mevalonate pathway and autophagy play important roles in cancer biology, antitumor immunity, and regulation of the TME. In addition, there is metabolic crosstalk between the two pathways. However, their role in promoting immune tolerance in digestive system tumors has not previously been summarized. Therefore, this review focuses on the cancer biology of the mevalonate pathway and autophagy, the regulation of the TME, metabolic crosstalk between the pathways, and the evaluation of their efficacy as targeted inhibitors in clinical tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongrui Xing
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Xiangyan Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuxia Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zeyuan Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
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Elleithi YA, El-Gayar AM, Amin MN. Simvastatin Induces Apoptosis And Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Induced In Rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:1656-1674. [PMID: 36367620 PMCID: PMC9928804 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequent primary aggressive cancer, a crucial cause of cancer-related mortality globally. Simvastatin is a well-known safe cholesterol-lowering medication that has been recently shown to suppress cancer progression. Apoptosis is a well-organized and controlled cellular process that happens both physiologically and pathologically leading to executing cell death. Apoptosis is frequently downregulated in cancer cells. In the present study, we aimed to test the effect of simvastatin on HCC progression. HCC was induced in experimental rats by means of diethylnitrose amine (DEN) and thioacetamide (TAA) injections. Gross examination and liver index along with biochemical analysis of hepatic function were evaluated. Serum alpha-feto protein (AFP) concentration was measured by ELISA. Histopathological examination was used for assessing necroinflammatory scores and fibrosis degree. Apoptosis was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Simvastatin was found to induce apoptosis successfully in HCC and improve liver fibrosis, overall hepatic function, and necroinflammatory score. Simvastatin, therefore, may be a potential adjunctive therapeutic option in clinical settings of treating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomna A. Elleithi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 3551 Egypt
| | - Amal M. El-Gayar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 3551 Egypt
| | - Mohamed N. Amin
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 3551 Egypt ,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, Ras Sedr, South Sinai Egypt
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Liang W, Zhu T, Tan N, Jing G, Xie L, Dang Y, Li Z. In missed abortion the decrease of IGF-1 down-regulates PI3K/AKT signaling pathway reducing the secretion of progesterone and β-hCG. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 65:101479. [PMID: 35752133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether the reduction of IGF-1 in missed abortion down-regulates PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby causing trophoblast cell apoptosis and reducing the secretion of β-hCG and progesterone. DESIGN 12 pairs of serum and villous tissues were selected from missed abortion patients and normal early pregnant women who had terminated pregnancy by artificial abortion. The subjects in two groups had same age and gestational week. Wes Simple Western system and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expression of IGF-1, IGF-1R, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and apoptosis-related factors in villous tissues. Radioimmunoassay and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect β-hCG, progesterone and IGF-1 in serum. RESULTS The serum levels of β-hCG, progesterone and IGF-1 were decreased in missed abortion group than those in normal early pregnant women. In addition, compared with normal early pregnant women, the genes and proteins levels of IGF-1 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and anti-apoptosis related factors were significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the reduction of IGF-1 in missed abortion patients could down-regulate the expression of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby increasing the apoptosis of trophoblast cells, leading to decreased secretion of β-hCG and progesterone, which may be one of the important mechanisms of missed abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Liang
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Na Tan
- Lanzhou Cihetang Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Guangzhuang Jing
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Li'ao Xie
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuhui Dang
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Zhilan Li
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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O'Grady S, Crown J, Duffy MJ. Statins inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:142. [PMID: 35834073 PMCID: PMC9283343 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
TP53 (p53) is mutated in 80–90% of cases of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Statins, which are widely used to treat elevated cholesterol, have recently been shown to degrade mutant p53 protein and exhibit anti-cancer activity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of statins in the treatment of TNBC. The anti-proliferative effects of 2 widely used statins were investigated on a panel of 15 cell lines representing the different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Significantly lower IC50 values were found in triple-negative (TN) than in non-TN cell lines (atorvastatin, p < 0.01; simvastatin p < 0.05) indicating greater sensitivity. Furthermore, cell lines containing mutant p53 were more responsive to both statins than cell lines expressing wild-type p53, suggesting that the mutational status of p53 is a potential predictive biomarker for statin response. In addition to inhibiting proliferation, simvastatin was also found to promote cell cycle arrest and induce apoptosis. Using an apoptosis array capable of detecting 43 apoptosis-associated proteins, a novel protein shown to be upregulated by simvastatin was the IGF-signalling modulator, IGBP4, a finding we confirmed by Western blotting. Finally, we found synergistic growth inhibition between simvastatin and the IGF-1R inhibitor, OSI-906 as well as between simvastatin and doxorubicin or docetaxel. Our work suggests repurposing of statins for clinical trials in patients with TNBC. Based on our findings, we suggest that these trials investigate statins in combination with either doxorubicin or docetaxel and include p53 mutational status as a potential predictive biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane O'Grady
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael J Duffy
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Clinical Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, D04 T6F4, Ireland.
