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Papadopoulos VP, Mimidis K. Corrected QT interval in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:1060-1083. [PMID: 37900213 PMCID: PMC10600695 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i9.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corrected QT (QTc) interval is prolonged in patients with liver cirrhosis and has been proposed to correlate with the severity of the disease. However, the effects of sex, age, severity, and etiology of cirrhosis on QTc have not been elucidated. At the same time, the role of treatment, acute illness, and liver transplantation (Tx) remains largely unknown. AIM To determine the mean QTc in patients with cirrhosis, assess whether QTc is prolonged in patients with cirrhosis, and investigate whether QTc is affected by factors such as sex, age, severity, etiology, treatment, acute illness, and liver Tx. METHODS In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, the searching protocol "{[QTc] OR [QT interval] OR [QT-interval] OR [Q-T syndrome]} AND {[cirrhosis] OR [Child-Pugh] OR [MELD]}" was applied in PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases to identify studies that reported QTc in patients with cirrhosis and published after 1998. Seventy-three studies were considered eligible. Data concerning first author, year of publication, type of study, method used, sample size, mean age, female ratio, alcoholic etiology of cirrhosis ratio, Child-Pugh A/B/C ratio, mean model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, treatment with β-blockers, episode of acute gastrointestinal bleeding, formula for QT correction, mean pulse rate, QTc in patients with cirrhosis and controls, and QTc according to etiology of cirrhosis, sex, Child-Pugh stage, MELD score, and liver Tx status (pre-Tx/post-Tx) were retrieved. The Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale appraised the quality of the eligible studies. Effect estimates, expressed as proportions or standardized mean differences, were combined using the random-effects, generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird. Subgroup, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regressions were applied to assess heterogeneity. The study has been registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42023416595). RESULTS QTc combined mean in patients with cirrhosis was 444.8 ms [95% confidence interval (CI): 440.4-449.2; P < 0.001 when compared with the upper normal limit of 440 ms], presenting high heterogeneity (I2 = 97.5%; 95%CI: 97.2%-97.8%); both Egger's and Begg's tests showed non-significance. QTc was elongated in patients with cirrhosis compared with controls (P < 0.001). QTc was longer in patients with Child-Pugh C cirrhosis when compared with Child-Pugh B and A (P < 0.001); Child-Pugh B patients presented longer QTc when compared with Child-Pugh A patients (P = 0.003). The MELD score was higher in patients with cirrhosis with QTc > 440 ms when compared with QTc ≤ 440 ms (P < 0.001). No correlation of QTc with age (P = 0.693), sex (P = 0.753), or etiology (P = 0.418) was detected. β-blockers shortened QTc (P< 0.001). QTc was prolonged during acute gastrointestinal bleeding (P = 0.020). Tx tended to improve QTc (P < 0.001). No other sources of QTc heterogeneity were revealed. CONCLUSION QTc is prolonged in cirrhosis independently of sex, age, and etiology but is correlated with severity and affected by β-blockers and acute gastrointestinal bleeding. QTc is improved after liver Tx.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Mimidis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
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Dash SC, Rajesh B, Behera SK, Sundaray NK, Patil P. Is Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy Related to Cirrhosis Severity? Rambam Maimonides Med J 2023; 14:RMMJ.10488. [PMID: 36719669 PMCID: PMC9888483 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis. Yet, it remains an under-diagnosed entity. Further, its relation to the severity of cirrhosis is contradictory. We conducted this study on an Indian population to determine the cardiac dysfunctions in cirrhosis of the liver and correlations with etiologies and cirrhosis severity. METHODS This study enrolled patients with diagnosed liver cirrhosis without any cardiac disease or conditions affecting cardiac function. All participants were evaluated clinically, electrocardiographically, and echocardiographically. Cirrhosis severity was assessed by scores from the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) and Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) tests. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy was defined as diastolic dysfunction and/or systolic dysfunction with QT prolongation. RESULTS Ninety-six patients were evaluated, and CTP-A stage of cirrhosis was found in 23 (24%), CTP-B in 42 (43.8%), and CTP-C in 31 (32.3%) cases. Systolic dysfunction was most frequent (P=0.014), and left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly reduced (P=0.001) in CTP-C stage of cirrhosis. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy was found in 39.6% (n=38) of patients; CCM patients had significantly higher CTP scores (9.6±2.6 versus 8.3±2.3, P=0.012) as well as MELD scores (19.72±4.9 versus 17.41±4.1, P=0.015) in comparison to patients without CCM. CONCLUSION Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy has a positive relationship with the severity of cirrhosis. Systolic function declines with the severity of cirrhosis, and overt systolic dysfunction can be present, particularly in the advanced stage of cirrhosis of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chandra Dash
