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Sengupta S, Pattanaik KP, Mishra S, Sonawane A. Epigenetic orchestration of host immune defences by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Res 2023; 273:127400. [PMID: 37196490 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Being among the top 10 causes of adult deaths, tuberculosis (TB) disease is considered a major global public health concern to address. The human tuberculosis pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an extremely competent and well-versed pathogen that promotes pathogenesis by evading the host immune systems through numerous tactics. Investigations revealed that Mtb could evade the host defense mechanisms by reconfiguring the host gene transcription and causing epigenetic changes. Although results indicate the link between epigenetics and disease manifestation in other bacterial infections, little is known regarding the kinetics of the epigenetic alterations in mycobacterial infection. This literature review discusses the studies in Mtb-induced epigenetic alterations inside the host and its contribution in the host immune evasion strategies. It also discusses how the Mtb-induced alterations could be used as 'epibiomarkers' to diagnose TB. Additionally, this review also discusses therapeutic interventions to be enhanced through remodification by 'epidrugs'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabasti Sengupta
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Kali Prasad Pattanaik
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Snehasish Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institutes of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India.
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Bao J, He Y, Yang C, Lu N, Li A, Gao S, Hosyanto FF, Tang J, Si J, Tang X, Fu H, Xu L. Inhibition of mycobacteria proliferation in macrophages by low cisplatin concentration through phosphorylated p53-related apoptosis pathway. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281170. [PMID: 36719870 PMCID: PMC9888694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance is a prominent problem in the treatment of tuberculosis, so it is urgent to develop new anti- tuberculosis drugs. Here, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of cisplatin (DDP) on intracellular Mycobacterium smegmatis to tap the therapeutic potential of DDP in mycobacterial infection. RESULTS Macrophages infected with Mycobacterium smegmatis were treated with DDP alone or combined with isoniazid or rifampicin. The results showed that the bacterial count in macrophages decreased significantly after DDP (≤ 6 μg/mL) treatment. When isoniazid or rifampicin was combined with DDP, the number of intracellular mycobacteria was also significantly lower than that of isoniazid or rifampicin alone. Apoptosis of infected cells increased after 24 h of DDP treatment, as shown by flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy detection. Transcriptome sequencing showed that there were 1161 upregulated and 645 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the control group and DDP treatment group. A Trp53-centered protein interaction network was found based on the top 100 significant DEGs through STRING and Cytoscape software. The expression of phosphorylated p53, Bax, JAK, p38 MAPK and PI3K increased after DDP treatment, as shown by Western blot analysis. Inhibitors of JAK, PI3K or p38 MAPK inhibited the increase in cell apoptosis and the reduction in the intracellular bacterial count induced by DDP. The p53 promoter Kevetrin hydrochloride scavenges intracellular mycobacteria. If combined with DDP, Kevetrin hydrochloride could increase the effect of DDP on the elimination of intracellular mycobacteria. In conclusion, DDP at low concentrations could activate the JAK, p38 MAPK and PI3K pathways in infected macrophages, promote the phosphorylation of p53 protein, and increase the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, leading to cell apoptosis, thus eliminating intracellular bacteria and reducing the spread of mycobacteria. CONCLUSION DDP may be a new host-directed therapy for tuberculosis treatment, as well as the p53 promoter Kevetrin hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Bao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Hospital-Acquired Infection Control Department, First People’s Hospital of Jintang County, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonglin He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anlong Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sijia Gao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Jialing Tang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junzhuo Si
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Tang
- Clinical laboratory, People’s Hospital of Rongchang District, Chongqing, China
