Association of systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) with presence of isolated coronary artery ectasia

The Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and the Risk of Parkinson's Disease in the U.S.: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Inflammation is reportedly related to Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the relationship between the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and PD remains unexplored. This study aimed to explore the potential relationship between the SII and PD. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) covering the years 2003 to 2020. We analyzed patients over 40 years of age after excluding those with missing SII, PD and covariate data. Logistic regression, subgroup analysis, and restricted cubic spline models were subsequently conducted to evaluate the associations between the SII and PD. Results: Finally, 30,638 participants were included in this study, of whom 416 (1.36%) were identified as having PD. Weighted multivariate regression analysis, adjusted for all covariates, revealed that participants with elevated in-transform (SII) values had a higher likelihood of PD [OR 1.39; 95% CI (1.02, 1.91), p = 0.039] compared to those with lower SII values. The fully adjusted restricted cubic spline curve revealed that the SII/100 was positively and linearly associated with the incidence of PD (p for nonlinearity > 0.05). Additionally, subgroup analysis revealed a stronger correlation between the SII and PD in female participants [OR = 1.06, 95% CI (1.03, 1.08)] compared to male participants [OR = 1.02, 95% CI (1.00, 1.03)] (p for interaction = 0.01). Conclusions: The SII showed a positive correlation with the incidence of PD, particularly in females. Further large-scale prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings and explore the causal factors that may contribute to the early prevention of PD.

Association Between Ratio of White Blood Cells to Mean Platelet Volume and Coronary Artery Ectasia

Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is a rare vascular phenotype characterized by abnormal dilation of blood vessels and disruption of coronary artery blood flow, which may promote thrombosis and an inflammatory response. We performed a cross-sectional study to investigate the association of white blood cells to mean platelet volume ratio (WMR) with CAE. Consecutive eligible patients (n = 492) were divided into two groups: including 238 patients with CAE and 254 patients in the normal coronary artery (NCA) group. WMR, the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were found to be significantly associated with CAE in both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. In multivariate analysis, the presence of WMR was associated with CAE (the odds ratios (OR) = 1.002, 95% CI: 1.001-1.003, P < .001). In the ROC analysis, the statistics (Z-values) of WMR vs SII and WMR vs NLR were 2.427 and 2.670 and were statistically significant (P = .015 and P = .008), indicating that WMR was superior to SII and NLR in distinguishing WMR. The optimal cut-off value was calculated from the point of maximal sensitivity and specificity by using Youden's index, which was determined to be 635.50. WMR has the potential to be a cost-effective tool to monitor CAE.

Assessment of prevalence and risk factors of isolated coronary artery ectasia: A 5-year double-center retrospective study in Yazd, Iran

Background

The prevalence of Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) varies from 0.‌3 to 5% in different countries. The prevalence of CAE has varied in different parts of the world and the study of risk factors can be effective in the process of diagnosis and treatment of patients, we reviewed patients who underwent coronary angiography for 5 years to determine the prevalence of isolated CAE and its associated risk factors.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 16600 patients who underwent coronary angiography at Shahid Sadoughi and Afshar hospitals between March 2015 to April 2020. Diagnosis and confirmation of CAE was defined as a vessel diameter greater than 1.5 times the normal diameter of the vessel, which must be confirmed by at least two cardiologists. Demographic variables, angiography and echocardiography reports were included in our final analysis.

Results

Isolated CAE was diagnosed in 287 (1.7%) patients. After triple-vessel disease (53%), the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was the commonest affected vessel by ectasia 16% (46 cases). Diffuse isolated CAE was diagnosed in 52% of LAD, 76.6% of Right coronary artery (RCA), and 74.1% of left circumflex artery. A significant association was seen between the vessel involved and the nature of ectasia (p<0.001).

Conclusion

In our study, the occurrence of isolated CAE was similar to other studies. This condition often affects all three major vessels of the coronary arteries, and is commonly categorized as type 1, which involves diffuse involvement of the arteries based on the Markis and Harikrishnan Classification.

The systemic immune-inflammation index was non-linear associated with all-cause mortality in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

OBJECTIVE

Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), a novel inflammatory indicator based on platelets, neutrophils and lymphocytes, has been shown to be associated with prognostic value in several solid tumors. However, its prognostic value in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has not been reported yet. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of SII in individuals with NAFLD.

METHODS

Data was collected from the 2005 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm), and vital status was derived from the National Death Index (NDI) up to 31 December 2015. NAFLD was diagnosed based on Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI). Multivariate Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were performed to measure the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Our study investigated the relationship between SII and all-cause mortality by using two-part linear regression models with penalized splines, as well as Cox models with penalized splines.

