1
|
Liu Y, Zhang J, Hu Z, Zhong Z, Yuan X. Acute effects of eccentric overload training with different loading doses in male sprinters. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32369. [PMID: 38947482 PMCID: PMC11214358 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The primary objective of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of two doses (Dose1 and Dose2,D1 and D2) of inertial Flywheel Eccentric Overload (FEOL), Eccentric Hook (EH), and High-intensity Half Squat (HHS) on muscle explosiveness in male sprinters. Methods Twenty-one sub-elite male sprinters were randomly assigned to three groups: the FEOL group (n=7), the EH group (n=7), and the HSS group (n=7),Measurements of athletes' explosive jumps (CMJ, SJ, SLJ) heights, relative peak power indices, and 30-m sprint times were collected before and 6 min after the intervention. Results At D1 loading dose, CMJ, SJ jump height, and relative peak power increased significantly (p < 0.05) after HHS training intervention, while there was no significant change in FEOL and EH training (p > 0.05). At D2 loading dose, CMJ, SJ jump height, and relative peak power increased significantly (p < 0.01) after FEOL and EH training intervention, but at D2HHS intervention, these indexes tended to decrease (p < 0.05). None of the three training protocols significantly improved SLJ performance (p > 0.05). CMJ vertical jump height and relative peak power were significantly higher after D2FEOL and D2EH interventions than after D1HHS (P < 0.05). Conclusion D1HHS, D2FEOL and D2EH3 intervention methods can all improve the performance of sub-elite athletes in the 30-m test, CMJ test and SJ test. in the CMJ test, FEOL training demonstrated a higher acute augmentation effect compared to EH training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Liu
- China Athletics College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Graduate School, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongzhong Hu
- Department of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zixuan Zhong
- Department of Sports and Physical Education, Macau Polytechnic University, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- China Athletics College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- State General Administration of Sport Key Laboratory of Sports Training, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Masel S, Maciejczyk M. No effects of post-activation performance enhancement in elite male volleyball players under complex training. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13708. [PMID: 38877057 PMCID: PMC11178877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish reliability of post-activation performance enhancement in three manners: (1) interday morning and afternoon reliability; (2) intraday morning and afternoon reliability; (3) intraday set-to-set reliability. Twelve elite male volleyball players experienced in resistance training performed four identical experimental sessions-two in the morning and two in the afternoon. During each session participants performed a mini complex training session-three sets of a conditioning activity (CA) (3 repetitions of a trap bar deadlift at 80% 1RM with 15% of accommodating resistance) and 90 s after a CA performed squat jump (SJ) with 4 min intra-set rest interval. The ANOVA with repeated measures was used to assess significance of the effect of a CA and ICC to assess reliability of measurements. The PAPE protocol was found to be ineffective to subsequently enhance JH on various occasions. Also, the results of this study suggest that the practitioners may effectively implement appropriately organized complex training as both intraday set-to-set (0.87 and 0.82 for morning sessions; 0.83 and 0.58 for afternoon sessions) and interday morning (0.67) and afternoon (0.8) reliabilities seem to be acceptable. However, introducing two CT sessions within one day is highly questionable as at the moment intraday morning and afternoon reliability is vague (0.88 and 0.48).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Masel
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barra-Moura H, Guilherme Vieira J, Zacaron Werneck F, Wilk M, Pascoalini B, Queiros V, Gomes de Assis G, Bichowska-Pawęska M, Vianna J, Vilaça-Alves J. The effect of complex contrast training with different training frequency on the physical performance of youth soccer players: a randomized study. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17103. [PMID: 38562995 PMCID: PMC10984173 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Complex contrast training (CCT) is potentially an efficient method to improve physical abilities such as muscle strength, power output, speed, agility, are extremely important in developing soccer players of different age categories. Aim This study aimed to analyze the effects of 6 weeks of CCT program applied in different training frequency (sessions per week) on youth soccer players performance. Methods Twenty-one youth soccer players (age: 15.3 ± 1.1 years; body mass 64.9 ± 0.7 kg; height 175.4 ± 0.7 cm) were randomized into three groups: a regular pre-season training control group (G0, n = 8), a group with regular pre-season training plus twice-a-week CCT (G2, n = 6), and a group with regular pre-season training plus thrice-a-week CCT (G3, n = 7). The CCT consisted of soccer skills-based exercises distributed across five stations, to be performed before common regular practice during a 6-week pre-season period. The agility (505 Agility test), sprint (S5 and S15), jump (SJ and CMJ), and free kick speed (11 m from the goal) of the groups were analyzed pre- and post-CCT intervention. During a 6-week pre-season period, the players integrated CCT into their regular training sessions. Furthermore, performance variables were compared between the groups. Results A statistical difference was identified for the timepoint for the players' CMJ (p = 0.023; η2 = 0.343) and the free kick speed (p = 0.013; η2 = 0.383) using ANOVA. The G3 showed a significant improvement in the CMJ (p = 0.001) and the free kick speed (p = 0.003) between pre- to post-CCT test. No other significant changes in performance were observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion The CCT training program with a weekly frequency of 3 days per week is effective in improving free kick speed and CMJ performance in young male soccer players (U-15 and U-17 categories). CCT training programs have the potential to refine an athlete's preparation for competition. However, certain performance tests did not demonstrate substantial enhancements. Consequently, additional investigations are required to ascertain the effectiveness of CCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helder Barra-Moura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Guilherme Vieira
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francisco Zacaron Werneck
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - Bruno Pascoalini
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical-Functional Performance, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Queiros
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande Norte, Brazil
| | - Gilmara Gomes de Assis
- Postgraduate Program in Integrative Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jeferson Vianna
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Vilaça-Alves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Maroto-Izquierdo S, García-López D, Beato M, Bautista IJ, Hernández-Davó JL, Raya-González J, Martín-Rivera F. Force Production and Electromyographic Activity during Different Flywheel Deadlift Exercises. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:95. [PMID: 38668563 PMCID: PMC11054580 DOI: 10.3390/sports12040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize and compare force production and muscle activity during four flywheel deadlift exercises (bilateral [Bi] vs. unilateral [Uni]) with different loading conditions (vertical [Ver] vs. horizontal [Hor]). Twenty-three team-sport athletes underwent assessments for exercise kinetics (hand-grip force), along with surface electromyography (sEMG) of the proximal (BFProx) and medial biceps femoris (BFMed), semitendinosus (ST), and gluteus medius (GM). Mean and peak force were highest (p < 0.001) in Bi + Ver compared with Bi + Hor, Uni + Ver, and Uni + Hor. Although no significant differences were observed between Bi + Hor and Uni + Ver, both variants showed higher (p < 0.001) average force and peak eccentric force when compared with Uni + Hor. The presence of eccentric overload was only observed in the vertically loaded variants. Bi + Ver and Uni + Ver showed higher (p < 0.05) sEMG levels in BFProx and BFMed compared with the Uni + Hor variant. In addition, Uni + Ver registered the largest GM and ST sEMG values. In conclusion, the vertical variants of the flywheel deadlift exercise led to higher muscle force production and sEMG compared with their horizontal counterparts. Both Bi + Ver and Uni + Ver may be effective in promoting an increase in hamstring muscles activity and muscle force at long muscle length, while the Uni + Ver variant may be more effective in promoting GM and ST involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, 47012 Valladolid, Spain
- Proporción A, Applied Sports Science Centre, 47015 Valladolid, Spain
| | - David García-López
- Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich IP4 1QJ, UK
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich IP4 1QJ, UK
| | - Iker J. Bautista
- Institute of Sport and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK
| | | | | | - Fernando Martín-Rivera
- Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Zhang Q, Chen W, Fu H, Zhang M, Fan Y. The effect of flywheel complex training with eccentric-overload on muscular adaptation in elite female volleyball players. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17079. [PMID: 38525282 PMCID: PMC10961060 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 8 weeks (24 sessions) between flywheel complex training with eccentric overload and traditional complex training of well-trained volleyball players on muscle adaptation, including hypertrophy, strength, and power variables. Fourteen athletes were recruited and randomly divided into the flywheel complex training with an eccentric-overload group (FCTEO, n = 7) and the control group (the traditional complex training group, TCT, n = 7). Participants performed half-squats using a flywheel device or Smith machine and drop jumps, with three sets of eight repetitions and three sets of 12 repetitions, respectively. The variables assessed included the muscle thickness at the proximal, mid, and distal sections of the quadriceps femoris, maximal half-squats strength (1RM-SS), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and three-step approach jump (AJ). In addition, a two-way repeated ANOVA analysis was used to find differences between the two groups and between the two testing times (pre-test vs. post-test). The indicators of the FCTEO group showed a significantly better improvement (p < 0.05) in CMJ (height: ES = 0.648, peak power: ES = 0.750), AJ (height: ES = 0.537, peak power: ES = 0.441), 1RM-SS (ES = 0.671) compared to the TCT group and the muscle thicknes at the mid of the quadriceps femoris (ES = 0.504) after FCTEO training. Since volleyball requires lower limb strength and explosive effort during repeated jumps and spiking, these results suggest that FCTEO affects muscular adaptation in a way that improves performance in well-trained female volleyball players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoqin Wang
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
- Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | | | - Honghao Fu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhao Fan
- Department of Physical Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Beato M, de Keijzer KL, Muñoz-Lopez A, Raya-González J, Pozzo M, Alkner BA, Dello Iacono A, Vicens-Bordas J, Coratella G, Maroto-Izquierdo S, Gonzalo-Skok O, McErlain-Naylor SA, Martin-Rivera F, Hernandez-Davo JL, Arrones LS, Sabido R, de Hoyo M, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Norrbrand L. Current Guidelines for the Implementation of Flywheel Resistance Training Technology in Sports: A Consensus Statement. Sports Med 2024; 54:541-556. [PMID: 38175461 PMCID: PMC10978721 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flywheel resistance training has become more integrated within resistance training programs in a variety of sports due to the neuromuscular, strength, and task-specific enhancements reported with this training. OBJECTIVE This paper aimed to present the consensus reached by internationally recognized experts during a meeting on current definitions and guidelines for the implementation of flywheel resistance training technology in sports. METHODS Nineteen experts from different countries took part in the consensus process; 16 of them were present at the consensus meeting (18 May 2023) while three submitted their recommendations by e-mail. Prior to the meeting, evidence summaries were developed relating to areas of priority. This paper discusses the available evidence and consensus process from which recommendations were made regarding the appropriate use of flywheel resistance training technology in sports. The process to gain consensus had five steps: (1) performing a systematic review of systematic reviews, (2) updating the most recent umbrella review published on this topic, (3) first round discussion among a sample of the research group included in this consensus statement, (4) selection of research group members-process of the consensus meeting and formulation of the recommendations, and (5) the consensus process. The systematic analysis of the literature was performed to select the most up-to-date review papers available on the topic, which resulted in nine articles; their methodological quality was assessed according to AMSTAR 2 (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Review 2) and GRADE (Grading Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation). Statements and recommendations scoring 7-9 were considered appropriate. RESULTS The recommendations were based on the evidence summary and researchers' expertise; the consensus statement included three statements and seven recommendations for the use of flywheel resistance training technology. These statements and recommendations were anonymously voted on and qualitatively analyzed. The three statements reported a score ranging from 8.1 to 8.8, and therefore, all statements included in this consensus were considered appropriate. The recommendations (1-7) had a score ranging from 7.7 to 8.6, and therefore, all recommendations were considered appropriate. CONCLUSIONS Because of the consensus achieved among the experts in this project, it is suggested that practitioners and researchers should adopt the guidelines reported in this consensus statement regarding the use of flywheel resistance technology in sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK.
