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Mizumachi H, Watanabe M, Ikezumi M, Kajiwara M, Yasuda M, Mizuno M, Imai N, Sakuma M, Shibata M, Watanabe SI, Motoyama J, Basketter D, Eskes C, Hoffmann S, Lehmann DM, Ashikaga T, Sozu T, Takeyoshi M, Suzuki S, Miyazawa M, Kojima H. The inter-laboratory validation study of EpiSensA for predicting skin sensitization potential. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:510-525. [PMID: 37897225 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The Epidermal Sensitization Assay (EpiSensA) is a reconstructed human epidermis (RhE)-based gene expression assay for predicting the skin sensitization potential of chemicals. Since the RhE model is covered by a stratified stratum corneum, various kinds of test chemicals, including lipophilic ones and pre-/pro-haptens, can be tested with a route of exposure akin to an in vivo assay and human exposure. This article presents the results of a formally managed validation study of the EpiSensA that was carried out by three participating laboratories. The purpose of this validation study was to assess transferability of the EpiSensA to new laboratories along with its within- (WLR) and between-laboratory reproducibility (BLR). The validation study was organized into two independent stages. As demonstrated during the first stage, where three sensitizers and one non-sensitizer were correctly predicted by all participating laboratories, the EpiSensA was successfully transferred to all three participating laboratories. For Phase I of the second stage, each participating laboratory performed three experiments with an identical set of 15 coded test chemicals resulting in WLR of 93.3%, 93.3%, and 86.7%, respectively. Furthermore, when the results from the 15 test chemicals were combined with those of the additional 12 chemicals tested in Phase II of the second stage, the BLR for 27 test chemicals was 88.9%. Moreover, the predictive capacity among the three laboratories showed 92.6% sensitivity, 63.0% specificity, 82.7% accuracy, and 77.8% balanced accuracy based on murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) results. Overall, this validation study concluded that EpiSensA is easily transferable and sufficiently robust for assessing the skin sensitization potential of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Mizumachi
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Food and Drug Safety Center, Hatano Research Institute, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-8523, Japan
| | - Mayu Ikezumi
- Food and Drug Safety Center, Hatano Research Institute, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-8523, Japan
| | - Michika Kajiwara
- Food and Drug Safety Center, Hatano Research Institute, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-8523, Japan
| | - Michiyo Yasuda
- Food and Drug Safety Center, Hatano Research Institute, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-8523, Japan
| | - Makoto Mizuno
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, 48-18 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 114-0005, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Imai
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, 48-18 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 114-0005, Japan
| | - Megumi Sakuma
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, 48-18 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 114-0005, Japan
| | - Momoko Shibata
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, 48-18 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 114-0005, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Watanabe
- Safety Research Science Laboratory, LION Corporation, 100 Tajima, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa, 256-0811, Japan
| | - Junko Motoyama
- Safety Research Science Laboratory, LION Corporation, 100 Tajima, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa, 256-0811, Japan
| | - David Basketter
- DABMEB Consultancy Ltd., Kingswood, Gloucestershire, GL12 8RN, UK
| | - Chantra Eskes
- Services and Consultation on Alternative Methods (SeCAM), Magliaso, Switzerland and Swiss 3R Competence Centre (3RCC), Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - David M Lehmann
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Takao Ashikaga
- Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM), National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takashi Sozu
- Department of Information and Computer Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-0051, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeyoshi
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (CERI), 1600 Shimotakano, Sugito-machi, Kitakatsushika-gun, Saitama, 345-0043, Japan
| | - Sho Suzuki
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM), National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Telaprolu KC, Grice JE, Mohammed YH, Roberts MS. Human Skin Drug Metabolism: Relationships between Methyl Salicylate Metabolism and Esterase Activities in IVPT Skin Membranes. Metabolites 2023; 13:934. [PMID: 37623877 PMCID: PMC10456861 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of esterase enzymes in human skin and their role in drug metabolism has been reported, but their distribution in the various skin layers and the relative contributions of those layers to metabolism is poorly defined. To gain further insight into esterase distribution, we performed in vitro skin permeation of a commercial 28.3% methyl salicylate (MeSA) cream (Metsal™) in Franz diffusion cells, using a range of human skin membranes, all from the same donor. The membranes were viable epidermis separated by a dispase II enzymatic method, heat separated epidermis, dermatomed skin, and dermis separated by a dispase II enzymatic method. Methyl salicylate and its metabolite, salicylic acid (SA), were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Alpha naphthyl acetate and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining provided qualitative estimations of esterase distribution in these membranes. The permeation of methyl salicylate after 24 h was similar across all membranes. Salicylic acid formation and permeation were found to be similar in dermatomed skin and dermis, suggesting dermal esterase activity. These results were supported by the staining studies, which showed strong esterase activity in the dermal-epidermal junction region of the dermis. In contrast with high staining of esterase activity in the stratum corneum and viable epidermis, minimal stained and functional esterase activity was found in heat-separated and dispase II-prepared epidermal membranes. The results are consistent with dispase II digesting hemidesmosomes, penetrating the epidermis, and affecting epidermal esterases but not those in the dermis. Accordingly, whilst the resulting dispase II-generated dermal membranes may be used for in vitro permeation tests (IVPT) involving esterase-based metabolic studies, the dispase II-generated epidermal membranes are not suitable for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C. Telaprolu
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (K.C.T.); (J.E.G.)
| | - Jeffrey E. Grice
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (K.C.T.); (J.E.G.)
| | - Yousuf H. Mohammed
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (K.C.T.); (J.E.G.)
