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Mathias S, Amerio-Cox M, Jackson T, Douce D, Sage A, Luke P, Sleeman R, Crean C, Sears P. Selectivity of Explosives Analysis with Ambient Ionization Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry: Implications for Trace Detection. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:50-61. [PMID: 38086767 PMCID: PMC10767746 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Ambient ionization (AI) is a rapidly growing field in mass spectrometry (MS). It allows for the direct analysis of samples without any sample preparation, making it a promising technique for the detection of explosives. Previous studies have shown that AI can be used to detect a variety of explosives, but the exact gas-phase reactions that occur during ionization are not fully understood. This is further complicated by differences in mass spectrometers and individual experimental set ups between researchers. This study investigated the gas-phase ion reactions of five different explosives using a variety of AI techniques coupled to a Waters QDa mass spectrometer to identify selective ions for explosive detection and identification based on the applied ambient ionization technique. The results showed that the choice of the ion source can have a significant impact on the number of ions observed. This can affect the sensitivity and selectivity of the data produced. The findings of this study provide new insights into the gas-phase ion reactions of explosives and could lead to the development of more sensitive and selective AI-based methods for their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mathias
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Marius Amerio-Cox
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Toni Jackson
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - David Douce
- Waters
Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, U.K.
| | - Ashley Sage
- Waters
Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, U.K.
| | - Peter Luke
- Mass
Spec Analytical, Future Space UWE North Gate, Bristol BS34 8RB, U.K.
| | - Richard Sleeman
- Mass
Spec Analytical, Future Space UWE North Gate, Bristol BS34 8RB, U.K.
| | - Carol Crean
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Patrick Sears
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
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2
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Choi HR, Choi SS. Ionization behaviors of nitrotoluenes and dinitrotoluenes by reactions with acetone-related reactant ion. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2023; 58:e4983. [PMID: 37950649 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Dinitrotoluenes (DNTs) and nitrotoluenes (NTs) are found in the environment as metabolites of trinitrotoluene (TNT). When acetone is used as the solvent/eluent in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (APCI-MS), the reactant ion is [2Acetone + O2 ]•- for the negative ion mode. The reactant ion reacts with an analyte to produce M•- and/or [M - H]- under atmospheric pressure. In this study, ionization behaviors of NT (2-, 3-, and 4-NTs) and DNT isomers (2,3-, 2,4-, and 2,6-DNTs) by reactions with [2Acetone + O2 ]•- were investigated. The energy-minimized structures of the product ions and their energies were calculated to explain the differences in the ionization behaviors. Typical NT- and DNT-related ions were produced by reactions with [2Acetone + O2 ]•- ; NT•- , [NT - H]- , DNT•- , [DNT - H]- , and [DNT - NO]- ions. The ionization efficiencies of NT- and DNT-related ions increased by increasing the source fragmentor voltage, and those of DNT-related ions were higher than those of the NT-related ions owing to the presence of an additional nitro group. The ionization efficiency of 3-NT•- was higher than that of [NT - H]- , while that of [DNT - H]- was higher than those of DNT•- and [DNT - NO]- . The ionization efficiency order of NT•- was 3-NT > 4-NT > 2-NT, while that of [DNT - H]- was 2,4-DNT > 2,6-DNT > 2,3-DNT. The [NT - H]- and [DNT - H]- ions were stabilized by resonance structures containing nitro groups. The [DNT - NO]- ions were formed through the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Ryun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Seen Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Cegłowski M, Otłowski T, Gierczyk B, Smeets S, Lusina A, Hoogenboom R. Explosives removal and quantification using porous adsorbents based on poly(2-oxazoline)s with various degree of functionalization. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139807. [PMID: 37574087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric porous adsorbents are reported for removal of explosives, namely picric acid, 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and their subsequent quantification using direct analysis with ambient plasma mass spectrometry. The adsorbents are obtained by functionalization of short-chain poly(2-oxazoline)s with methyl ester side chains using 4-(aminomethyl)pyridine with a degree of functionalization equal to 0, 5, 10, and 20%. The subsequent step consist of cross-linking using a high internal phase emulsion procedure by further side-chain amidation with diethylenetriamine as crosslinker. Picric acid, RDX, and PETN were chosen as the model compounds as they belong to three different groups of explosives, in particular nitroaromatics, nitroamines, and nitrate