| | | | - Alejandro Muñoz-Lopez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Marco Pozzo
- Master de Fútbol, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- SmartCoach Technologies, Inc., Seville, Spain
| | - Björn A Alkner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eksjö, Region Jönköping County, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland
| | - Jordi Vicens-Bordas
- Sport, Exercise, and Human Movement (SEaHM), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Martin-Rivera
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Sabido
- Sport Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Moises de Hoyo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Performance Department, Aston Villa Football Club, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Norrbrand
- Division of Environmental Physiology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fu K, Chen L, Poon ETC, Wang R, Li Q, Liu H, Ho IMK. Post-activation performance enhancement of flywheel training on lower limb explosive power performance. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1217045. [PMID: 37534366 PMCID: PMC10390728 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1217045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) of flywheel training (FT) on lower limb explosive power performance. Using a randomized crossover design, 20 trained men (age = 21.5 ± 1.4 years; training experience 5.5 ± 1.2 years) completed seven main conditions after three familiarization sessions. The first three conditions tested the PAPE of the FT on the counter movement jump (CMJ) under three different inertial loads (0.041 kg·m2 as L; 0.057 kg·m2 as ML; and 0.122 kg·m2 as P), whereas the following four conditions tested the PAPE of FT on the 30 m sprint, which consisted of three inertial loads (L, ML, and P) and a control condition. Participants were required to perform the CMJ or 30 m sprint at baseline (Tb) and immediately (T0), 4 min (T4), 8 min (T8), 12 min (T12), and 16 min (T16) after exercise, respectively. The results of the CMJ conditions showed that PAPE peaked at T4 (p < 0.01) and almost subsided at T12 (p > 0.05) in ML and P conditions. Meanwhile, PAPE appeared earlier in the P condition, and the effect was more significant (P:ES = 1.09; ML:ES = 0.79). 30 m sprint results showed significant improvement only in the ML condition. The PAPE peaked at T4 (p < 0.05, ES = -0.47) and almost subsided at T8 (p > 0.05). It was mainly due to the significant enhancement of the 10-30 m segmental timing performance at T4 (p < 0.05, ES = -0.49). This study indicates that the size of the inertial load could influence the magnitude of the PAPE produced by the explosive force of the lower limb. The PAPE of the vertical explosive force increased with increasing inertial load, but the PAPE of the horizontal explosive force did not appear at the maximum inertial load. The most effective elicitation of the PAPE was at 4-8 min after the FT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keqi Fu
- Department of Public Physical, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingying Chen
- Department of Public Physical, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Eric Tsz-Chun Poon
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rou Wang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Haochong Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Indy Man Kit Ho
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
- Asian Academy for Sports and Fitness Professionals, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen Y, Su Q, Yang J, Li G, Zhang S, Lv Y, Yu L. Effects of rest interval and training intensity on jumping performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating post-activation performance enhancement. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1202789. [PMID: 37427408 PMCID: PMC10328417 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1202789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is no clear agreement regarding the ideal rest interval and training intensity to optimize post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) after barbell squat (BS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rest interval and training intensity on jumping performance due to PAPE. Methods: Searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases. We included studies that satisfied the following criteria: (1) eligible studies should be randomized controlled trials; (2) eligible studies should investigate the acute effect of barbell squat-induced PAPE on jump performance; (3) eligible studies should use countermovement jump, squat jump, or vertical jump as the outcome measure. Results: From 2518 search records initially identified, 19 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis results showed that BS had no significant effect on improving jumping performance due to PAPE (Cohen's d = 0.09, p = 0.08). Subgroup analysis showed that rest interval between 0-1 min was detrimental to jumping performance (Cohen's d = -0.33, p < 0.01), while rest intervals between 4-7 min (Cohen's d = 0.31, p < 0.01) and 8-9 min (Cohen's d = 0.26, p = 0.02) provided favorable jumping performance outcomes. In addition, low-intensity and moderate-intensity BS had no significant effect on jump performance, while high-intensity BS showed results consistent with rest interval. Conclusion: Our study indicated that both low-intensity and moderate-intensity BS failed to induce PAPE, and it is recommended that future studies use high-intensity BS to induce PAPE. A rest interval of 4-9 min had a beneficial impact on jump height, and an interval range of 4-7 min seems to be the best rest interval between conditioning activity and jumping performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Su