- Department of General Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Beeravelli Rajesh
- Department of General Medicine, Chalmeda Ananda Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Telangana, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Behera
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Naba Kishore Sundaray
- Department of General Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Praveen Patil
- Department of Neurology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Karnataka, India
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What's New in Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy?-Review Article. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121285. [PMID: 34945757 PMCID: PMC8705028 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) is a relatively new medical term. The constant development of novel diagnostic and clinical tools continuously delivers new data and findings about this broad disorder. The purpose of this review is to summarize current facts about CCM, identify gaps of knowledge, and indicate the direction in which to prepare an updated definition of CCM. We performed a review of the literature using scientific data sources with an emphasis on the latest findings. CCM is a clinical manifestation of disorders in the circulatory system in the course of portal hypertension. It is characterized by impaired left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and electrophysiological abnormalities, especially QT interval prolongation. However, signs and symptoms reported by patients are non-specific and include reduced exercise tolerance, fatigue, peripheral oedema, and ascites. The disease usually remains asymptomatic with almost normal heart function, unless patients are exposed to stress or exertion. Unfortunately, due to the subclinical course, CCM is rarely recognized. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) seems to improve circulatory function although there is no consensus about its positive effect, with reported cases of heart failure onset after transplantation. Researchers indicate a careful pre-, peri-, and post-transplant cardiac assessment as a crucial point in detecting CCM and improving patients’ prognosis. There is also an urgent need to update the CCM definition and establish a diagnostic algorithm for early diagnosis of CCM as well as a specific treatment of this condition.
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Yu S, Sun L, Wang H, Jiang J, Zhou Q. Autonomic regulation of imbalance-induced myocardial fibrosis and its mechanism in rats with cirrhosis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1040. [PMID: 34373726 PMCID: PMC8343770 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in cardiac function and myocardial damage in rats with cirrhosis. In addition, a secondary aim was to explore any potential changes in the expression levels of β1-adrenergic (β1) and muscarinic acetylcholine (M2) receptors . A cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) rat model was established by CCL4-oil solution for subcutaneous injection into the neck. Pathological changes in the liver and myocardial tissues were detecting by H&E staining and Masson trichrome staining. Furthermore, changes in the levels of myocardial enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) and troponin in serum were measured by ELISA. The myocardial samples were homogenized and centrifuged. Subsequently, the supernatant was collected for detecting the expression of interleukins in myocardial tissue. Changes in the levels of inflammatory factors, IL-1, IL-2 and IL-6 both in the serum and myocardial tissue were determined by ELISA. Changes in echocardiographic measurements were evaluated using high-frequency ultrasound and the expression levels of β1 and M2 receptors in myocardial tissues were determined by western blotting. The normal lobular structure in liver tissues was found to be disappeared 8 weeks after modeling, which was replaced by pseudolobules in the rats in the CCM group. In addition, the myocardial cells were observed to be swollen and disorderly arranged. Compared with those in the control group, the left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions, interventricular septal dimension and LAD in rats in the CCM8 group were found to be significantly increased. The levels of myocardial enzymes LDH, CK-MB and cardiac troponin in the serum were also revealed to be significantly increased in the CCM8 group. Additionally, the levels of IL-1 and IL-6 in both serum and myocardial tissues were significantly increased in rats in the CCM8 group. However, the levels of IL-2 in both serum and myocardial tissues were decreased, which were observed alongside reductions in myocardial β1 and M2 receptor protein expression in the myocardial tissues. Taken together, these results indicate that inflammatory factors may be involved in mediating damage to the myocardium in rats with cirrhosis. During cirrhosis-induced cardiac dysfunction, there may exist a mechanism for downregulation of autonomic nerve system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jue Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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von Köckritz F, Braun A, Schmuck RB, Dobrindt EM, Eurich D, Heinzel FR, Pieske B, Escher F, Zhang K. Speckle Tracking Analysis Reveals Altered Left Atrial and Ventricular Myocardial Deformation in Patients with End-Stage Liver Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10050897. [PMID: 33668295 PMCID: PMC7956617 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10050897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiac function can be influenced by liver cirrhosis and should be thoroughly evaluated before liver transplantation. We investigated left ventricular (LV) and, for the first time, left atrial (LA) strain and strain rate in end-stage liver cirrhosis patients of different etiologies. Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study evaluated left heart function in 80 cirrhosis patients and 30 controls using standardized echocardiographic techniques and speckle tracking technology (STE) analysis. Serum markers of liver function were used for correlation analysis. Results: While conventional parameters demonstrated no alteration in systolic function, speckle tracking analysis showed a significant increase in LV longitudinal strain throughout all cardiac layers, with significant correlation to model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score. LA reservoir and conduit strain as well as LA strain rate in all phases were significantly reduced in end-stage liver disease (ESLD) patients compared to control. STE for the evaluation of LA phasic function seemed to be more sensitive than volumetric methods. Kaplan-Meier curves showed a trend towards reduced post-transplant survival in patients with a reduced LA reservoir and conduit strain. Conclusion: STE analysis detected increased LV and decreased LA deformation in cirrhosis patients, thus proving to be highly sensitive to cardiac changes and useful for more precise cardiac evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franzisca von Köckritz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (F.v.K.); (A.B.); (F.R.H.); (B.P.); (F.E.)
| | - Alexander Braun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (F.v.K.); (A.B.); (F.R.H.); (B.P.); (F.E.)
| | - Rosa B. Schmuck
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.B.S.); (E.M.D.); (D.E.)
| | - Eva M. Dobrindt
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.B.S.); (E.M.D.); (D.E.)
| | - Dennis Eurich
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.B.S.); (E.M.D.); (D.E.)
| | - Frank R. Heinzel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (F.v.K.); (A.B.); (F.R.H.); (B.P.); (F.E.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (F.v.K.); (A.B.); (F.R.H.); (B.P.); (F.E.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
- German Heart Center Berlin, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felicitas Escher
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (F.v.K.); (A.B.); (F.R.H.); (B.P.); (F.E.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (F.v.K.); (A.B.); (F.R.H.); (B.P.); (F.E.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450659746
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Farooque U, Lohano AK, Dahri Q, Arain N, Farukhuddin F, Khadke C, Prince F, Farooque R, Shehata MA, Bin Zafar MD. The Pattern of Dyslipidemia in Chronic Liver Disease Patients. Cureus 2021; 13:e13259. [PMID: 33728198 PMCID: PMC7948308 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with chronic liver disease are expected to report derangements in serum lipid profiles. Lipid profile monitoring is not a part of the routine management of these patients in our hospital. Few recent studies show how lipid profile varies with the severity of disease and should be considered in the management planning of such patients. The objective of this study was to determine the pattern of dyslipidemia in chronic liver disease patients. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 171 patients of all genders aged between 18 years and 60 years presenting with chronic liver disease with disease severity graded on Child-Pugh class as A, B, and C. Lipid profile was acquired in all these patients and was compared across various subgroups. Individual serum lipid parameters were graded as normal, high, or very high. Each patient was required to provide written informed consent. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY) was used to analyze data statistically, taking a p-value of ≤0.05 as significant. Results The mean age of patients was 51.2±7.3 years. The male to female ratio came out to be 1.5:1, with 103 (60.2%) male and 68 (39.8%) female patients included in the study. The disease was classified as Child-Pugh A in 20 (11.7%) patients, Child-Pugh B in 67 (39.2%) patients, and Child-Pugh C in 84 (49.1%) patients. Forty-four (25.7%) patients were hypertensive while 62 (36.3%) were diabetic. The mean body mass index (BMI) of these patients was 25.9±2.4 kg/m2. Mean serum values among Child-Pugh A, Child-Pugh B, and Child-Pugh C of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) (113.15±14.08 vs. 95.58±14.25 vs. 53.46±5.90 mg/dl; p-value 0.001), high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (50.60±3.19 vs. 40.70±2.95 vs. 35.40±3.88 mg/dl; p-value 0.001), total cholesterol (174.20±17.33 vs. 164.00±17.82 vs. 128.64±24.73 mg/dl; p-value 0.001), and triglycerides (127.15±8.98 vs. 100.84±27.12 vs. 93.36±25.56 mg/dl; p-value 