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Cheung KS, Yeung YWM, Wong WS, Li B, Seto WK, Leung WK. Statins associate with lower risk of biliary tract cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Med 2022; 12:557-568. [PMID: 35698295 PMCID: PMC9844660 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary tract cancers (BTCs), encompassing cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), gallbladder (GBC), and ampulla of Vater cancers (AVC), are common hepatobiliary cancer after hepatocellular carcinoma with a high mortality rate. As there is no effective chemopreventive agent to prevent BTCs, this study aimed to explore the role of statins on the risk of BTCs. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library from inception until 24 April 2020 were searched according to the Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. The adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) of BTCs and individual cancer were pooled using a random-effects model. RESULTS Eight observational studies (3 cohort and 5 case-control studies) were included with 10,485,231 patients. The median age was 68.0 years (IQR: 67.0-71.5) and 48.3% were male. Statins were associated with a lower risk of all BTCs (aRR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.51-0.87). The pooled aRR for CCA was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.38-0.94) and GBC was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.68-0.90). There was only one study on AVC with aRR of 0.96 (95% CI: 0.66-1.41). The pooled aRR for lipophilic and hydrophilic statins was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.69-0.88) and 0.70 (95% CI: 0.61-0.80), respectively. The effects were attenuated in studies that adjusted for aspirin and/or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aRR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.72-0.89) and metformin (aRR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.72-0.90). CONCLUSIONS Statins, both lipophilic and hydrophobic, were associated with a lower risk of BTCs, particularly CCA and GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Shing Cheung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong KongQueen Mary HospitalHong Kong,Department of MedicineThe University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| | | | - Wing Sum Wong
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Bofei Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityChina
| | - Wai Kay Seto
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong KongQueen Mary HospitalHong Kong,Department of MedicineThe University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Wai K. Leung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong KongQueen Mary HospitalHong Kong
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Mashat RM, Zielinska HA, Holly JMP, Perks CM. A Role for ER-Beta in the Effects of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and 27-Hydroxycholesterol on Breast Cancer Progression: Involvement of the IGF Signalling Pathway? Cells 2021; 11:94. [PMID: 35011656 PMCID: PMC8749996 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-in particular, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its metabolite, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC)-is correlated with increases in the risks of breast cancer and obesity. Although the high expression of LDL/27-OHC has been reported in breast cancer, its effects and mechanism of action remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we found that the effects of LDL on cell proliferation were mediated by the activation of the cytochrome P450 enzyme, sterol 27 hydroxylase, and cholesterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) in both ER-α-positive and ER-α-negative breast cancer cells. We found that treatment with 27-OHC only increased cell growth in oestrogen receptor-α (ER-α)-positive breast cancer cells in an ER-α-dependent manner, but, interestingly, the effects of 27-OHC on cell migration and invasion were independent of ER-α. Using ER-α-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, we found that 27-OHC similarly promoted cell invasion and migration, and this was mediated by oestrogen receptor β (ER-β). These results suggest that 27-OHC promotes breast cancer cell proliferation in ER-α-positive breast cancer cells via ER-α, but migration and invasion are mediated via ER-β in ER-α positive and negative cell lines. The addition of LDL/27OHC increased the production of IGF-I and the abundance of IGF-IR in TNBC. We further found that modulating ER-β using an agonist or antagonist increased or decreased, respectively, levels of the IGF-I and EGF receptors in TNBC. The inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor receptor blocked the effects of cholesterol on cell growth and the migration of TNBC. Using TCGA and METABRIC microarray expression data from invasive breast cancer carcinomas, we also observed that higher levels of ER-beta were associated with higher levels of IGF-IR. Thus, this study shows novel evidence that ER-β is central to the effects of LDL/27OHC on invasion, migration, and the IGF and EGF axes. Our data suggest that targeting ER-β in TNBC could be an alternative approach for downregulating IGF/EGF signalling and controlling the impact of LDL in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claire M. Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (R.M.M.); (H.A.Z.); (J.M.P.H.)