esters, respectively. The adsorption isotherms, kinetics, as well as the influence of pH and temperature on the adsorption process was investigated. The porous adsorbents showed the highest maximum adsorption capacity towards picric acid, reaching 334 mg g-1, while PETN (80 mg g-1) and RDX (17.4 mg g-1) were less efficiently adsorbed. Subsequent quantification of the adsorbed explosives is performed by a specially designed ambient mass spectrometry setup equipped with a thermal heater. The obtained limits of detection were found to be 20-times improved compared to direct analysis of analyte solutions. The effectiveness of the proposed analytical setup is confirmed by successful quantification of the explosives in river water samples. The research clearly shows that functional porous adsorbents coupled directly with ambient mass spectrometry can be used for rapid quantification of explosives, which can be, e.g., used for tracking illegal manufacturing sites of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Cegłowski
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Faculty of Chemistry, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Otłowski
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Faculty of Chemistry, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Błażej Gierczyk
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Faculty of Chemistry, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sander Smeets
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Lusina
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Faculty of Chemistry, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Ilbeigi V, Valadbeigi Y, Moravsky L, Matejčík Š. Formic Acid as a Dopant for Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization for Negative Polarity of Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2051-2060. [PMID: 37498108 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Formic acid (FA) is introduced as a potent dopant for atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) for ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry (MS). The mechanism of chemical ionization with the FA dopant was studied in the negative polarity using a corona discharge (CD)-IMS-MS technique in air. Standard reactant ions of the negative polarity present in air are O2-·(CO2)n·(H2O)m (m = 0, 1 and n = 1, 2) clusters. Introduction of the FA dopant resulted in the production of HCOO-·FA reactant ions. The effect of the FA dopant on the APCI of different classes of compounds was investigated, including plant hormones, pesticides, acidic drugs, and explosives. FA dopant APCI resulted in deprotonation and/or adduct ion formation, [M - H]- and [M + HCOO]-, respectively. Supporting density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that the ionization mechanism depended on the gas-phase acidity of the compounds. FA dopant APCI led to the improvement of detection sensitivity, suppression of fragmentation, and changes in the ion mobilities of the analyte ions for analytes with suitable molecular structures and gas acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Ilbeigi
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Younes Valadbeigi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, 34148-96818 Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ladislav Moravsky
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Matejčík
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Feeney W, Menking-Hoggatt K, Vander Pyl C, Ott CE, Bell S, Arroyo L, Trejos T. Detection of organic and inorganic gunshot residues from hands using complexing agents and LC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3024-3039. [PMID: 34159965 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00778e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residue (GSR) refers to a conglomerate consisting of both organic molecules (OGSR) and inorganic species (IGSR). Historically, forensic examiners have focused only on identifying the IGSR particles by their morphology and elemental composition. Nonetheless, modern ammunition formulations and challenges with the GSR transference (such as secondary and tertiary transfer) have driven research efforts for more comprehensive examinations, requiring alternative analytical techniques. This study proposes the use of LC-MS/MS for chromatographic separation and dual detection of inorganic and organic residues. The detection of both target species in the same sample increases the confidence that chemical profiles came from a gun's discharge instead of non-firearm-related sources. This strategy implements supramolecular molecules that complex with the IGSR species, allowing them to elute from the column towards the mass spectrometer while retaining isotopic ratios for quick and unambiguous identification. The macrocycle (18-crown-6-ether) complexes with lead and barium, while antimony complexes with a chelating agent (tartaric acid). The total analysis time for OGSR and IGSR in one sample is under 20 minutes. This manuscript expands from a previous proof-of-concept publication by improving figures of merit, increasing the target analytes, testing the method's feasibility through a more extensive set of authentic specimens collected from the hands of both shooters and non-shooters, and comparing performance with other analytical techniques such as ICP-MS, electrochemical methods and LIBS. The linear dynamic ranges (LDR) spread across the low ppb range for OGSR (0.3-200 ppb) and low ppm range (0.1-6.0 ppm) for IGSR. The method's accuracy increased overall when both organic and inorganic profiles were combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Feeney