0.001) decreased significantly with increasing severity of disease. Nineteen (11.1%) patients had hyperlipidemia (serum values of two or more parameters above normal) while 152 (88.9%) patients had normal lipid profile. When stratified, no statistically significant difference was found in the frequency of hyperlipidemia across various subgroups based on the patient's gender, age, duration, and severity of the disease, BMI, or diabetic and hypertensive status. Conclusions A substantial proportion of patients with chronic liver disease had hyperlipidemia which varied with the severity of disease on Child-Pugh classification. Routine monitoring of the lipid profile of such patients is necessary for timely identification and management of dyslipidemia to improve the outcome of such patients. It also suggests an important role of lipid profile in the risk stratification and treatment of chronic liver disease patients and warrants further studies in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Farooque
- Neurology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Ashok Kumar Lohano
- Medicine, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah, PAK
| | - Quratulain Dahri
- Internal Medicine, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah, PAK
| | - Nazia Arain
- Internal Medicine, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah, PAK
| | - Fnu Farukhuddin
- Neurology, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
| | - Chinmay Khadke
- Internal Medicine, Rural Medical College, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni, IND
| | - Febin Prince
- Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, POL
| | | | - Mostafa A Shehata
- Medicine and Surgery, Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, EGY
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Carvalho MVH, Kroll PC, Kroll RTM, Carvalho VN. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: the liver affects the heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 52:e7809. [PMID: 30785477 PMCID: PMC6376321 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20187809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy historically has been confused as alcoholic cardiomyopathy. The key points for diagnosis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy have been well explained, however this entity was neglected for a long time. Nowadays the diagnosis of this entity has become important because it is a factor that contributes significantly to morbidity-mortality in cirrhotic patients. Characteristics of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy are a hyperdynamic circulatory state, altered diastolic relaxation, impaired contractility, and electrophysiological abnormalities, particularity QT interval prolongation. The pathogenesis includes impaired function of beta-receptors, altered transmembrane currents and overproduction of cardiodepressant factors, such as nitric oxide, cytokines and endogenous cannabinoids. In addition to physical signs of hyperdynamic state and heart failure under stress conditions, the diagnosis can be done with dosage of serum markers, electrocardiography, echocardiography and magnetic resonance. The treatment is mainly supportive, but orthotopic liver transplantation appears to improve this condition although the prognosis of liver transplantation in patients with cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V H Carvalho
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brasil
| | - P C Kroll
- Hospital de Transplante E.J. Zerbini, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R T M Kroll
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V N Carvalho
- Hospital Municipal Dr. Mario Gatti, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Zhang W, Feng ZY, Wang WT. Evaluation of characteristics of left ventricular twist in patients with liver cirrhosis by two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:460-464. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i7.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the characteristics of left ventricular twist in patients with liver cirrhosis by two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI).
METHODS Thirty-eight patients with liver cirrhosis treated at Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province and the Second Hospital of Jiaxing from March 2015 to November 2017 were included. Meanwhile, 40 healthy volunteers were included as normal controls. All the subjects underwent conventional echocardiography and 2D-STI, and the parameters were recorded and compared between the two groups.
RESULTS There was no significant difference in left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) or fractional shortening (FS) between the two groups (P > 0.05). Left ventricular E/A was significantly less in the cirrhosis group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The peak of rotation angle at the bottom (PBR), the peak of rotation angle at the apex (PAR), the peak of twisting angle (PTW), and the peak of untwisting velocity (PUTWV) were significantly lower in the liver cirrhosis group than in the control group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION Left ventricular myocardial mechanics has abnormal changes in patients with liver cirrhosis. 2D-STI can sensitively monitor the changes of left ventricular twist in patients with liver cirrhosis.
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