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Afshari AR, Mollazadeh H, Henney NC, Jamialahmad T, Sahebkar A. Effects of statins on brain tumors: a review. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 73:116-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jiang W, Hu JW, He XR, Jin WL, He XY. Statins: a repurposed drug to fight cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:241. [PMID: 34303383 PMCID: PMC8306262 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As competitive HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, statins not only reduce cholesterol and improve cardiovascular risk, but also exhibit pleiotropic effects that are independent of their lipid-lowering effects. Among them, the anti-cancer properties of statins have attracted much attention and indicated the potential of statins as repurposed drugs for the treatment of cancer. A large number of clinical and epidemiological studies have described the anticancer properties of statins, but the evidence for anticancer effectiveness of statins is inconsistent. It may be that certain molecular subtypes of cancer are more vulnerable to statin therapy than others. Whether statins have clinical anticancer effects is still an active area of research. Statins appear to enhance the efficacy and address the shortcomings associated with conventional cancer treatments, suggesting that statins should be considered in the context of combined therapies for cancer. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the potential of statins in anti-cancer treatments. We discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer properties of statins and their effects on different malignancies. We also provide recommendations for the design of future well-designed clinical trials of the anti-cancer efficacy of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Wei Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Ran He
- Department of Finance, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xin-Yang He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, 230001, P. R. China.
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Lee J, Hong EM, Jung JH, Park SW, Lee SP, Koh DH, Jang HJ, Kae SH. Atorvastatin Induces FXR and CYP7A1 Activation as a Result of the Sequential Action of PPARγ/PGC-1α/HNF-4α in Hep3B Cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2021; 77:123-131. [PMID: 33686046 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2020.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds/Aims PPARγ, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and CYP7A1 are associated with solubility of bile. This study was performed to understand a mechanism and interactions of statin-induced PPARγ, PGC-1α and HNF-4α related to the statin-induced activation of FXR and CYP7A1, and verify whether the mevalonate pathway is involved in the mechanism. Methods MTT assays were performed using cultured human Hep3B cells to determine the effect of atorvastatin on the cell proliferation. Expression levels of indicated proteins were measured using Western blotting assays by inhibiting the protein expression or not. Results Atorvastatin increased expression of PPARγ, PGC-1α, HNF-4α, FXR, and CYP7A1 in Hep3B cells. PPARγ ligand of troglitazone upregulated the expression of PGC-1α, HNF-4α, FXR, and CYP7A1 in Hep3B cells. Silencing of PPARγ, PGC1α, and HNF4α using respective siRNA demonstrated that atorvastatin-induced FXR and CYP7A1 activation required sequential action of PPARγ /PGC-1α/HNF-4α. The silencing of PPARγ completely inhibited atorvastatin-induced PGC-1α expression, and the PGC1α silencing partially inhibited atorvastatin-induced PPARγ expression. The inhibition of HNF4α did not affect atorvastatin-induced PPARγ expression, but partially inhibited atorvastatin-induced PGC-1α expression. Besides, mevalonate completely reversed the effect of atorvastatin on PPARγ, PGC-1α, HNF-4α, FXR, and CYP7A1. Conclusions Atorvastatin induces FXR and CYP7A1 activation as a result of sequential action of PPARγ/PGC-1α/HNF-4α in human hepatocytes. We propose that atorvastatin enhances solubility of cholesterol in bile by simultaneously activating of FXR and CYP7A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Jang Han Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Se Woo Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Sang Pyo Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Dong Hee Koh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Jang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Sea Hyub Kae
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
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Modified Jian-pi-yang-zheng decoction inhibits gastric cancer progression via the macrophage immune checkpoint PI3Kγ. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110440. [PMID: 32768942 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Jian-pi-yang-zheng Decoction (JPYZ) is a traditional Chinese medicine that is used for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer, and it shows good efficacy in patients. A previous study indicated that JPYZ inhibited the progression of gastric cancer via the regulation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), but the underlying molecular target of JPYZ regulation of TAMs has not been determined. The present study used modified-JPYZ (mJPYZ) to extend our investigation of gastric cancer. Our results showed that mJPYZ inhibited gastric cancer progression in vivo and in vitro. We found that mJPYZ decreased the activity of PI3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) in TAMs, reduced the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 and increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, which ultimately promoted the conversion of TAMs from M2 to M1. Our findings also indicated that mJPYZ inhibited the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer by alleviating the unfavorable differentiation of TAMs via the PI3Kγ signaling cascades. In conclusion, the present findings indicated that mJPYZ inhibited gastric cancer cell EMT via PI3Kγ-dependent TAM reprogramming, which eventually suppressed gastric cancer growth and metastasis. Our study provides an underlying mechanism of a Chinese medicine in the treatment of gastric cancer via PI3Kγ in macrophages.