- Ersha Sports Training Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyan Zhang
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Laikang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Masel S, Maciejczyk M. Post-activation effects of accommodating resistance and different rest intervals on vertical jump performance in strength trained males. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:65. [PMID: 37095566 PMCID: PMC10123974 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-activation potentiation performance (PAPE) is a physiological phenomenon that has been studied numerously but the researchers are still seeking for the optimal application methods. The accommodating resistance was found to be an effective training method to acutely enhance subsequent explosive performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of performing a trap bar deadlift with accommodating resistance on squat jump (SJ) performance with different rest intervals (90, 120, 150s). METHODS The study had a cross-over design and fifteen strength-trained males (age 22.9 ± 2.1 years; body height 182 ± 6.5 cm; body mass: 80.4 ± 9.8 kg; body fat 15.8 ± 7.0%; BMI 24.1 ± 2.8; lean body mass 67.5 ± 8.8 kg) participated in one familiarization, three experimental and three control sessions within three weeks. The conditioning activity (CA) used in the study was a single set of 3 repetitions of a trap bar deadlift at 80% 1RM with approximately 15% 1RM of an elastic band. The SJ measurements were performed at the baseline and post-CA after 90 or 120 or 150s. RESULTS The 90s experimental protocol significantly improved (p < 0.05, effect size 0.34) acute SJ performance whereas 120 and 150 s experimental protocols did not significantly improve performance. The following tendency was observed - the longer the rest interval, the smaller the potentiation effect; p value for 90s (0.046), 120s (0.166), 150s (0.745). CONCLUSIONS A trap bar deadlift with accommodating resistance and 90s rest interval can be used to acutely enhance jump performance. A 90s rest interval was found to be optimal to enhance subsequent SJ performance, but the potential rest interval extension to 120s could also be taken by strength and conditioning coaches as the PAPE effect is highly individual. However, exceeding the rest interval to more than 120s may not be effective in optimising the PAPE effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Masel
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maroto-Izquierdo S, Nosaka K, Alarcón-Gómez J, Martín-Rivera F. Validity and Reliability of Inertial Measurement System for Linear Movement Velocity in Flywheel Squat Exercise. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2193. [PMID: 36850788 PMCID: PMC9958668 DOI: 10.3390/s23042193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of an Inertial Measurement System integrated into a secondary pulley (IMS) for determining linear velocity during flywheel squat exercises. Thirty-one male participants who were highly experienced in a flywheel resistance exercise training performed flywheel squat exercises with three incremental loads, and mean velocity (MV), mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and max velocity (Vmax) of the exercises were simultaneously recorded with a validated linear encoder and the IMS, in two different sessions. Validity was analyzed using ordinary least products regression (OLP), Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and Hedge's g for the values from the linear encoder and the IMS. Test-retest reliability was determined by coefficient of variation (CV), Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and standard error of measurement (SEM). Results showed a high degree of validity (OLP intercept = -0.09-0.00, OLP slope = 0.95-1.04, CCC = 0.96-0.99, Hedge's g < 0.192, SEM = 0.04-0.08) and reliability (CV < 0.21%, ICC > 0.88, SEM < 0.08). These results confirm that the IMS provides valid and reliable measures of movement velocity during flywheel squat exercises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Jesús Alarcón-Gómez
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín-Rivera
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guo W, Liang M, Lin J, Zhou R, Zhao N, Aidar FJ, Oliveira R, Badicu G. Time Duration of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) in Elite Male Sprinters with Different Strength Levels. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010053. [PMID: 36670604 PMCID: PMC9856859 DOI: 10.3390/children10010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
