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Zhang Y, Adamo M, Zou C, Porcari A, Tomasoni D, Rossi M, Merlo M, Liu H, Wang J, Zhou P, Metra M, Sinagra G, Zhang J. Management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2024; 25:399-419. [PMID: 38625835 PMCID: PMC11142653 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an important cause of heart failure and arrhythmias, including sudden death, with a major impact on the healthcare system. Genetic causes and different phenotypes are now increasingly being identified for this condition. In addition, specific medications, such as myosin inhibitors, have been recently shown as potentially able to modify its symptoms, hemodynamic abnormalities and clinical course. Our article aims to provide a comprehensive outline of the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the current era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zhang
- Heart Failure Care Unit, Heart Failure Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union of Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Marianna Adamo
- Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia
| | - Changhong Zou
- Heart Failure Care Unit, Heart Failure Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union of Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Aldostefano Porcari
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniela Tomasoni
- Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia
| | - Maddalena Rossi
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Merlo
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Huihui Liu
- Heart Failure Care Unit, Heart Failure Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union of Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Heart Failure Care Unit, Heart Failure Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union of Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Heart Failure Care Unit, Heart Failure Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union of Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Marco Metra
- Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jian Zhang
- Heart Failure Care Unit, Heart Failure Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union of Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
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Veselka J. Looking Back at 30 Years of Alcohol Septal Ablation and Looking Forward to the Future. Can J Cardiol 2024; 40:824-832. [PMID: 37774969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 30 years since Dr Sigwart's first pioneering procedures, alcohol septal ablation (ASA) has become the standard catheterisation procedure to reduce or eliminate obstruction in the left ventricular outflow tract. This procedure reduces the pressure gradient by 70%-80%, and only 10%-20% of patients have a residual gradient > 30 mm Hg after ASA. The mortality rate of the procedure is < 1%, and ∼ 10% of patients require permanent pacemaker implantation for higher degrees of atrioventricular block. Given the potential risks, ASA should be performed only in centres with extensive experience in the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and with comprehensive therapeutic options, including myectomy. In the future, ASA is likely to be increasingly complemented by catheter-based mitral valve repair, which will increase its efficacy.
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Ding WY, Meah MN, Stables R, Cooper RM. Interventions in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy. Can J Cardiol 2024; 40:833-842. [PMID: 38070769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common genetically transmitted cardiomyopathy that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite contemporary treatments and interventions, the management of patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy remains poorly defined compared with other branches of cardiology. In this review, we discuss established and novel therapeutic interventions in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with a focus on percutaneous and surgical strategies including surgical myectomy, mitral valve repair or replacement, percutaneous alcohol septal ablation, pacemaker and cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, septal embolization, radiofrequency endocardial catheter ablation, and percutaneous intramyocardial septal radiofrequency ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wern Yew Ding
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed N Meah
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney Stables
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Cooper
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Research Institute of Sports and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Hiruma T, Kitamura M, Takamisawa I, Izumi Y, Higuchi R, Nanasato M, Shimokawa T, Takanashi S, Isobe M, Takayama M. Predictors of Repeated Septal Reduction After Alcohol Septal Ablation in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 83:546-548. [PMID: 38267115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hiruma
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Kitamura
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Itaru Takamisawa
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Izumi
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Higuchi
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nanasato
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Shimokawa
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Takanashi
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Isobe
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morimasa Takayama
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Veselka J, Liebregts M, Cooper R, Faber L, Januska J, Tesarkova KH, Hansen PR, Seggewiss H, Hansvenclova E, Bonaventura J, Vejtasova V, Ten Berg J, Stables RH, Jensovsky M. Outcomes of Alcohol Septal Ablation in Patients With Severe Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Can J Cardiol 2023; 39:1622-1629. [PMID: 37355228 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.06.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current ACC/AHA guidelines on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) caution that alcohol septal ablation (ASA) might be less effective in patients with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) ≥ 100 mm Hg. METHODS We used a multinational registry to evaluate the outcome of ASA patients according to baseline LVOTO. RESULTS A total of 1346 ASA patients were enrolled and followed for 5.8 ± 4.7 years (7764 patient-years). The patients with baseline LVOTO ≥ 100 mm Hg were significantly older (61 ± 14 years vs 57 ± 13 years; P < 0.01), more often women (60% vs 45%; P < 0.01), and had a more pronounced HCM phenotype than those with baseline LVOTO < 100 mm Hg. There were no significant differences in the occurrences of 30-day major cardiovascular adverse events in the 2 groups. After propensity score matching (2 groups, 257 pairs of patients), the long-term survival was similar in both groups (P = 0.10), the relative reduction of LVOTO was higher in the group with baseline LVOTO ≥ 100 mm Hg (82 ± 21% vs 73 ± 26%; P < 0.01), but the residual resting LVOTO remained higher in this group (23 ± 29 mm Hg vs 13 ± 13 mm Hg; P < 0.01). Dyspnoea (NYHA functional class) at the most recent clinical check-up was similar in the 2 groups (1.7 ± 0.7 vs 1.7 ± 0.7; P = 0.85), and patients with baseline LVOTO ≥ 100 mm Hg underwent more reinterventions (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS After propensity matching, ASA patients with baseline LVOTO ≥ 100 mm Hg had similar survival and dyspnoea as patients with baseline LVOTO < 100 mm Hg, but their residual LVOTO and risk of repeated procedures were higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Veselka