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 1600 University Ave, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Munjal P, Sharma B, Sethi JR, Dalal A, Gholap SL. Identification and analysis of organic explosives from post-blast debris by nuclear magnetic resonance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:124003. [PMID: 33265036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The growing threat of terrorism has triggered an urgent need to find effective ways to improve the analysis of explosives. This will aid forensic scientists in analysing the post-blast debris, which in turn helps the law enforcement agencies to frame suitable regulations. Analysis of post-blast debris is challenging as it hosts a massive amount of complexity. There are various techniques reported till date such as mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of post-blast residues. However, none of them has been able to identify the structural composition of the explosives. The current research study focuses on identifying the structural composition of the explosives from the post-blast debris using the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology. The post-blast analytes were extracted from soil samples, cleaned by the solid phase extraction (SPE) method and were rapidly analysed by the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. This paper reports the identification of nitro organic explosives such as pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl) in post-blast debris by 400 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Munjal
- Chemistry & Toxicology Division, LNJN National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science, Ministry of Home Affairs, Sec-3, Rohini, Delhi 110085, India.
| | - Bhumika Sharma
- Chemistry & Toxicology Division, LNJN National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science, Ministry of Home Affairs, Sec-3, Rohini, Delhi 110085, India
| | - J R Sethi
- Chemistry & Toxicology Division, LNJN National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science, Ministry of Home Affairs, Sec-3, Rohini, Delhi 110085, India
| | - Anu Dalal
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shivajirao L Gholap
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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7
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Lee J, Kim MS, Kim HS, Choe YK, Cho SG, Goh EM, Kim J. Characterization of RDX and HMX explosive adduct ions using ESI FT-ICR MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 56:e4632. [PMID: 32767485 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of two common explosives such as cyclonite (RDX) and cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) using a mass spectrometer with ultrahigh resolution and accuracy has not been comprehensively performed. Here, ultrahigh mass accuracy 15-T Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) spectra were utilized to comprehensively characterize the adduct ions of RDX and HMX. Two different ionization sources such as a conventional electrospray ionization (ESI) source and a chip-based static nano-ESI source were used to investigate the adduct ions of RDX and HMX. The ESI-MS analyses of two explosives in negative ion mode provide some adduct ions of RDX and HMX even without prior addition of their corresponding anions. A total of six types of adduct ion were characterized: [M + Cl]- , [M + HCOO]- , [M + NO2 ]- , [M + CH3 COO]- , [M + NO3 ]- , and [M + C3 H5 O3 ]- , where M is either RDX or HMX. The ultrahigh accuracy of the 15-T FT-ICR MS was utilized to distinguish two closely spaced peaks representing the monoisotopic [M + NO2 ]- and second isotopic [M + HCOO]- ions, thereby enabling the discovery of a [M + NO2 ]- adduct ion in the ESI analysis of RDX or HMX. [M + NO2 ]- and [M + CH3 COO]- adduct ions were only observed when using a static nano-ESI source. It is the first report explaining the discovery of [M + NO2 ]- adduct ion in the ESI-MS analyses of RDX and HMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-Ro, Ochang-Eup, Cheongwon-Gu, Cheongju-Si, Chungcheongbuk-Do, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Kim
- Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-Ro, Ochang-Eup, Cheongwon-Gu, Cheongju-Si, Chungcheongbuk-Do, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoong-Kee Choe
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Soo Gyeong Cho
- Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mee Goh
- Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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8
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Pintabona L, Astefanei A, Corthals GL, van Asten AC. Utilizing Surface Acoustic Wave Nebulization (SAWN) for the Rapid and Sensitive Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Organic Explosives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2655-2669. [PMID: 31659718 PMCID: PMC6914713 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
