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Chang L, Fan WW, Yuan HL, Liu X, Wang Q, Ruan GP, Pan XH, Zhu XQ. Role of umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells in skin rejuvenation. NPJ Regen Med 2024; 9:20. [PMID: 38729990 PMCID: PMC11087646 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-024-00363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is the main cause of many degenerative diseases. The skin is the largest and the most intuitive organ that reflects the aging of the body. Under the interaction of endogenous and exogenous factors, there are cumulative changes in the structure, function, and appearance of the skin, which are characterized by decreased synthesis of collagen and elastin, increased wrinkles, relaxation, pigmentation, and other aging characteristics. skin aging is inevitable, but it can be delayed. The successful isolation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) in 1991 has greatly promoted the progress of cell therapy in human diseases. The International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) points out that the MSC is a kind of pluripotent progenitor cells that have self-renewal ability (limited) in vitro and the potential for mesenchymal cell differentiation. This review mainly introduces the role of perinatal umbilical cord-derived MSC(UC-MSC) in the field of skin rejuvenation. An in-depth and systematic understanding of the mechanism of UC-MSCs against skin aging is of great significance for the early realization of the clinical transformation of UC-MSCs. This paper summarized the characteristics of skin aging and summarized the mechanism of UC-MSCs in skin rejuvenation reported in recent years. In order to provide a reference for further research of UC-MSCs to delay skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Chang
- The Basic Medical Laboratory of the 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, The Transfer Medicine Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy Technology of Yunan Province, The Integrated Engineering Research Center of Cell Biological Medicine of State and Regions, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wei-Wen Fan
- The Basic Medical Laboratory of the 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, The Transfer Medicine Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy Technology of Yunan Province, The Integrated Engineering Research Center of Cell Biological Medicine of State and Regions, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - He-Ling Yuan
- The Basic Medical Laboratory of the 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, The Transfer Medicine Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy Technology of Yunan Province, The Integrated Engineering Research Center of Cell Biological Medicine of State and Regions, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xin Liu
- The Basic Medical Laboratory of the 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, The Transfer Medicine Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy Technology of Yunan Province, The Integrated Engineering Research Center of Cell Biological Medicine of State and Regions, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- The Basic Medical Laboratory of the 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, The Transfer Medicine Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy Technology of Yunan Province, The Integrated Engineering Research Center of Cell Biological Medicine of State and Regions, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Guang-Ping Ruan
- The Basic Medical Laboratory of the 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, The Transfer Medicine Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy Technology of Yunan Province, The Integrated Engineering Research Center of Cell Biological Medicine of State and Regions, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xing-Hua Pan
- The Basic Medical Laboratory of the 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, The Transfer Medicine Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy Technology of Yunan Province, The Integrated Engineering Research Center of Cell Biological Medicine of State and Regions, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Xiang-Qing Zhu
- The Basic Medical Laboratory of the 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, The Transfer Medicine Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy Technology of Yunan Province, The Integrated Engineering Research Center of Cell Biological Medicine of State and Regions, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China.
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Hergesell K, Paraskevopoulou A, Opálka L, Velebný V, Vávrová K, Dolečková I. The effect of long-term cigarette smoking on selected skin barrier proteins and lipids. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11572. [PMID: 37463939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The negative impact of cigarette smoking on the skin includes accelerated aging, pigmentation disorders, and impaired wound healing, but its effect on the skin barrier is not completely understood. Here, we studied the changes in selected epidermal proteins and lipids between smokers (45-66 years, smoking > 10 years, > 10 cigarettes per day) and non-smokers. Volar forearm epidermal and stratum corneum samples, obtained by suction blister and tape stripping, respectively, showed increased thickness in smokers. In the epidermis of smokers, we observed a significant upregulation of filaggrin, loricrin, and a trend of increased involucrin but no differences were found in the case of transglutaminase 1 and kallikrein-related peptidase 7, on the gene and protein levels. No significant changes were observed in the major skin barrier lipids, except for increased cholesterol sulfate in smokers. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed shorter acyl chains in ceramides, and an increased proportion of sphingosine and 6-hydroxysphingosine ceramides (with C4 trans-double bond) over dihydrosphingosine and phytosphingosine ceramides in smokers, suggesting altered desaturase 1 activity. Smokers had more ordered lipid chains found by infrared spectroscopy. In conclusion, cigarette smoking perturbs the homeostasis of the barrier proteins and lipids even at a site not directly exposed to smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Hergesell
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 561 02, Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Paraskevopoulou
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Opálka
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Velebný
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 561 02, Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Dolečková
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 561 02, Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic.