- Department of Cardiology, Second Medical School, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Max Liebregts
- Department of Cardiology, St Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Cooper
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, John Moores University, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Klara Hulikova Tesarkova
- Department of Demography and Geodemography, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Hubert Seggewiss
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre, University Clinic Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Hansvenclova
- Department of Cardiology, Second Medical School, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Bonaventura
- Department of Cardiology, Second Medical School, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vejtasova
- Department of Cardiology, Second Medical School, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jurriën Ten Berg
- Department of Cardiology, St Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Rodney Hilton Stables
- Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Jensovsky
- Department of Cardiology, Second Medical School, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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Mehra N, Veselka J, Smedira N, Desai MY. Invasive therapies for symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 80:46-52. [PMID: 37652213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic condition with multiple different genetic and clinical phenotypes. As awareness for HCM increases, it is important to also be familiar with potential treatment options for the disease. Treatment of HCM can be divided into two different categories, medical and interventional. Typically for obstructive forms of the disease, in which increased septal hypertrophy, abnormally placed papillary muscles, abnormalities in mitral valve or subvalvular apparatus, lead to dynamic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, treatment is targeted at decreasing obstructive gradients and therefore symptoms. Medications like beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, disopyramide can often accomplish this. However, in patients with severe obstruction or symptoms refractory to medical therapy, either surgical correction of the LVOT obstruction or percutaneous via alcohol septal ablation, are treatment options. In this review, we will focus on the invasive treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Mehra
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195.
| | - Josef Veselka
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Motol and 2nd Medical School of Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Nicholas Smedira
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart, Vascular Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195.
| | - Milind Y Desai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195.
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Cai ML, Zhong GQ. Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy with SAM Phenomenon: A Case Report and Literature Review. CARDIOLOGY AND CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2022; 6:515-522. [PMID: 36582309 PMCID: PMC9797103 DOI: 10.26502/fccm.92920293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is defined by the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in the absence of other potentially causative cardiac, systemic, syndromic, or metabolic diseases [1]. It is the most common genetic abnormality of the myocardium, with an anaesthetized prevalence ranging from 1:500 to as high as 1:200 [2-4]. It is the primary cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among teenagers and athletes. Patient A 56-year-old man presented with chest tightness and palpitations which had been occurring post-activity for the previous 6 months. The patient was advised to be admitted. He underwent echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), coronary angiography (CAG) examination, and left ventriculography. He was diagnosed with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) with systolic anterior motion (SAM) phenomenon. Results Echocardiography results showed that the interventricular septal thickness was 14-16 mm and that there were 2 degrees of SAM of the mitral valve. This resulted in severe stenosis of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and moderate to severe mitral insufficiency. Left ventriculography confirmed mitral regurgitation (MR) associated with HOCM with SAM phenomenon. Under the protection of a permanent pacemaker, the patient was treated with alcohol septal ablation (ASA). After discharge, the symptoms of chest tightness and palpitation did not recur. Conclusion Beneficial effects were observed when patients with HOCM and SAM were treated with ASA under the condition of a permanent pacemaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lian Cai
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning City, China
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin City, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning City, China
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Mathai S, Williams L. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and the impact of mavacamten. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2022; 13:20406223221136074. [PMID: 36407022 PMCID: PMC9666864 DOI: 10.1177/20406223221136074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common genetic disorder characterised by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is an integral component of the disease, often resulting in significant symptoms, but also carrying a risk of progression to heart failure and death. Advancements in our understanding of the pathophysiology of HCM have led to the development of new therapies targeting the molecular basis of the disease at the level of the cardiac sarcomere, the basic contractile apparatus of the myocardium. Myosin modulators are a novel class of small molecules which target cardiac myosins directly to modulate cardiac contractility. The myosin inhibitors present the first advancement in pharmacological management of obstructive HCM in almost 35 years, with a growing body of evidence for the safety, tolerability and efficacy of mavacamten, and to a lesser extent aficamten. The aim of this review is to summarise the current management of patients with obstructive HCM and review the most recent available data from clinical trials pertaining to myosin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Mathai
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Papworth
Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lynne Williams