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Cui YL, Yu XN, Zhang X, Tang YL, Tang XJ, Yang H, Ping XY, Wu J, Yin QC, Zhou JY, Xu XY, Shentu XC. Association of IGF1R polymorphisms (rs1546713) with susceptibility to age-related cataract in a Han Chinese population. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:374-381. [PMID: 32309172 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.03.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the susceptible association between the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and age-related cataract (ARC), and investigate the underlying mechanisms in human lens epithelium (HLE) cells. METHODS Totally 1190 unrelated participants, comprising 690 ARC patients and 500 healthy individuals in Han Chinese population were recruited and genotyped for target SNP. The χ 2-test was used to detect genotypic distribution between the patient and control groups and the logistic regression was performed to adjust the age and gender. Meanwhile, different biological experimental methods, such as cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assay, flow cytometry, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and Western blot, were used to detect cell viability, cell cycle progression and apoptosis in HLE cells or IGF1R knockdown HLE cells. RESULTS The rs1546713 in IGF1R gene was identified (P=0.046, OR: 1.606, 95%CI: 1.245-2.071), which shown a significant relevance with ARC risk under the dominant model. The results demonstrated that IGF1R knockdown inhibited cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrested at S phase and promoting apoptosis. Mechanistically, the cell cycle blocked at S phase was linked with the alterations of cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin E and P21. The pro-apoptosis function of IGF1R may related with stimulating the activation of Caspase-3 and altering the expression levels of apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3. CONCLUSION This study first report that IGF1R polymorphisms may affect susceptibility to ARCs in Han Chinese population and provide new clues to understand the pathogenic mechanism of ARCs. Notably, IGF1R is likely a potential target for ARC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lei Cui
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Yu
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ye-Lei Tang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xia-Jing Tang
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xi-Yuan Ping
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qi-Chuan Yin
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Yue Zhou
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xia-Yan Xu
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xing-Chao Shentu
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
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Seeree P, Janvilisri T, Kangsamaksin T, Tohtong R, Kumkate S. Downregulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporters by simvastatin in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5173-5184. [PMID: 31612028 PMCID: PMC6781495 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in cholesterol homeostasis of the bile duct epithelium, including transport interruption and the hyperaccumulation of intracellular cholesterol can lead to the initiation and progression of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Statins, which are lipid-lowering drugs, have been previously documented to exhibit anti-cancer properties. The role of statins in CCA cell cholesterol transport through the expression and function of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) A1 and ABCG1 was investigated in the current study. In four CCA cell lines, ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression was identified. However, neither ABCG5 nor ABCG8 expression was observed. Immunocytochemistry revealed that the expression of ABCA1 was localized in the proximity of the nucleus, while ABCG1 was more dispersed throughout the cytoplasm of KKU-100 cells. A cholesterol efflux assay was performed using bodipy cholesterol, and the translocation of cholesterol via ABCA1 and ABCG1 to Apo-A1 and high density lipoprotein was confirmed, respectively. Simvastatin and atorvastatin demonstrated the inhibitory effects on CCA cell viability. A reduction in intracellular lipid level and a lower expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were observed in KKU-100 cells under simvastatin treatment. The pre-exposure of KKU-100 cells to cholesterol diminished the statin effect. Furthermore, when KKU-100 cells were pre-loaded with cholesterol, ABCA1 and ABCG1-mediated exports were unaffected even though they were treated with simvastatin. The results of the current study indicated the limitations of the use of statin in CCA therapy, particularly under hypercholesterolemia conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattaya Seeree