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Chioran D, Sitaru A, Macasoi I, Pinzaru I, Sarau CA, Dehelean C, Dinu S, Szuhanek C, Zetu IN, Serafin AC, Rivis M, Poenaru M, Dragoi R. Nicotine Exerts Cytotoxic Effects in a Panel of Healthy Cell Lines and Strong Irritating Potential on Blood Vessels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148881. [PMID: 35886732 PMCID: PMC9323709 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of tobacco products is a major global public health issue, as it is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. In addition, nicotine (NIC) is a key component of electronic and conventional cigarettes. Although nicotine’s addictive potential is well known, its health effects are not entirely understood. Thus, the main objective of the present study was to evaluate its toxicological profile both in vitro, at the level of three healthy cell lines, and in ovo, at the level of the chorioallantoic membrane. Five different concentrations of nicotine were used in keratinocytes, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes for the purpose of evaluating cell viability, cell morphology, and its impact on nuclei. Additionally, the hen’s egg test on the chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) method was used to assess the biocompatibility and irritant potential of the chorioallantoic membrane. Across all cell lines studied, nicotine was proven to be significantly damaging to cell viability, with the highest concentration tested resulting in less than 2% viable cells. Moreover, the morphology of cells changed dramatically, with alterations in their shape and confluence. Nicotine-induced cell death appears to be apoptotic, based on its impact on the nucleus. In addition, nicotine was also found to have a very strong irritating effect on the chorioallantoic membrane. In conclusion, nicotine has an extremely strong toxicological profile, as demonstrated by the drastic reduction of cell viability and the induction of morphological changes and nuclear alterations associated with cellular apoptosis. Additionally, the HET-CAM method led to the observation of a strong irritating effect associated with nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doina Chioran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.C.); (S.D.); (C.S.); (A.C.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Adrian Sitaru
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.S.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Ioana Macasoi
- Departament of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (C.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia Pinzaru
- Departament of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (C.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (C.A.S.)
| | - Cristian Andrei Sarau
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.S.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (C.A.S.)
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Departament of Toxicology and Drug Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (C.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefania Dinu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.C.); (S.D.); (C.S.); (A.C.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Camelia Szuhanek
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.C.); (S.D.); (C.S.); (A.C.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Irina Nicoleta Zetu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iasi, University Street No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Andra Cristine Serafin
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.C.); (S.D.); (C.S.); (A.C.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Mircea Rivis
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.C.); (S.D.); (C.S.); (A.C.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Marioara Poenaru
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.S.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Razvan Dragoi
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.S.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
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Aboeldahab S, Khalil F, Ezz Eldawla R. Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Elderly Patients with Pruritus. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:1009-1015. [PMID: 34408461 PMCID: PMC8364348 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s322527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction For elderly, pruritus is considered the most common complaint in outpatient clinic. Pruritus occurs in association with primary skin disorders and can also be caused by many diseases and drugs. The aim of the work was to study clinical and laboratory characteristics of elderly patients with pruritus in Sohag, Egypt. Patients and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 225 patients aged ≥60 years of both sexes complaining of pruritus and 160 age- and sex-matched patient group complaining of non-pruritic dermatological diseases. CBC, ESR, renal function tests, serology for HBV and HCV and blood glucose levels were done routinely in all patients (both groups). Skin biopsy was done in some selected cases. Results The mean duration of pruritus was 4.23 ± 4.9 months and was generalized in 73.8% of cases with moderate severity in 35.1% with winter exacerbation in 20%. Dermatological causes of pruritus were detected in 54.2%, followed by systemic causes in 29.8%. Eczema was the most common skin cause of senile itching in 33.7%, while renal diseases were the most common systemic cause in 46.2%. Conclusion Senile pruritus is a common problem in elderly. Early and proper management is mandatory to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Aboeldahab
- Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Fatma Khalil
- Dermatology Department, Sohag General Hospital, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Reham Ezz Eldawla
- Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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Baumbach CM, Schrödl W, Nenoff P, Uhrlaß S, Mülling CKW, Michler JK. Modeling dermatophytosis: Guinea pig skin explants represent a highly suitable model to study Trichophyton benhamiae infections. J Dermatol 2019; 47:8-16. [PMID: 31782188 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophyte infections are a growing health concern worldwide with increasing patient numbers, especially in children. However, detailed knowledge about infection mechanisms and virulence factors are scarce. This study aimed to establish an infection model based on guinea pig skin explants mimicking the in vivo situation as closely as possible to survey the pathogenesis of dermatophytoses. A fundamental prerequisite was the detailed description of native guinea pig skin and its morphological changes during tissue culture because comprehensive data on guinea pig skin characteristics were not available. Skin explants were harvested from healthy, adult guinea pigs and transferred to cell culture inserts. One group was inoculated with defined suspensions of colony-forming units of zoonotic Trichophyton benhamiae isolates; others served as controls to assess the tissue viability during the 10-day culture. Samples were taken on days 3, 5, 7 and 10 and processed for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Standard tissue culture conditions provoked acantholysis and regional orthokeratotic alterations. The reduced desquamation caused hyperkeratosis paralleled by hypogranulosis or regional hyperplasia. During T. benhamiae infection, keratinocyte proliferation came to a complete halt on day 5 whereas the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay-positive cells increased moderately up to day 7. Hyphae grew massively into the skin explants causing strong keratinolysis and tricholysis. By the end of the culture, complete disintegration of the basement membrane and dermal tissue was observed. A realistic and reliable skin infection model was established to study dermatophytoses in general and cutaneous T. benhamiae infections in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Marie Baumbach
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Silke Uhrlaß
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Christoph K W Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jule Kristin Michler
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Baumann L, Kauschke V, Vikman A, Dürselen L, Krasteva-Christ G, Kampschulte M, Heiss C, Yee KT, Vetter DE, Lips KS. Deletion of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha9 in mice resulted in altered bone structure. Bone 2019; 120:285-296. [PMID: 30414510 PMCID: PMC6492625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in bone strength and structure were found in knockout (KO) mouse strains with deletion of several acetylcholine receptors. Interestingly, the expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) subunit α10 was down-regulated in osteogenic differentiated mesenchymal stem cells of patients with osteoporosis whereas the expression of subunit α9 was not altered. Since nAChR subunits α9 and α10 are often combined in a functional receptor, we analyzed here the bone of adult female KO mice with single deletion of either nAChR alpha9 (α9KO) or alpha10 (α10KO). Biomechanical testing showed a significant decrease of bending stiffness and maximal breaking force in α9KO compared to their corresponding wild type mice. Furthermore, an increase in trabecular pattern factor (Tb.Pf) and structure model index (SMI) was detected by μCT in α9KO indicating reduced bone mass. On the mRNA level a decrease of Collagen 1α1 and Connexin-43 was measured by real-time RT-PCR in α9KO while no alteration of osteoclast markers was detected in either mouse strain. Using electron microcopy we observed an increase in the number of osteocytes that showed signs of degeneration and cell death in the α9KO compared to their wild type mice, while α10KO showed no differences. In conclusion, we demonstrate alterations in bone strength, structure and bio-marker expression in α9KO mice which imply the induction of osteocyte degeneration. Thus, our data suggest that nAChR containing the α9 subunit might be involved in the homeostasis of osteocytes and therefore in bone mass regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Baumann
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 128, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Vivien Kauschke
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 128, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Anna Vikman
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center for Trauma Research, Ulm University Medical Centre, Helmholtzstrasse 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Lutz Dürselen
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center for Trauma Research, Ulm University Medical Centre, Helmholtzstrasse 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Gabriela Krasteva-Christ
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Marian Kampschulte
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christian Heiss
- Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery Giessen, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Kathleen T Yee
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Douglas E Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Katrin Susanne Lips
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 128, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Mekić S, Jacobs LC, Gunn DA, Mayes AE, Ikram MA, Pardo LM, Nijsten T. Prevalence and determinants for xerosis cutis in the middle-aged and elderly population: A cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 81:963-969.e2. [PMID: 30586613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determinants and the extent of dry skin in healthy middle-aged and elderly populations have not been well established. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify the prevalence and determinants for generalized dry skin (GDS) and localized dry skin (LDS) within a large prospective population-based cohort of middle-aged and elderly individuals of the Rotterdam Study. METHODS Dry skin was physician-graded as none, localized, or generalized. For GDS and LDS, separate multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to search for association with participant characteristics, lifestyle factors, environmental factors, several comorbidities, and drug exposure. RESULTS Among the 5547 eligible participants, 60% had dry skin, of whom a fifth had GDS. Age, female sex, skin color, body mass index, outside temperature, eczema, and chemotherapy in the past were significant determinants for both GDS and LDS. Smoking, the use of statins and diuretics, poorer self-perceived health, and several dermatologic conditions increased the likelihood of having GDS only. Daily cream use was associated with less LDS. LIMITATIONS Interobserver variability and residual confounding could have influenced our results. Because of our cross-sectional design, we could not infer causality. CONCLUSION We identified factors significantly associated with dry skin in a general middle-aged and elderly population, with health parameters more strongly associated with GDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Mekić
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie C Jacobs
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David A Gunn
- Unilever Research and Development, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E Mayes
- Unilever Research and Development, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luba M Pardo
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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