RESULTS

A total of 10,787 NAFLD participants (44.14% men) aged ≥20 years old were enrolled. There were 776 deaths from all causes after a mean follow-up period of 5.6 years. According to the full adjusted Cox regression analysis, the low log₂-SII group (quartile 1) and the highest log₂-SII group (quartile 4) were significantly associated with increased mortality from all causes (aHR =1.86; 95% CI: 1.47-2.37; p < 0.0001). After controlling for confounders, an increase in log₂-SII was associated with an increased all-cause mortality risk of 41% for every unit raised (aHR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.26-1.57; p < 0.0001). After adjusting for multiple potential confounders, the association between log₂-SII and all-cause mortality was nonlinear, and the threshold value was 8.8. There was no association between an increase of one unit in log₂-SII and all-cause mortality below the threshold (aHR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.71-1.15, p = 0.419). However, a higher log₂-SII was associated with a higher risk of death from any cause when it exceeded the threshold (aHR = 1. 73, 95% CI: 1.49-2.02, p < 0.001).

Based on a study of US NAFLD patients, it was found that the baseline log₂-SII is associated with all-cause mortality. Elevated SII is associated with poor survival among NAFLD patients.KEY MESSAGESUsing a large nationally representative survey of individuals among US adults, the study demonstrated that log₂-SII was J-shaped and associated with all-cause death among individuals with NAFLD.Spline analyses demonstrated that the association between log₂-SII and all-cause mortality was non-linear after adjusting for multiple potential confounders, and the threshold value was 8.8.Higher log₂-SII associated with poor survival in NAFLD.

Association of Systemic Immune Inflammation Index with Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity, Atherogenic Index of Plasma, Triglyceride-Glucose Index, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Large Cross-Sectional Study

In the U.S. general population, there is a lack of understanding regarding the association between the systemic immune inflammation (SII) index and estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and cardiovascular disease (CVD). As a result, the objective of our research was to investigate the association between the SII index and ePWV, AIP, and TyG index and incident CVD. We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 1999 to 2018 to conduct this study. The correlation between the SII index and ePWV, AIP, and TyG index was examined using generalized additive models with smooth functions. In addition, the association between SII index and triglyceride (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and fast glucose (FBG) also were explored. Finally, we further performed multivariable logistic regression analysis, restricted cubic spline (RCS) plots, and subgroup analysis to study the connection between the SII index and CVD. Our analysis included 17389 subjects from the NHANES database. A substantial positive association existed between SII, WV, and the TyG index. In addition, with the increase of the SII index, AIP showed a trend of decreasing first, then rising, and then decreasing. The SII index was inversely and linearly associated with triglyceride (TG), while positively and linearly associated with fast glucose (FBG). However, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) had a tendency of first declining, then climbing, and finally falling with the rise in the SII index. After adjusting for potential confounders, compared with the lowest quartiles, the odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for CVD across the quartiles were 0.914 (0.777, 1.074), 0.935 (0.779, 1.096), and 1.112 (0.956, 1.293) for SII index. The RCS plot showed an inverse U-shaped curve relationship between the SII index and CVD. Overall, this study found a strong correlation between a higher SII index and ePWV and the TyG index. Additionally, these cross-sectional data also revealed a U-shaped connection between the SII index and CVD.

Elevated systemic immune inflammation level increases the risk of total and cause-specific mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease: a large multi-center longitudinal study

BACKGROUND

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is inherently a complex immune-inflammatory condition, and heightened inflammation and immune dysfunction are closely related to an increased risk of death. However, evidence regarding the relationship between immune-inflammatory levels and all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality among patients with CKD is scarce.

METHODS

Patients with non-dialysis dependent CKD undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) were included from five Chinese tertiary hospitals. Systemic immune inflammation index (SII) was calculated by multiplying peripheral platelet count with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and patients were categorized into four groups by SII quartiles. Cox regression models and competing risk Fine and Gray models were used to examining the relationships between SII levels and all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality.

RESULTS

A total of the 19,327 patients (68.8 ± 10.03 years, female 32.0%) were included in this study. During a median follow-up of 4.5 years, 5,174 deaths occurred, including 2,861 cardiovascular deaths and 375 cancer deaths. Controlling for confounders, all-cause mortality (Q2, Q3, Q4: hazard ratio(HR) [95 CI%] = 1.15 [1.06-1.26], 1.30 [1.19-1.42], 1.48 [1.35-1.62], respectively; p for trend < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (Q2, Q3, Q4: HR [95 CI%] = 1.16 [1.03-1.31], 1.40 [1.24-1.58], 1.64 [1.44-1.85], respectively; p for trend < 0.001) increased with higher SII levels, and SII levels was related to cancer mortality comparing last quartile to first quartile of SII (Q2, Q3, Q4: HR [95 CI%] = 1.12 [0.83-1.52], 1.22 [0.90-1.67], 1.50 [1.09-2.08], respectively; p for trend < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Elevated immune inflammation level on admission was an independent risk factor for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality among CKD patients. Further research is needed to validate the predictive value of SII for mortality risk among CKD patients.