When considering incident investigations and security checks focused on energetic materials, there is an ongoing need for rapid, on-scene chemical identification. Currently applied methods are not capable of meeting all requirements, and hence, portable mass spectrometry is an interesting alternative although many instrumental challenges still exist. To be able to analyze explosives with mass spectrometry outside the traditional laboratory, suitable ambient ionization methods need to be developed. Ideally such methods are also easily implemented in the field requiring limited to no power sources, gas supplies, flow controllers, and heating devices. For this reason, the potential of SAWN (surface acoustic wave nebulization) for the ambient ionization and subsequent mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of organic explosives was investigated in this study. Excellent sensitivity was observed for nitrate-based organic explosives when operating the MS in negative mode. No dominant adduct peaks were observed for the peroxides TATP and HMTD with SAWN-MS in positive mode. The MS spectra indicate extensive fragmentation of the peroxide explosives even under the mild ionization conditions provided by SAWN. The potential of SAWN-MS was demonstrated with the correct identification of nitrate-based organic explosives in pre- and post-explosion case samples in only a fraction of the time and effort required for the regular laboratory analysis. Results show that SAWN-MS can convincingly identify intact organic energetic compounds and mixtures but that sensitivity is not always sufficient to detect traces of explosives in post-explosion residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Pintabona
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alina Astefanei
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Garry L Corthals
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Arian C van Asten
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- CLHC, Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Gaiffe G, Bridoux MC, Costanza C, Cole RB. A systematic tandem mass spectrometric study of anion attachment for improved detection and acidity evaluation of nitrogen-rich energetic compounds. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:21-29. [PMID: 28960805 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of rapid, efficient, and reliable detection methods for the characterization of energetic compounds is of high importance to security forces concerned with terrorist threats. With a mass spectrometric approach, characteristic ions can be produced by attaching anions to analyte molecules in the negative ion mode of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Under optimized conditions, formed anionic adducts can be detected with higher sensitivities as compared with the deprotonated molecules. Fundamental aspects pertaining to the formation of anionic adducts of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), nitroglycerin (NG), and 1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazinane energetic (R-salt) compounds using various anions have been systematically studied by ESI-MS and ESI tandem mass spectrometry (collision-induced dissociation) experiments. Bracketing method results show that the gas-phase acidities of PETN, RDX, and HMX fall between those of HF and acetic acid. Moreover, PETN and RDX are each less acidic than HMX in the gas phase. Nitroglycerin was found to be the most acidic among the nitrogen-rich explosives studied. The ensemble of bracketing results allows the construction of the following ranking of gas-phase acidities: PETN (1530-1458 kJ/mol) > RDX (approximately 1458 kJ/mol) > HMX (approximately 1433 kJ/mol) > nitroglycerin (1427-1327.8 kJ/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gaiffe
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | - Christine Costanza
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Richard B Cole
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
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Guven B, Eryilmaz M, Üzer A, Boyaci IH, Tamer U, Apak R. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with gold nanorods for the simultaneous quantification of nitramine energetic materials. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05844f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A nanosensing method based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy was proposed for simultaneous quantification of nitramine compounds, HMX and RDX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Guven
- Department of Food Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hacettepe University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Merve Eryilmaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Gazi University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Istanbul University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Ismail Hakki Boyaci
- Department of Food Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hacettepe University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Uğur Tamer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Gazi University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Istanbul University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
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Lee J, Park S, Cho SG, Goh EM, Lee S, Koh SS, Kim J. Analysis of explosives using corona discharge ionization combined with ion mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry. Talanta 2014; 120:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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