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thaned Kangsamaksin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Rutaiwan Tohtong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Supeecha Kumkate
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Lee J, Hong EM, Kim JH, Jung JH, Park SW, Koh DH, Choi MH, Jang HJ, Kae SH. Metformin Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Proliferation through the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Pathways in the Bile Duct Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2019; 10:1734-1744. [PMID: 31205529 PMCID: PMC6547996 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Metformin has been found to have antineoplastic activity in some cancer cells. This study was performed to determine whether metformin inhibits the proliferation of bile duct cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and its effects on the expression of gene-related proteins involved in cancer growth. Methods: Human extrahepatic bile duct cancer cells (SNU-245 and SNU-1196) were cultured. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays were performed to determine the effect of metformin on the cell proliferation. Apoptosis was measured by a cell death detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a caspase-3 activity assay. Expression levels of various proteins, with or without specific small interfering ribonucleic acid-induced gene disruption, were measured by Western blot analysis. The migratory activity of the cancer cells was evaluated by wound healing assay. Results: Metformin suppressed cell proliferation in bile duct cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. Metformin inhibited mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by activation of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC-2) through phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase at threonine-172 (AMPKThr172). Hyperglycemia impaired metformin-induced AMPKThr172 activation and enhanced phosphorylation of AMPK at serine-485 (AMPKSer485). Metformin blocked the inhibitory effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R)/insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) pathway on TSC-2, and hyperglycemia impaired metformin-induced inhibition of IGF-1R/IRS-1 pathway and modulated the invasiveness of bile duct cancer cells; however, this effect was impaired by hyperglycemia. Conclusions: Metformin has antineoplastic effects in bile duct cancer, and hyperglycemic environment interrupts the effect of metformin. In addition, AMPK and IGF-1R play a key role in the proliferation of bile duct cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang Han Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Se Woo Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Dong Hee Koh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Min Ho Choi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Jang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Sea Hyub Kae
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
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Curbing Lipids: Impacts ON Cancer and Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030644. [PMID: 30717356 PMCID: PMC6387424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play a fundamental role in maintaining normal function in healthy cells. Their functions include signaling, storing energy, and acting as the central structural component of cell membranes. Alteration of lipid metabolism is a prominent feature of cancer, as cancer cells must modify their metabolism to fulfill the demands of their accelerated proliferation rate. This aberrant lipid metabolism can affect cellular processes such as cell growth, survival, and migration. Besides the gene mutations, environmental factors, and inheritance, several infectious pathogens are also linked with human cancers worldwide. Tumor viruses are top on the list of infectious pathogens to cause human cancers. These viruses insert their own DNA (or RNA) into that of the host cell and affect host cellular processes such as cell growth, survival, and migration. Several of these cancer-causing viruses are reported to be reprogramming host cell lipid metabolism. The reliance of cancer cells and viruses on lipid metabolism suggests enzymes that can be used as therapeutic targets to exploit the addiction of infected diseased cells on lipids and abrogate tumor growth. This review focuses on normal lipid metabolism, lipid metabolic pathways and their reprogramming in human cancers and viral infection linked cancers and the potential anticancer drugs that target specific lipid metabolic enzymes. Here, we discuss statins and fibrates as drugs to intervene in disordered lipid pathways in cancer cells. Further insight into the dysregulated pathways in lipid metabolism can help create more effective anticancer therapies.