| | - Huichao Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Cubillos-Angulo JM, Nogueira BMF, Arriaga MB, Barreto-Duarte B, Araújo-Pereira M, Fernandes CD, Vinhaes CL, Villalva-Serra K, Nunes VM, Miguez-Pinto JP, Amaral EP, Andrade BB. Host-directed therapies in pulmonary tuberculosis: Updates on anti-inflammatory drugs. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:970408. [PMID: 36213651 PMCID: PMC9537567 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.970408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a lethal disease and remains one of the top ten causes of mortality by an infectious disease worldwide. It can also result in significant morbidity related to persistent inflammation and tissue damage. Pulmonary TB treatment depends on the prolonged use of multiple drugs ranging from 6 months for drug-susceptible TB to 6–20 months in cases of multi-drug resistant disease, with limited patient tolerance resulting from side effects. Treatment success rates remain low and thus represent a barrier to TB control. Adjunct host-directed therapy (HDT) is an emerging strategy in TB treatment that aims to target the host immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in addition to antimycobacterial drugs. Combined multi-drug treatment with HDT could potentially result in more effective therapies by shortening treatment duration, improving cure success rates and reducing residual tissue damage. This review explores the rationale and challenges to the development and implementation of HDTs through a succinct report of the medications that have completed or are currently being evaluated in ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Cubillos-Angulo
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Betânia M. F. Nogueira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
| | - María B. Arriaga
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Barreto-Duarte
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Salvador, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Araújo-Pereira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Catarina D. Fernandes
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Caian L. Vinhaes
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Bahia Foundation for the Development of Sciences, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Klauss Villalva-Serra
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Salvador, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eduardo P. Amaral
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bruno B. Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Bahia Foundation for the Development of Sciences, Salvador, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Bruno B. Andrade,
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Li YY, Liu HM, Wang D, Lu Y, Ding C, Zhou LS, Wu XY, Zhou ZW, Xu SQ, Lin C, Qin LH, Li Y, Liu J, Liu HP, Zhang L. Arabinogalactan enhances Mycobacterium marinum virulence by suppressing host innate immune responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:879775. [PMID: 36090984 PMCID: PMC9459032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan (AG) participates in forming the cell wall core of mycobacteria, a structure known as the mAGP complex. Few studies have reported the virulence of inartificial AG or its interaction with the host immune system. Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats interference gene editing technology, conditional Mycobacterium marinum mutants were constructed with a low expression of embA or glfT2 (EmbA_KD or GlfT2_KD), which are separately involved in the biosynthesis of AG arabinose and galactose domains. High-performance gel permeation chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography assays confirmed that the EmbA_KD strain showed a remarkable decrease in AG content with fragmentary arabinose chains, and the GlfT2_KD strain displayed less reduction in content with cut-down galactose chains. Based on transmission and scanning electron microscopy observations, the cell walls of the two mutants were found to be dramatically thickened, and the boundaries of different layers were more distinct. Phenotypes including the over-secretion of extracellular substances and enhanced spreading motility with a concomitant decreased resistance to ethambutol appeared in the EmbA_KD strain. The EmbA_KD and GlfT2_KD strains displayed limited intracellular proliferation after infecting murine J774A.1 macrophages. The disease progression infected with the EmbA_KD or GlfT2_KD strain significantly slowed down in zebrafish/murine tail infection models as well. Through transcriptome profiling, macrophages infected by EmbA_KD/GlfT2_KD strains showed enhanced oxidative metabolism. The cell survival measured using the CCK8 assay of macrophages exposed to the EmbA_KD strain was upregulated and consistent with the pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes in terms of cell cycle/apoptosis. The overexpression of C/EBPβ and the increasing secretion of proinflammatory cytokines were validated in the macrophages infected by the EmbA_KD mutant. In conclusion, the AG of Mycobacterium appears to restrain the host innate immune responses to enhance intracellular proliferation by interfering with oxidative metabolism and causing macrophage death. The arabinose chains of AG influence the Mycobacterium virulence and pathogenicity to a greater extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-yu Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han-Mei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Decheng Wang
- School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cairong Ding
- School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Li-Shuang Zhou
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-qin Xu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian-Hua Qin
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jun Liu, ; Hai-Peng Liu, ; Lu Zhang,
| | - Hai-Peng Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Liu, ; Hai-Peng Liu, ; Lu Zhang,
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Liu, ; Hai-Peng Liu, ; Lu Zhang,