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Michael S. Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (K.C.T.); (J.E.G.)
- UniSA—Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Medical Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
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3
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Guan H, Nuth M, Isaacs SN, Xiao Y, Scott RW, Parker MH, Strobel ED, Kulp JL, Bailey TR, Reitz AB, Ricciardi RP. A small molecule that targets the processivity factor of molluscum contagiosum virus has therapeutic potential. Antiviral Res 2023; 211:105520. [PMID: 36603771 PMCID: PMC10209390 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is an infectious disease that occurs only in humans with a tropism that is narrowly restricted to the outermost epidermal layer of the skin. Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is the causative agent of MC which produces skin lesions that can persist for months to several years. MCV is efficiently transmitted by direct physical contact or by indirect contact with fomites. MC is most prevalent in children and immune compromised patients. The failure to develop a drug that targets MCV replication has been hampered for decades by the inability to propagate MCV in cell culture. To address this dilemma, we recently engineered a surrogate poxvirus expressing the MCV processivity factor (mD4) as the drug target. The mD4 protein is essential for viral replication by keeping the viral polymerase tethered to the DNA template. In this study we have designed and synthesized a lead compound (7269) that is able to prevent mD4 dependent processive DNA synthesis in vitro (IC50 = 6.8 μM) and effectively inhibit propagation of the mD4-VV surrogate virus in BSC-1 cells (EC50 = 13.2 μM) with negligible cytotoxicity. In human liver microsomes, 7269 was shown to be stable for almost 2 h. When tested for penetration into human cadaver skin in a formulated gel, the level of 7269 in the epidermal layer was nearly 100 times the concentration (EC50) needed to inhibit propagation of the mD4-VV surrogate virus in BSC-1 cells. The gel formulated 7269 was scored as a non-irritant on skin and shown to have a shelf-life that was completely stable after several months. In summary, 7269 is a potential Lead for becoming the first MCV anti-viral compound to treat MC and thereby, addresses this unmet medical need that has persisted for many decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hancheng Guan
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manunya Nuth
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stuart N Isaacs
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuhong Xiao
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - John L Kulp
- Conifer Point Pharmaceuticals, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Robert P Ricciardi
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
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Akh LA, Ishak MO, Harris JF, Glaros TG, Sasiene ZJ, Mach PM, Lilley LM, McBride EM. -Omics potential of in vitro skin models for radiation exposure. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:390. [PMID: 35776214 PMCID: PMC11073334 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing need to uncover biomarkers of ionizing radiation exposure that leads to a better understanding of how exposures take place, including dose type, rate, and time since exposure. As one of the first organs to be exposed to external sources of ionizing radiation, skin is uniquely positioned in terms of model systems for radiation exposure study. The simultaneous evolution of both MS-based -omics studies, as well as in vitro 3D skin models, has created the ability to develop a far more holistic understanding of how ionizing radiation affects the many interconnected biomolecular processes that occur in human skin. However, there are a limited number of studies describing the biomolecular consequences of low-dose ionizing radiation to the skin. This review will seek to explore the current state-of-the-art technology in terms of in vitro 3D skin models, as well as track the trajectory of MS-based -omics techniques and their application to ionizing radiation research, specifically, the search for biomarkers within the low-dose range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla A Akh
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Mohammad O Ishak
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Jennifer F Harris
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Trevor G Glaros
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Zachary J Sasiene
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Phillip M Mach
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Laura M Lilley
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Group, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Ethan M McBride
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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Rapid and simultaneous determination of dexamethasone and dexamethasone sodium phosphate using HPLC-UV: Application in microneedle-assisted skin permeation and deposition studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1170:122609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Park JR, Sarwat M, Bolle ECL, de Laat MA, Van Guyse JFR, Podevyn A, Hoogenboom R, Dargaville TR. Drug–polymer conjugates with dynamic cloud point temperatures based on poly(2-oxazoline) copolymers. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00602e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A shift in cloud point temperatures of poly(2-oxazoline)/ACE inhibitor polymer drug conjugates occurs on release of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ryul Park
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation
- Science and Engineering Faculty
- Queensland University of Technology
- Australia
| | - Mariah Sarwat
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation
- Science and Engineering Faculty
- Queensland University of Technology
- Australia
| | - Eleonore C. L. Bolle
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation
- Science and Engineering Faculty
- Queensland University of Technology
- Australia
| | - Melody A. de Laat
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation
- Science and Engineering Faculty
- Queensland University of Technology
- Australia
