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Pattassery SA, Kutteyil SS, Lavania M, Vilasagaram S, Chavan NA, Shinde PA, Kaulgud RK, Munivenkatappa A. Molecular epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Karnataka, India in 2022. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 46:100429. [PMID: 37945122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2023.100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is an enteroviral disease that occurs as outbreaks and sporadic cases in India. In this study, we investigated and characterized the aetiology of HFMD cases that occurred in Karnataka, South India from April to October 2022. METHODS Throat swabs, vesicular swabs, urine, and blood samples from suspected cases were analysed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of enteroviruses. Molecular typing of the enterovirus-positive samples was carried out by amplifying the partial virion protein 1(VP1) gene sequence, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Out of the 187 samples received from 82 cases, 93 (50%) tested positive (55/82 cases, 67%) for enteroviruses, with the majority of the HFMD cases reported in paediatric population of less than 5 years (36/55, 65.4%), while 3 cases (3/55, 5.4%) were adults. Out of the 55 enterovirus-positive cases, 31 showed partial VP1 region amplification and 19 of these cases were typed as coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) (13/19, 68.4%) and CV-A6 (6/19, 31.6%). The CV-A16 strains identified belonged to subclade B1c while two CV-A6 strains belonged to subclade E2. On molecular testing for other viruses causing fever-rash symptoms, 4/27 (15%) enterovirus-negative cases were detected as herpes simplex virus (1 case) and varicella zoster virus (3 cases) positive. CONCLUSION The main causative agent of HFMD in Karnataka in 2022 was CV-A16, followed by CV-A6. Apart from the common paediatric HFMD cases, adult cases were also reported during this period. Further studies involving laboratory and clinical investigations are essential for monitoring and managing HFMD in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susha Subash Kutteyil
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit, Bengaluru 560011, Karnataka, India.
| | - Mallika Lavania
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Srinivas Vilasagaram
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit, Bengaluru 560011, Karnataka, India.
| | | | | | - Ramesh K Kaulgud
- Directorate of Health and Family Welfare Services, Arogyasoudha, Bengaluru 560023, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ashok Munivenkatappa
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit, Bengaluru 560011, Karnataka, India.
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Liu J, Li B, Tao J, Cheng J, Shi Y, Qiao C, Shen X, Liu H. Development of an indirect ELISA method based on the VP1 protein for detection of IgG antibodies against porcine sapelovirus. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2023; 87:176-183. [PMID: 37397630 PMCID: PMC10291703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is a newly emerging enterovirus that is widely prevalent in China. Since there is no clinical serological testing for PSV, the objective of this study was to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) for detection of PSV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in pigs. A PSV strain, named SHPD202148, was first isolated from the fecal samples of piglets. Its structural protein, VP1, was prokaryotic-expressed in the pET expression system, followed by purification. Using the recombinant protein with reactogenicity as coating antigen, an i-ELISA, characterized by high sensitivity and specificity, had a detection limit at 1:12 800 dilution with a determined cutoff value of 0.352. Finally, field sera collected from different pig herds were tested in parallel by the serum neutralization (SN) test. The result showed that 126 samples were positive and 36 were negative, with an agreement of 97.0% in both cases. This i-ELISA can be used as an alternative serological test for detecting antibodies against PSV in blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China (J. Liu, Li, Tao, Cheng, Shi, Qiao, Shen, H. Liu); National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China (J. Liu)
| | - Benqiang Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China (J. Liu, Li, Tao, Cheng, Shi, Qiao, Shen, H. Liu); National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China (J. Liu)
| | - Jie Tao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China (J. Liu, Li, Tao, Cheng, Shi, Qiao, Shen, H. Liu); National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China (J. Liu)
| | - Jinghua Cheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China (J. Liu, Li, Tao, Cheng, Shi, Qiao, Shen, H. Liu); National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China (J. Liu)
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China (J. Liu, Li, Tao, Cheng, Shi, Qiao, Shen, H. Liu); National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China (J. Liu)
| | - Changtao Qiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China (J. Liu, Li, Tao, Cheng, Shi, Qiao, Shen, H. Liu); National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China (J. Liu)
| | - Xiaohui Shen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China (J. Liu, Li, Tao, Cheng, Shi, Qiao, Shen, H. Liu); National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China (J. Liu)
| | - Huili Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China (J. Liu, Li, Tao, Cheng, Shi, Qiao, Shen, H. Liu); National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China (J. Liu)