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Chen Y, Zeng Y, Wang J, Meng C. Immune and inflammation-related gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to tuberculosis in Southern Xinjiang population: A case-control analysis. Int J Immunogenet 2021; 49:70-82. [PMID: 34958532 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and immune factors play an important role in tuberculosis. Under different ethnicities and genetic backgrounds, different immune and inflammation-related gene polymorphisms may confer different susceptibility to tuberculosis. This study investigated the relationship between immune and inflammation-related gene polymorphism and susceptibility to tuberculosis in Xinjiang Uyghur population, China. In this case-control study, we enrolled 507 pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 454 healthy controls from Southern Xinjiang. single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was performed. The 12 SNPs of nine immune and inflammation-related genes (including TNF rs361525, IL6 rs2066992 and rs1524107, IL17A rs3748067, IL17F rs763780, VDR rs731236, rs2228570 and rs1544410, IFNGR1 rs1327474, P2RX7 rs3751143, CTAGE1 rs4331426 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) rs4986790) and their relationship with tuberculosis were evaluated. The T allele and TT genotype of IL-6 rs2066992 and rs1524107 increased the risk of active tuberculosis. The C allele of IFNGR1 rs1327474 was related to the reduced risk of tuberculosis in the Xinjiang Uyghur population. The G allele and AG/GG genotypes of TLR4 rs4986790 were associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis (p < .05). Furthermore, haplotype analysis found that the haplotype TT of interleukin (IL)-6 was a risk factor, whereas the CG type was a protective factor for active tuberculosis in the Xinjiang Uyghur population. There were three immune and inflammation-related genes (IL-6, IFNGR1 and TLR4) and a total of four SNPs (rs2066992, rs1524107, rs1327474 and rs4986790) related to the susceptibility of the Uyghur population to tuberculosis. Our findings may provide evidence for further understanding the mechanism of tuberculosis susceptibility in the Xinjiang Uyghur population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahao Chen
- Medical Laboratory Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Medical Laboratory Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jialu Wang
- Medical Laboratory Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Cunren Meng
- Medical Laboratory Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Molloy A, Harrison J, McGrath JS, Owen Z, Smith C, Liu X, Li X, Cox JAG. Microfluidics as a Novel Technique for Tuberculosis: From Diagnostics to Drug Discovery. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112330. [PMID: 34835455 PMCID: PMC8618277 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global healthcare crisis, with an estimated 5.8 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths in 2020. TB is caused by infection with the major human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is difficult to rapidly diagnose and treat. There is an urgent need for new methods of diagnosis, sufficient in vitro models that capably mimic all physiological conditions of the infection, and high-throughput drug screening platforms. Microfluidic-based techniques provide single-cell analysis which reduces experimental time and the cost of reagents, and have been extremely useful for gaining insight into monitoring microorganisms. This review outlines the field of microfluidics and discusses the use of this novel technique so far in M. tuberculosis diagnostics, research methods, and drug discovery platforms. The practices of microfluidics have promising future applications for diagnosing and treating TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Molloy
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (A.M.); (J.H.)
| | - James Harrison
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (A.M.); (J.H.)
| | - John S. McGrath
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Zachary Owen
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Clive Smith
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Liu
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Li
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Jonathan A. G. Cox
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (A.M.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-121-204-5011
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Szturmowicz M, Broniarek-Samson B, Demkow U. Prevalence and risk factors for latent tuberculosis in polish healthcare workers: the comparison of tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) performance. J Occup Med Toxicol 2021; 16:38. [PMID: 34470622 PMCID: PMC8411527 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-021-00326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is still one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide. Health care workers (HCW) are at particular risk of the disease due to their constant exposure to TB patients or their specimens, nevertheless no specific surveillance is widely recommended in this group of professionals. Both, tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma-release-assays (IGRAs) are widely applied to detect latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and risks of LTBI in the population of Polish HCW, to identify factors associated with LTBI, as well as to determine the rate of the discordance between the results of the two applied tests in relation to various factors in a TB endemic setting. The study participants were recruited from several health care facilities (hospitals and outpatients clinics) all over the country. Laboratory personnel included 156 persons from both TB and non-TB laboratories (118 