(1) Purpose: This study aimed to explore the time duration of post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) in elite male sprinters with different strength levels. (2) Methods: Thirteen elite male sprinters were divided into a strong group (relative strength: 1RM squat normalized by body mass of ≥2.5; n = 6) and a weak group (relative strength of <2.5; n = 7). All sprinters performed one static squat jump (SSJ) at baseline and 15 s, 3 min, 6 min, 9 min, and 12 min following an exercise protocol including three reps of a 90% 1RM back squat. Two force plates were used to determine the vertical jump height, the impulse output, and the power output for all SSJs. (3) Results: Significant improvements in vertical jump height and peak impulse were observed (p < 0.05) at 3, 6, and 9 min, without significant between-group differences. The peak power had a significant increase in 3 min (p < 0.01) and 6 min (p < 0.05), with also no significant difference between-group differences. Moreover, the stronger subjects induced a greater PAPE effect than the weaker counterparts at 3, 6, and 9 min after the intervention. The maximal benefit following the intervention occurred at 6 min and 3 min after the intervention in the stronger and weaker subjects, respectively. (4) Conclusions: The findings indicated that three reps of a 90% 1RM back squat augmented the subsequent explosive movement (SSJ) for 3−9 min in elite male sprinters, especially in stronger sprinters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Guo
- Department of Social Sports, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Meifu Liang
- Chinese Athletics Association, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Junlei Lin
- School of Strength and Conditioning, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruihang Zhou
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Ningning Zhao
- Sports Science Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Felipe J. Aidar
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior-Polytechnic Institute of Santarem, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yi W, Chen C, Zhou Z, Cui W, Wang D. Acute effects of ballistic versus heavy-resistance exercises on countermovement jump and rear-hand straight punch performance in amateur boxers. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:161. [PMID: 36031611 PMCID: PMC9420262 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Ballistic and heavy-resistance exercises may potentially enhance lower body power, which is paramount for the punching performance of amateur boxers. This study aimed to determine the acute effects of ballistic exercise (BE) and heavy-resistance exercise (HRE) on countermovement jump (CMJ) and rear-hand straight punch performance in amateur boxers. Methods Ten amateur boxers performed two conditioning exercises in a randomized and counterbalanced order as follows: squat jump with 4 sets × 8 repetitions at 30% one-repetition maximum (1RM) for BE and squat with 3 sets × 5 repetitions at 80% 1RM for HRE. The jump height (JH), relative maximal force (RMF), relative maximal power (RMP) of the CMJ, punch force (PF), and punch speed (PS) of a rear-hand straight punch were measured before and 3, 6, 9, and 12 min after either BE or HRE. Results No significant condition × time interaction was found for JH (p = 0.303), RMF (p = 0.875), RMP (p = 0.480), PF (p = 0.939), and PS (p = 0.939). In addition, no main effect of the condition for JH (p = 0.924), RMF (p = 0.750), RMP (p = 0.631), PF (p = 0.678), and PS (p = 0.712). A significant main effect of time was observed for PF (p = 0.001) and PS (p = 0.001), whereas JH (p = 0.081), RMF (p = 0.141), and RMP (p = 0.430) were not. Pairwise comparison identified that PF (p = 0.031) and PS (p = 0.005) significantly increased at 9 min compared with those at baseline. Conclusions The findings of this study demonstrated that BE and HRE protocols can potentiate the rear-hand straight punch performance at 9 min but bring less favorable improvements for JH, RMF, or RMP of CMJ.
Collapse
|
13
|
Martín-Rivera F, Beato M, Alepuz-Moner V, Maroto-Izquierdo S. Use of concentric linear velocity to monitor flywheel exercise load. Front Physiol 2022; 13:961572. [PMID: 36035469 PMCID: PMC9412162 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.961572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To propose the concentric linear velocity measurement as a valid method to quantify load and individualise the prescription of flywheel training, we investigated the relationship between inertial load and mean concentric linear velocity (MCLV) during the flywheel squat exercise in a wide spectrum of intensities. In addition, we compared MCLV and subjective rating of perceived exertion (RPE) after each load. Methods: Twenty-five physically active men volunteered for this study (26.5 ± 2.9 years, 179.5 ± 4.2 cm, 81.6 ± 8.6 kg). After familiarization, all participants performed two inertial progressive load tests on separated days to determine the flywheel load-velocity profile and its reliability. Each participant performed 5 set of 6 repetitions of the flywheel squat exercise with different inertial loads (0.047, 0.104, 0.161, 0.245, 0.321 kg m2) selected in a counterbalanced and randomized order for each testing day. Average MCLV and RPE for each load were compared. Results: The inter-session intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) showed values above 0.9 in all the included outcomes (MCLV: ICC = 0.91; RPE: ICC = 0.93). A significant correlation (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.80) between inertial load and MCLV was found. Similarly, significant correlation models (p < 0.01) were observed between RPE and load (R2 = 0.87) and (R2 = 0.71) between RPE and MCLV. Conclusion: The control of MCLV during flywheel exercise can be proposed as a valid method to quantify load and to individualize the prescription of flywheel training. In addition, RPE responses have demonstrated significant correlations with load and velocity. Therefore, RPE has been proposed as a valid and reliable alternative to control flywheel training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martín-Rivera
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Fernando Martín-Rivera,