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Krzemień G, Pańczyk-Tomaszewska M, Górska E, Szmigielska A. Urinary vanin-1 for predicting acute pyelonephritis in young children with urinary tract infection: a pilot study. Biomarkers 2021; 26:318-324. [PMID: 33656956 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.1893813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vanin-1, an epithelial glycosylphosphatidylolinositol (GPI)-anchored pantetheinase, is a valuable marker of renal injury. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the predictive value of vanin-1 in acute pyelonephritis (APN) in comparison to the conventional serum inflammatory markers in children aged 1-24 months with the first episode of urinary tract infection (UTI). MATERIAL AND METHODS Urinary vanin-1, vanin-1/Cr ratio, WBC, CRP, PCT were analysed in 58 children with febrile UTI and in 18 children with non-febrile UTI. Febrile UTI group was divided into APN subgroup (n = 29) and non-APN subgroup (n = 29), based on the results of Tc-99m-ethylenedicysteine scan. RESULTS The mean vanin-1 level was higher in the APN group compared to the non-febrile UTI group (p = 0.02) and did not differ between APN and non-APN subgroup. In univariate analysis, vanin-1 (p = 0.042), CRP (p < 0.001), PCT (p < 0.001), and WBC (p = 0.022), were associated with APN, but only vanin-1 (p = 0.048) and CRP (p = 0.002) were independent markers of APN. In ROC analysis, vanin-1, with its best cut-off value of 16.53 ng/mL, had worse diagnostic profile (AUC 0.629, sensitivity 58,6%, specificity 63.8%) than CRP, PCT and WBC (AUC: 0.937; 0.880; 0.667, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Vanin-1 is not useful for predicting APN, since its diagnostic value is inferior to other conventional serum inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Krzemień
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Elżbieta Górska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szmigielska
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections: Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020119. [PMID: 33503845 PMCID: PMC7911756 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a major causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia which can lead to both acute upper and lower respiratory tract inflammation, and extrapulmonary syndromes. Refractory pneumonia caused by M. pneumonia can be life-threatening, especially in infants and the elderly. Here, based on a comprehensive review of the scientific literature related to the respective area, we summarize the virulence factors of M. pneumoniae and the major pathogenic mechanisms mediated by the pathogen: adhesion to host cells, direct cytotoxicity against host cells, inflammatory response-induced immune injury, and immune evasion. The increasing rate of macrolide-resistant strains and the harmful side effects of other sensitive antibiotics (e.g., respiratory quinolones and tetracyclines) in young children make it difficult to treat, and increase the health risk or re-infections. Hence, there is an urgent need for development of an effective vaccine to prevent M. pneumoniae infections in children. Various types of M. pneumoniae vaccines have been reported, including whole-cell vaccines (inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines), subunit vaccines (involving M. pneumoniae protein P1, protein P30, protein P116 and CARDS toxin) and DNA vaccines. This narrative review summarizes the key pathogenic mechanisms underlying M. pneumoniae infection and highlights the relevant vaccines that have been developed and their reported effectiveness.
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Effectiveness of enterovirus A71 vaccine in severe hand, foot, and mouth disease cases in Guangxi, China. Vaccine 2019; 38:1804-1809. [PMID: 31892446 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major public health issue in China that poses severe risks to children's health, especially those under the age of 3. Since 2016, EV71 vaccines developed by three Chinese manufacturers have been approved for use, and clinical trials of these vaccines have demonstrated protection against EV-A71 infection. However, few studies have assessed the effectiveness of these vaccines in real-world settings. METHODS A test-negative design case-control study was used to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) in cases of severe HFMD. We obtained information including EV-A71 vaccination status from the Local Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on all severe HFMD cases under 12 years in age in Guangxi, China, from Jan. 1, 2017, to Dec. 31, 2018. Enterovirus infection was laboratory confirmed by local CDCs. Individuals with a positive EV-A71 nucleic acid test result were assigned to the case group, and those with negative EV-A71 nucleic acid test results were assigned to the control group. We estimated VE using logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 2779 severe HFMD cases were enrolled in the study; 838 children were EV-A71 positive cases, and 1941 children were EV-A71 negative controls. The proportion of EV-A71 positive cases aged 6-36 months was lower than that for EV-A71 negative controls. EV-A71 infection was associated with an increased risk of mortality (aOR, 8.8; 95% CI, 1.3-61.6). The adjusted VE was 81.4% and 88.3% for one dose and two doses, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the rate of EV-A71 has fallen among severe HFMD cases in Guangxi and that the risk for EV-A71 infection in 6-36-month-old children has been reduced by use of the vaccine. Inactivated vaccines performed well in severe HFMD cases in a real-world setting.
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