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Papworth
Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,
Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK
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9
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Veselka J, Liebregts M, Cooper R, Faber L, Januska J, Kashtanov M, Tesarkova KH, Hansen PR, Seggewiss H, Shloydo E, Popov K, Hansvenclova E, Polakova E, Ten Berg J, Stables RH, Jarkovsky J, Bonaventura J. Prediction of Sudden Cardiac Arrest After Alcohol Septal Ablation for Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: ASA-SCARRE Risk Score. Am J Cardiol 2022; 184:120-126. [PMID: 36192196 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to derive a new score, the Alcohol Septal Ablation-Sudden Cardiac ARREst (ASA-SCARRE) risk score, that can be easily used to evaluate the risk of sudden cardiac arrest events (sudden cardiac death, resuscitation, or appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator discharge) after alcohol septal ablation (ASA) in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. We analyzed 1,834 patients from the Euro-ASA registry (49% men, mean age 57 ± 14 years) who were followed up for 5.0 ± 4.3 years (9,202 patient-years) after ASA. A total of 65 patients (3.5%) experienced sudden cardiac arrest events, translating to 0.72 events per 100 patient-years. The independent predictors of sudden cardiac arrest events were septum thickness before ASA (hazard ratio 1.09 per 1 mm, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.14, p <0.001) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient at the last clinical checkup (hazard ratio 1.01 per 1 mm Hg, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.02, p = 0.002). The following ASA-SCARRE risk scores were derived and independently predicted long-term risk of sudden cardiac arrest events: "0" for both LVOT gradient <30 mmHg and baseline septum thickness <20 mm; "1" for LVOT gradient ≥30 mm Hg or baseline septum thickness ≥20 mm; and "2" for both LVOT gradient ≥30 mm Hg and baseline septum thickness ≥20 mm. The C statistic of the ASA-SCARRE risk score was 0.684 (SE 0.030). In conclusion, the ASA-SCARRE risk score may be a useful and easily available clinical tool to predict risk of sudden cardiac arrest events after ASA in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Veselka
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Motol, Second Medical School, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Max Liebregts
- Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Cooper
- Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lothar Faber
- Department of Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Maksim Kashtanov
- Department of Endovascular Therapy, Sverdlovsk Regional Hospital No. 1 and Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Klara Hulikova Tesarkova
- Department of Demography and Geodemography, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Hubert Seggewiss
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Clinic Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Eugene Shloydo
- Department of Cardiology, City Hospital No. 2, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill Popov
- Department of Cardiology, City Hospital No. 2, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Eva Hansvenclova
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Motol, Second Medical School, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Polakova
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Motol, Second Medical School, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jurriën Ten Berg
- Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Rodney Hilton Stables
- Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jiri Jarkovsky
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Bonaventura
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Motol, Second Medical School, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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La Canna G, Scarfò I, Arendar I, Colombo A, Torracca L, Margonato D, Montorfano M, Alfieri O. Targeting Alcohol Septal Ablation in Patients with Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Candidates for Surgical Myectomy: Added Value of Three-Dimensional Intracoronary Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10102166. [PMID: 34067830 PMCID: PMC8156226 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Myocardial contrast two-dimensional echocardiography (MC-2DE) is widely used to address alcohol septal ablation (ASA) in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Owing to its limited cut-planes, MC-2DE may inaccurately identify the contrast misplacement associated with an unsuccessful or complicated ASA outcome. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the added value of myocardial contrast three-dimensional echocardiography (MC-3DE) compared with MC-2DE to identify the appropriate matching between the target septal zone (TSZ) and coronary artery branch for safe and long-term effective ASA in HCM patients. Methods: A consecutive series of 52 symptomatic obstructive HCM patients referred for isolated surgical myectomy (SM) was analyzed with MC-2DE and MC-3DE following injection of echocontrast into one or more septal branches. MC-2DE and MC-3DE patterns were categorized according to complete (Type 1) or incomplete (Type 2) TSZ covering, high-risk (Type 3) exceeding TSZ, or life-threatening outside TSZ distribution (Type 4). Results: MC-2DE per patient analysis showed a Type 1 pattern in 32 patients and Types 2–4 in the remaining 20 patients; subsequent MC-3DE analysis provided a re-phenotyping of MC-2DE findings in 22 of the 52 patients (42%), showing a high-risk Type 2 pattern in 17 of the 32 patients with Type 1, and a new life-threatening Type 4 in three patients with Type 2, respectively. All patients with MC-3DE Type 1 pattern underwent safe and effective ASA with a long-term uneventful follow-up, while the remaining patients underwent SM. Conclusions: Refining high risk or life-threatening contrast misplacement, MC-3DE is more accurate than conventional MC-2DE to target safe and long-term effective septal reduction with ASA in obstructive HCM patients referred for isolated SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni La Canna
- Applied Diagnostic Echocardiography Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (I.S.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-33-5674-4319
| | - Iside Scarfò
- Applied Diagnostic Echocardiography Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (I.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Irina Arendar
- Applied Diagnostic Echocardiography Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (I.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Antonio Colombo
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy;
| | - Lucia Torracca
- Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy;
| | - Davide Margonato
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Matteo Montorfano
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Ottavio Alfieri
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
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