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15
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Niu M, Feng X, Zhou L. The role of the ERK1/2 pathway in simvastatin-loaded nanomicelles and simvastatin in regulating the osteogenic effect in MG63 cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:8165-8178. [PMID: 30584296 PMCID: PMC6287536 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s182998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The present study aimed to clarify the role of the ERK1/2 pathway in simvastatin (SV)-loaded nanomicelles (SVNs)- and SV-mediated promotion of cell osteogenic differentiation and explore the molecular mechanisms by which SVNs exhibited a greater efficacy in promoting osteogenic differentiation than SV. Materials and methods SVNs were synthesized using a dialysis method. MG63 cells were treated with 2.5, 0.25, and 0.025 μmol/L of the drug. The optimal drug dosage was determined by examining the proliferative activity and ALP activity of the MG63 cells. Subsequently, Western blot analysis was performed to analyze the levels of the phosphorylated ERK1/2 proteins in each experimental group at various time points. Finally, the inhibitor PD98059 was used to effectively inhibit the ERK1/2 pathway. The resulting changes in the proliferative activity of MG63 cells and the osteogenesis-related markers were analyzed. Results The SVNs synthesized in the present study had a mean diameter of 27 nm. The encapsulation and drug-loading efficiencies were 52.03% ± 4.05% and 9.42% ± 0.66%, respectively. SVNs and SV exhibited optimum osteogenesis-promoting effects when the drugs were administered at a concentration of 0.25 μmol/L. The drug-induced activation of the ERK1/2 pathway reached a peak at 15 minutes after administration and then declined rapidly. From 24 hours to 7 days, SVNs and SV exerted an inhibitory effect on the ERK1/2 pathway rather than an activating effect. Throughout the whole experimental process, the regulatory effect of SVNs on the ERK1/2 pathway was significantly greater than that of SV. Inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway by PD98059 markedly reduced the proliferative activity of the cells in all experimental groups. In addition, the ALP activity and the expression levels of the osterix (OSX) and osteocalcin (OC) proteins were drastically increased. Conclusion SVNs significantly increased the effect of SV-induced osteogenic differentiation by strongly inhibiting the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Niu
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medical Technology and Nursing, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xianling Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Center of Oral Implantology, Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China,
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Jang HJ, Kim HS, Kim JH, Lee J. The Effect of Statin Added to Systemic Anticancer Therapy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7100325. [PMID: 30287761 PMCID: PMC6210992 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have demonstrated that statins have anticancer properties and act in an additive or synergistic way when combined with anticancer therapy. We conducted this meta-analysis of randomized, controlled phase II or III trials to evaluate the effect of statins added to systemic anticancer therapy in patients with solid cancer. A systematic literature search was performed to identify all randomized trials that were designed to investigate the effect of statins in patients with cancer using PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Web of Science (up to August 2018). From eight randomized controlled trials, 1760 patients were included in the pooled analyses of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for grade 3–5 adverse events (AEs) and overall response rate (ORR) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The addition of statin to anticancer agents did not significantly increase the incidence of grade 3–5 AEs (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.81–1.29, p = 0.78). However, the combination of statin and anticancer agents did not improve ORR (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.77–1.20, p = 0.72) compared with that of anticancer therapy alone. In addition, statins added to systemic anticancer therapy failed to prolong PFS (HR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.90–1.10, p = 0.92) and OS (HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.76–1.11, p = 0.52). In conclusion, this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials does not support clinical benefits of statins added to systemic anticancer therapy in patients with solid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Jang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred-Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwasung 18450, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea.
| | - Hyeong Su Kim
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea.
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea.
| | - Jin Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred-Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwasung 18450, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea.
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Hua Y, Xie M, Yin J, Wang Y, Gan L, Sang M, Sun X, Li M, Liu S, Xu J. Evaluation of effect of atorvastatin on left ventricular systolic function in rats with myocardial infarction via 2D-STI technique. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4386-4394. [PMID: 29725379 PMCID: PMC5920387 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This report aims to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin (Ator) on left ventricular systolic function in myocardial infarction (MI) rats. Forty healthy adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Ator group, MI group, sham-operation group and normal group. The left anterior descending coronary arteries were ligated to establish the MI model; after modeling, the Ator group was treated with Ator for 4 consecutive weeks. The echocardiographic detection was performed; the left ventricular myocardial systolic peak velocities, strain and strain rates were analyzed using the 2D-STI technique. After 4 weeks, myocardial tissues were taken from all rats and received the pathological examination. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) in Ator group and MI group were increased after operation, but left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) were decreased; myocardial function were decreased significantly (p<0.05). After Ator treatment, myocardial function at the 3rd and 4th week after operation increased significantly (p<0.05). After Ator treatment, LVEDD and LVESD decreased while LVEF and LVFS increased in Ator group at the 3rd and 4th week after operation compared with MI group (p<0.05). At the 4th week after operation, LVEDD and LVESD in Ator group were decreased compared with those at the 1st and 2nd week after operation, but LVEF and LVFS were increased compared with those at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd week after operation (p<0.05). Pathological examination showed that necrosis and fibrosis of myocardial cells and inflammatory reaction were obvious in MI group. The inflammatory reaction of myocardial cells and myocardial fibrosis were lighter in Ator group. Ator can effectively improve the left ventricular systolic function in MI rats, which could be related to the reduction of response to inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hua