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain
- Proporción A, Applied Sports Science Centre, Valladolid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
de Keijzer KL, Gonzalez JR, Beato M. The effect of flywheel training on strength and physical capacities in sporting and healthy populations: An umbrella review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264375. [PMID: 35213634 PMCID: PMC8880830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this umbrella review was to provide a detailed summary of how flywheel training enhances strength and physical capacities in healthy and athletic populations. The eleven reviews included were analyzed for methodological quality according to the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Review 2 (AMSTAR 2) and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Two were systematic reviews, six were systematic reviews with meta-analyses and three were narrative reviews. Although the included reviews support use of flywheel training with athletic and healthy populations, the umbrella review highlights disparity in methodological quality and over-reporting of studies (38 studies were included overall). Flywheel post-activation performance enhancement protocols can effectively enhance strength and physical capacities acutely with athletes and healthy populations. All relevant reviews support flywheel training as a valid alternative to traditional resistance training for enhancing muscular strength, power, and jump performance with untrained and trained populations alike. Similarly, reviews included report flywheel training enhances change of direction performance—although conclusions are based on a limited number of investigations. However, the reviews investigating the effect of flywheel training on sprint performance highlight some inconsistency in attained improvements with elite athletes (e.g., soccer players). To optimize training outcomes, it is recommended practitioners individualize (i.e., create inertia-power or inertia-velocity profiles) and periodize flywheel training using the latest guidelines. This umbrella review provides an analysis of the literature’s strengths and limitations, creating a clear scope for future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. de Keijzer
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Villalon-Gasch L, Penichet-Tomas A, Sebastia-Amat S, Pueo B, Jimenez-Olmedo JM. Postactivation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) Increases Vertical Jump in Elite Female Volleyball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19010462. [PMID: 35010722 PMCID: PMC8744649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify if a conditioning activity was effective to elicit postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) and to increase the performance in vertical jump (VJ) in elite female volleyball players. Eleven national Superliga-2 volleyball players (22.6 ± 3.5 years) were randomly assigned to an experimental and control group. Countermovement jumps (CMJ) were performed on eight occasions: before (Pre-PAPE) and after activation (Post-PAPE), after the match (Pre-Match), and after each of the five-match sets (Set 1 to 5). ANOVA showed significantly increased jump performance for the experiment between baseline (Pre-PAPE) and all the following tests: +1.3 cm (Post-PAPE), +3.0 cm (Pre-Match), +4.8 cm (Set 1), +7.3 cm (Set 2), +5.1 cm (Set 3), +3.6 cm (Set 4), and +4.0 cm (Set 5), all showing medium to large effect size (0.7 < ES < 2.4). The performance of the control group did not show significant increases until Set 3 (+3.2 cm) and Set 5 (+2.9 cm), although jump heights were always lower for the control group than the experimental. The use of conditioning activity generates increased VJ performance in Post-PAPE tests and elicited larger PAPE effects that remain until the second set of a volleyball match.
Collapse
|
16
|
The use of real-time monitoring during flywheel resistance training programmes: how can we measure eccentric overload? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport 2021; 38:639-652. [PMID: 34937974 PMCID: PMC8670814 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyse the technologies and main training variables used in the literature to monitor flywheel training devices in real time. In addition, as the main research question, we investigated how eccentric overload can be effectively monitored in relation to the training variable, flywheel shaft type device and the moment of inertia selected. The initial search resulted in 11,621 articles that were filtered to twenty-eight and seventeen articles that met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. The main technologies used included force sensors and rotary/linear encoders, mainly to monitor peak or mean force, power or speed. An eccentric overload was not always achieved using flywheel devices. The eccentric overload measurement was related to the main outcome selected. While mean force (p = 0.011, ES = -0.84) and mean power (p < 0.001, ES = -0.30) favoured the concentric phase, peak power (p < 0.001, ES = 0.78) and peak speed (p < 0.001, ES = 0.37) favoured the eccentric phase. In addition, the lower moments of inertia (i.e., from 0.01 to 0.2 kg·m2) and a cylindrical shaft type (i.e., vs conical pulley) showed higher possibilities to achieve eccentric overload. A wide variety of technologies can be used to monitor flywheel devices, but to achieve eccentric overload, a flywheel cylindrical shaft type with low moments of inertia is advised to be used.