clinical pathologists, 38 laboratory technicians), 31 medical doctors, 29 nurses (from both TB and non-TB wards and from family practices), 6 other medical employees (patients assistants). Out of examined group 88 (40%) declared constant (everyday) occupational contact with TB patients and/or contagious biologic materials, 134 (60%) reported sporadic (incidental) contact (few times a year). Administrative HCWs who were not in direct contact with patients were not included in the study group. Material and methods LTBI status was prospectively evaluated in 222 HCW, 204 females, 18 males, aged 40.8 ± 9 years, with tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon gamma release assay (QuantiFERON-TB-Gold in Tube – QFT GIT). Results TST ≥ 10 mm was found in 58% of HCW, QFT GIT ≥ 0.35 IU/ml in 23%. Nevertheless the relative number of positive QFT GIT in HCW above 45 years of age exceeded those obtained in general population (prevalence of positive QTF test in polish adult population is around 23%). The risk of obtaining positive QFT GIT was significantly increased in the participants older than 44 years (OR = 4.95, 95%CI:2.375–10.193), in those employed > 10 years (OR = 2.726, 95%CI:1.126–6.599), and in those who reported the direct contact with tuberculous patients or infected biological materials (OR = 8.135, 95%CI:1.297–51.016). The concordance between TST and IGRA was poor (kappa 0.23), especially in younger participants, possibly due to BCG vaccination in childhood. Conclusion The increased risk of LTBI in Polish HCW was related to age, duration of employment and contact with infectious patients or their biological specimens. TB infection control measures in health care facilities in Poland are still insufficient. It is crucial to increase awareness about the importance of detecting and treating LTBI of HCW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szturmowicz
- 1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Lung Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168854. [PMID: 34445556 PMCID: PMC8396177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), built from mitochondrial or nuclear DNA, proteinases, and histones, entrap and eliminate pathogens in the course of bacterial or viral infections. Neutrophils’ activation and the formation of NETs have been described as major risk factors for acute lung injury, multi-organ damage, and mortality in COVID-19 disease. NETs-related lung injury involves both epithelial and endothelial cells, as well as the alveolar-capillary barrier. The markers for NETs formation, such as circulating DNA, neutrophil elastase (NE) activity, or myeloperoxidase-DNA complexes, were found in lung specimens of COVID-19 victims, as well as in sera and tracheal aspirates obtained from COVID-19 patients. DNA threads form large conglomerates causing local obstruction of the small bronchi and together with NE are responsible for overproduction of mucin by epithelial cells. Various components of NETs are involved in the pathogenesis of cytokine storm in SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary disease. NETs are responsible for the interplay between inflammation and thrombosis in the affected lungs. The immunothrombosis, stimulated by NETs, has a poor prognostic significance. Better understanding of the role of NETs in the course of COVID-19 can help to develop novel approaches to the therapeutic interventions in this condition.
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Jiang H, Cui B, Zhang J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) antigen-induced upregulation of interleukin-35 expression in patients with MTB infection: In vitro blockade of the effects of interleukin-35 on T lymphocyte subsets. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6318859. [PMID: 34245560 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive interleukin-35 (IL-35) serum concentrations were analyzed in patients with active pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections (PTB), PTB patients after two months treatment (stable PTB) and healthy controls. IL-35 concentrations were highest in active PTB followed by stable PTB cases and lowest in healthy control participants (all P < 0.01). The same trents were found for supernatants of isolated blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), with additional enhancements after MTB antigen stimulation only for PBMCs of active and stable PTB patients (P < 0.001), for EBI3 and IL-12a transcriptions in PBMCs (P < 0.001) and percentages of EBI3 expressing (CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3+) regulatory T cells (Treg) (P < 0.001). IL-35 antibody applications significantly reversed MTB antigen stimulated IL-35 and IL-10 expression in PBMCs of active and stable PTB patients, and reduced Foxp3 expression in CD4 + CD25 + cells and EBI3 expression in Treg cells, but had no effects on healthy control cells. The percentages of Th1 and Th17 cells in CD4 + cells were enhanced after MTB antigen stimulation of cells taken from active and stable PTB patients, which were partly increased only for Th1 cells after IL-35 antibody exposure. MTB antigen-driven upregulation of IL-35 may lead to reduced immune surveillance in PTB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Beinian Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai DeltaHealth Hospital. No. 109 Xule Road, Xujing Town, Qingpu District, Shanghai 201702, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai DeltaHealth Hospital. No. 109 Xule Road, Xujing Town, Qingpu District, Shanghai 201702, China
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