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Manying Xie
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Jiabao Yin
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Ling Gan
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Sang
- Central Laboratory, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Central Laboratory, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Shanjun Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Jinzhi Xu
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
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Atilano-Roque A, Joy MS. Characterization of simvastatin acid uptake by organic anion transporting polypeptide 3A1 (OATP3A1) and influence of drug-drug interaction. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:158-165. [PMID: 28887287 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human organic anion transporting polypeptide 3A1 (OATP3A1) is predominately expressed in the heart. The ability of OATP3A1 to transport statins into cardiomyocytes is unknown, although other OATPs are known to mediate the uptake of statin drugs in liver. The pleiotropic effects and uptake of simvastatin acid were analyzed in primary human cardiomyocytes and HEK293 cells transfected with the OATP3A1 gene. Treatment with simvastatin acid reduced indoxyl sulfate-mediated reactive oxygen species and modulated OATP3A1 expression in cardiomyocytes and HEK293 cells transfected with the OATP3A1 gene. We observed a pH-dependent effect on OATP3A1 uptake, with more efficient simvastatin acid uptake at pH5.5 in HEK293 cells transfected with the OATP3A1 gene. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for simvastatin acid uptake by OATP3A1 was 0.017±0.002μM and the Vmax was 0.995±0.027fmol/min/105 cells. Uptake of simvastatin acid was significantly increased by known (benzylpenicillin and estrone-3-sulfate) and potential (indoxyl sulfate and cyclosporine) substrates of OATP3A1. In conclusion, the presence of OATP3A1 in cardiomyocytes suggests that this transporter may modulate the exposure of cardiac tissue to simvastatin acid due to its enrichment in cardiomyocytes. Increases in uptake of simvastatin acid by OATP3A1 when combined with OATP substrates suggest the potential for drug-drug interactions that could influence clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandla Atilano-Roque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Melanie S Joy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States; Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.
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Wang G, Lu M, Yao Y, Wang J, Li J. Esculetin exerts antitumor effect on human gastric cancer cells through IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:207-215. [PMID: 28847482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the antitumor effect of esculetin, a coumarin derivative extracted from natural plants, on human gastric cancer cells, and to illustrate the potential mechanisms. The results showed that esculetin exhibited anti-proliferative effects against gastric cancer cells and induced their apoptosis in a dose dependent manner with lower toxicity against normal gastric epithelial cells. Mechanism study indicated that esculetin induced gastric cancer MGC-803 cells apoptosis by triggering the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway through reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), increasing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, activating caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, and increasing cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Further study showed that the pro-apoptotic effects of esculetin were associated with down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor-1/ phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (IGF-1/PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway. Activation of IGF-1/PI3K/Akt pathway by IGF-1 abrogated the pro-apoptotic effects of esculetin, while inhibition of IGF-1/PI3K/Akt pathway by triciribine or LY294002 enhanced the pro-apoptotic effects of esculetin. In addition, esculetin inhibited in vivo tumor growth with no obvious toxicity following subcutaneous inoculation of MGC-803 cells in nude mice, and inhibited activation of IGF-1/PI3K/Akt pathway in tumor tissue. CONCLUSION These results indicate that esculetin could inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis of gastric cancer cells through IGF-1/PI3K/Akt mediated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, and may be a novel effective chemotherapeutic agent against gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijun Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Meili Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Yusheng Yao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University; Jinzhou 121000, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Juan Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University; Jinzhou 121000, China.
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20
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Li J, Li S, Wang X, Wang H. Esculetin induces apoptosis of SMMC-7721 cells through IGF-1/PI3K/Akt-mediated mitochondrial pathways. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:787-794. [PMID: 28177662 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) is a coumarin derivative extracted from natural plants and has been reported to have anticancer activity. However, the mechanism by which esculetin prevents human hepatic cancer cell growth is still largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of esculetin on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) SMMC-7721 cells and explored the cell signal mechanism. Our data indicated that esculetin induced apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cells, which were supported by DAPI staining and Annexin V/PI staining. Meanwhile, esculetin increased the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9, promoted bax expression, decreased bcl-2 expression, and triggered collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased cytochrome c release from mitochondria. In addition, the inactivation of IGF-1, PI3K, and Akt was observed after esculetin administration. Furthermore, pretreatment with IGF-1 before esculetin administration abrogated the pro-apoptotic effects of esculetin, while PI3K inhibitor increased the pro-apoptotic effects of esculetin. These results indicated that esculetin induced the apoptosis of SMMC-7721 cells through IGF-1/PI3K/Akt-regulated mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe District Hospital of Jinzhou City, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
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