Collapse
|
17
|
Comparison of post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) after isometric and isotonic exercise on vertical jump performance. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260866. [PMID: 34855891 PMCID: PMC8639083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to compare the post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) induced by isometric and isotonic exercise on vertical jump performance. METHODS 18 healthy trained men (25.8±2.7 years; 78.4±8.2 kg; 175.7±6.1 cm; 25.4±1.8 BMI; 126.72±10.8 kg squat 1-RM) volunteered for this study. They randomly performed two different PAPE protocols: Isotonic squats (ISOTS), which consisted of 2 sets of 3 repetitions at 75% of one-maximum repetition (1-RM); and isometric squats (ISOMS), which consisted of 2 sets of 4 seconds of submaximal (75% of 1-RM) isometric contraction at 90°-knee flexion. Countermovement jump (CMJ) height was tested at baseline and 4 minutes after each conditioning set. RESULTS CMJ height significantly increased after set 1 in both PAPE protocols (ISOMS: p <0.001; ES = 0.34; ISOTS: p <0.001; ES = 0.24), with respect to the baseline jump. However, after set 2 no significant changes in CMJ height were observed for any protocol (ISOMS: p = 0.162; ES = 0.11; ISOTS: p = 0.976; ES = 0.06). No significant differences (p>0.05) were found between both isometric and isotonic exercise conditions. CONCLUSIONS Despite both protocols showed similar PAPE effects on CMJ height after set 1, none of the protocols demonstrated greater efficacy in increasing subsequent performance in healthy trained men.
Collapse
|
18
|
Maroto-Izquierdo S, Raya-González J, Hernández-Davó JL, Beato M. Load Quantification and Testing Using Flywheel Devices in Sports. Front Physiol 2021; 12:739399. [PMID: 34777007 PMCID: PMC8587883 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.739399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sañudo B, de Hoyo M, Haff GG, Muñoz-López A. Influence of Strength Level on the Acute Post-Activation Performance Enhancement Following Flywheel and Free Weight Resistance Training. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20247156. [PMID: 33327405 PMCID: PMC7764837 DOI: 10.3390/s20247156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the post-activation potentiation performance enhancement (PAPE) response to the acute inertial flywheel (FW) and free weight resistance training (TRA) on subsequent countermovement jump (CMJ) and sprint performance (10 m sprint). This study used a randomized crossover design including twenty-eight healthy males that were divided into strong (relative one-repetition maximum (1RM) back squat > 2.0 × body mass) and weak (relative 1RM back squat < 2.0 × body mass) groups. All participants performed the following: (a) three reps at 90% of their 1RM back squat (TRA) and (b) three reps on an inertial FW (plus one repetition to initiate flywheel movement) with an intensity that generated a mean propulsive velocity equal to that achieved with 90% of the 1RM back squat. Before and after the conditioning activity, participants performed two CMJs and two 10 m sprints. Within-group analyses showed significantly greater CMJ (d > 0.9, p < 0.001) and sprint performance (d > 0.5, p < 0.05) in the FW and the TRA group. Between-group analysis showed that sprint changes were significantly greater in the FW-strong group when compared with the TRA (F1,18 = 5.11, p = 0.036, η2p = 0.221-large) group. These results suggest that using a squat activation protocol on a FW may lead to an acute positive effect on jump and sprint performance, especially in stronger individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.S.); (M.d.H.)
| | - Moisés de Hoyo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.S.); (M.d.H.)
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6065, Australia;
| | - Alejandro Muñoz-López
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Education Sciences School, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-699-66-14-47
| |
Collapse
|