Systemic immune-inflammation index is associated with hepatic steatosis: Evidence from NHANES 2015-2018

BACKGROUND

As a novel inflammatory marker, Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) has not been studied with hepatic steatosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between SII and hepatic steatosis.

METHODS

In the cross-sectional investigation, adults having complete information on SII, hepatic steatosis, and bariatric surgery from the 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were included. Hepatic steatosis was evaluated with heaptic steatosis index (HSI). The platelet count × neutrophil count/lymphocyte count was used to compute SII. We investigated the independent interaction between SII and hepatic steatosis using weighted multivariable regression analysis and subgroup analysis. To explore the potential relationship between SII, bariatric surgery and hepatic steatosis by controlling potential confounders by propensity score matching.

RESULTS

The study involved 10505 participants in total, 5937 (56.5%) of whom had hepatic steatosis according to the diagnosis. After adjusted for covariates, multivariable logistic regression revealed that high SII level was an independent risk factor for hepatic steatosis (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.10-1.52, P 0.01). Unexpectedly, bariatric surgery reduced SII even after PSM corrected for differences of BMI and HSI.

CONCLUSIONS

In US adults, SII was positively correlated with an increase in hepatic steatosis. The SII may be a simple and affordable way to identify hepatic steatosis. Bariatric surgery may reduce SII without resorting to weight loss. This needs to be verified in additional prospective research.

Systemic immune-inflammation index as a potential biomarker of cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Several studies have investigated the value of the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) for predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the results were inconsistent. Therefore, a meta-analysis and systematic review were conducted to assess the correlation between SII and risk of CVD.

Materials and methods

Two investigators systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane library, and CINAHL databases to identify all studies that examined the association between SII levels and CVD. The risk estimates of CVD for people with high SII compared to those with low SII levels and the weighted mean difference (WMD) between the CVD and control groups were pooled using fixed- or random-effects models based on the heterogeneity test. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the risk of bias in eligible studies, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system was applied to rate the certainty of evidence.

Results

A total of 13 studies with 152,996 participants were included for analysis. The overall pooled results showed that higher SII was significantly associated with an increased risk of CVD (HR = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.20–1.61, P < 0.001). This increased risk could be observed in almost all CVD subtypes, including ischemic stroke (HR = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.06–1.63, P = 0.013), hemorrhagic stroke (HR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.10–1.37, P < 0.001), myocardial infarction (HR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.01–1.23, P = 0.027), and peripheral arterial disease (HR = 1.51, 95%CI: 1.18–1.93, P = 0.001). There were no significant but still similar trends in venous thrombosis (HR = 4.65, 95%CI: 0.66–32.71, P = 0.122), cerebral small vessel disease (HR = 1.09, 95%CI: 0.95–1.25, P = 0.233), and acute coronary syndrome (HR = 1.08, 95%CI: 0.96–1.22, P = 0.200). Furthermore, the pooled results showed that SII levels at the onset of CVD were significantly higher than that in the general population (WMD = 355.2, 95%CI: 234.8–475.6, P < 0.001), which was consistent across different CVD subtypes. The GRADE assessment suggested that the quality of current evidence from observational studies was low or very low.

Conclusion

This study indicated that SII may be a potential biomarker for CVD development and elevated SII is associated with an increased risk of CVD. However, the quality of evidence is generally low. Additional well-designed studies are necessary to determine the optimal cutoff value and to characterize the benefited population.

Relationship between increased systemic immune-inflammation index and coronary slow flow phenomenon

Background

Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII, platelet × neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio), a new marker of inflammation, is associated with adverse cardiovascular events, but its relationship with coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP) is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between SII and CSFP.

Methods

We enrolled consecutive patients who presented with chest pain, with normal/near-normal coronary angiography findings (n = 89 as CSFP group; n = 167 as control group). The baseline characteristics, laboratory parameters and angiographic characteristics of the two groups were compared.

Results

SII levels were significantly higher in the CSFP group than in the control group (409.7 ± 17.7 vs. 396.7 ± 12.7, p < 0.001). A significant positive correlation between SII and the mean thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count (mTFC) was found (r = 0.624, p < 0.001). SII increased with the number of coronary arteries involved in CSFP. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, SII/10 was an independent predictor of CSFP (odds ratio: 1.739, p < 0.001). In addition, the SII level > 404.29 was a predictor of CSFP with 67.4% sensitivity and 71.9% specificity.

Conclusions

SII can predict the occurrence of CSFP.