| | - Joachim F. R. Van Guyse
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
| | - Annelore Podevyn
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
| | - Tim R. Dargaville
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation
- Science and Engineering Faculty
- Queensland University of Technology
- Australia
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Pramanik SK, Sreedharan S, Singh H, Khan M, Tiwari K, Shiras A, Smythe C, Thomas JA, Das A. Mitochondria Targeting Non-Isocyanate-Based Polyurethane Nanocapsules for Enzyme-Triggered Drug Release. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3532-3543. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Pramanik
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002, India
| | - Sreejesh Sreedharan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Harwinder Singh
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002, India
| | - Mohsina Khan
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra India
| | - Karishma Tiwari
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002, India
| | - Anjali Shiras
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra India
| | - Carl Smythe
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Jim. A. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Amitava Das
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002, India
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Mizumachi H, Sakuma M, Ikezumi M, Saito K, Takeyoshi M, Imai N, Okutomi H, Umetsu A, Motohashi H, Watanabe M, Miyazawa M. Transferability and within- and between-laboratory reproducibilities of EpiSensA for predicting skin sensitization potential in vitro: A ring study in three laboratories. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1233-1243. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Mizumachi
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research; 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun Tochigi 321-3497 Japan
| | - Megumi Sakuma
- KOSÉ Corporation, Research Laboratories; 1-18-4 Azusawa, Itabashi-ku Tokyo 174-0051 Japan
| | - Mayu Ikezumi
- Food and Drug Safety Center; Hatano Research Institute; 729-5 Ochiai Hadano-shi Kanagawa 257-8523 Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Saito
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research; 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun Tochigi 321-3497 Japan
| | - Midori Takeyoshi
- KOSÉ Corporation, Research Laboratories; 1-18-4 Azusawa, Itabashi-ku Tokyo 174-0051 Japan
| | - Noriyasu Imai
- KOSÉ Corporation, Research Laboratories; 1-18-4 Azusawa, Itabashi-ku Tokyo 174-0051 Japan
| | - Hiroko Okutomi
- Food and Drug Safety Center; Hatano Research Institute; 729-5 Ochiai Hadano-shi Kanagawa 257-8523 Japan
| | - Asami Umetsu
- Food and Drug Safety Center; Hatano Research Institute; 729-5 Ochiai Hadano-shi Kanagawa 257-8523 Japan
| | - Hiroko Motohashi
- Food and Drug Safety Center; Hatano Research Institute; 729-5 Ochiai Hadano-shi Kanagawa 257-8523 Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Food and Drug Safety Center; Hatano Research Institute; 729-5 Ochiai Hadano-shi Kanagawa 257-8523 Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research; 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun Tochigi 321-3497 Japan
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Lephart ED, Andrus MB. Human skin gene expression: Natural (trans) resveratrol versus five resveratrol analogs for dermal applications. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1482-1489. [PMID: 28750552 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217723628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RV) is a polyphenolic compound naturally produced by plants. Polyphenolic compounds incorporated into medicinal products are beneficial but, RV is rapidly metabolized with an associated decline in biological activity. This study tested RV as the standard and compared five structurally modified RV analogs: butyrate, isobutyrate, palmitoate, acetate, and diacetate (to improve functionality) at 1% concentration(s) for 24 h in epiderm full thickness cultures by gene array/qPCR mRNA analysis. When silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1, extracellular elements (collagen1A1, 3A1, 4A1; elastin, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1, fibrillin 1 laminin beta1 and matrix metalloproteinase 9), anti-aging and aging genes, inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin-1A [IL1A], IL1R2, IL-6 and IL-8), nerve growth factor, and the antioxidants (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, catalase, superoxide dismutase and metallothionein 1H/2H) were evaluated, ranking each from highest-to-lowest for gene expression: butyrate > isobutyrate > diacetate > acetate > palmitoate. This study showed that the butyrate and isobutyrate analogs are more biologically active compared to resveratrol and have potential use in topical applications to improve dermal and other health applications. Impact statement Resveratrol has been reported to have a wide variety of health benefits but its rapid metabolism especially after oral ingestion results in very low bioavailability. Notably, the first human skin gene expression study of resveratrol was not published until 2014. The purpose of this study was to determine if increased stability and biological activity could be obtained by modifying the chemical structure of natural (trans) resveratrol and quantifying human gene expression by qPCR of skin biomarkers that enhance dermal health. Five resveratrol analogs were synthesized that increased their lipophilic index to enhance tissue penetration and augment biological activities on the measured parameters that expand the current knowledge of structure/function relationships. The butyrate and isobutyrate modifications displayed gene expression values significantly above resveratrol and suggest that oral application of these and potentially other resveratrol analogs may yield similar results to improve stability and biological activity to benefit/address various disorders/diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin D Lephart
- 1 Department of Physiology & Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.,2 The Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Merritt B Andrus
- 3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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