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Park CR, Pyo MK, Lee H, Hong SY, Kim SH, Park CB, Oh SM. Acute and genetic toxicity of GS-E3D, a new pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 104:157-162. [PMID: 30904430 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Korean red ginseng and its extract have been used as traditional medicines and functional foods in countries worldwide. Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) was newly developed as a dietary supplement for obesity, diabetes-related renal dysfunction, etc. In this study, the safety of GS-E3D on acute toxicity and genotoxicity was evaluated. For acute study, Sprague-Dawley rats were administrated by oral gavage at a dose of 5000 mg/kg GS-E3D. To evaluate genotoxicity of GS-E3D, we conducted three-battery tests, which are Ames test using Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA pKM101) and Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537), chromosomal aberration test -using Chinese hamster lung cells, and micronucleus test using ICR mice. In acute toxicity studies, there were no dead animals or abnormal necropsy findings in the control group and GS-E3D (5000 mg/kg) treated group. GS-E3D did not induce mutagenicity in the bacterial test, chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster lung cells and micronuclei in bone marrow cells of mice. Conclusively, the approximate lethal dose of GS-E3D was greater than 5000 mg/kg bw and GS-E3D has no genotoxic potential in the three-battery tests on genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mi Kyung Pyo
- International Ginseng and Herb Research Institute, Geumsan, 312-804, South Korea
| | - Hwan Lee
- International Ginseng and Herb Research Institute, Geumsan, 312-804, South Korea
| | | | - Su Hwan Kim
- Biotoxtech. Co. Ltd, Cheongju, 13000, South Korea
| | | | - Seung Min Oh
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, South Korea.
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Park SJ, Noh J, Jeong EJ, Kim YS, Han BC, Lee SH, Moon KS. Subchronic oral toxicity study of Korean red ginseng extract in Sprague-Dawley rats with a 4-week recovery period. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 92:83-93. [PMID: 29155077 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng is a major herbal remedy used in Asian countries for thousands of years and known to restore and enhance vital energy. Korean red ginseng, which is processed by steaming and drying fresh Panax ginseng, is most popular and contains unique ginsenosides, which have anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study was carried out to evaluate the repeated oral dose toxicity of Korean red ginseng extract. The test article was administered orally once a day to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats at dose levels of 0, 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg/day for 13 consecutive weeks (15 animals/sex/group in the vehicle control and 2000 mg/kg/day groups, and 10 animals/sex/group in the 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day groups). Ten animals per group were sacrificed at the end of the 13-week treatment period, and the remaining rats were sacrificed after a 4-week recovery period. Administration of Korean red ginseng extract did not result in any toxicologically significant changes in mortality, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmoscopy, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross pathological findings, absolute/relative organ weights, or histopathology. It was established that the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the test article was 2000 mg/kg/day for both sexes in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Park
- Division of Non-clinical Studies, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gaejeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea
| | - JeongHo Noh
- Division of Non-clinical Studies, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gaejeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jeong
- Division of Non-clinical Studies, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gaejeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea
| | - Yong-Soon Kim
- Botanical Drug Laboratory, R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corp., 30 Gaejeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-805, South Korea
| | - Byung-Cheol Han
- Botanical Drug Laboratory, R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corp., 30 Gaejeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-805, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Lee
- Botanical Drug Laboratory, R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corp., 30 Gaejeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-805, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sik Moon
- Division of Non-clinical Studies, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gaejeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea.
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Kim K. Effect of ginseng and ginsenosides on melanogenesis and their mechanism of action. J Ginseng Res 2014; 39:1-6. [PMID: 25535470 PMCID: PMC4268563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal changes in skin color induce significant cosmetic problems and affect quality of life. There are two groups of abnormal change in skin color; hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation. Hyperpigmentation, darkening skin color by excessive pigmentation, is a major concern for Asian people with yellow–brown skin. A variety of hypopigmenting agents have been used, but treating the hyperpigmented condition is still challenging and the results are often discouraging. Panax ginseng has been used traditionally in eastern Asia to treat various diseases, due to its immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, antioxidative, and antitumor activities. Recently, several reports have shown that extract, powder, or some constituents of ginseng could inhibit melanogenesis in vivo or in vitro. The underlying mechanisms of antimelanogenic properties in ginseng or its components include the direct inhibition of key enzymes of melanogenesis, inhibition of transcription factors or signaling pathways involved in melanogenesis, decreasing production of inducers of melanogenesis, and enhancing production of antimelanogenic factor. Although there still remain some controversial issues surrounding the antimelanogenic activity of ginseng, especially in its effect on production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide, these recent findings suggest that ginseng and its constituents might be potential candidates for novel skin whitening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangmi Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, Korea
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Yu SY, Yoon BR, Lee YJ, Lee JS, Hong HD, Lee YC, Kim YC, Cho CW, Kim KT, Lee OH. Inhibitory effect of high temperature- and high pressure-treated red ginseng on exercise-induced oxidative stress in ICR mouse. Nutrients 2014; 6:1003-15. [PMID: 24609134 PMCID: PMC3967174 DOI: 10.3390/nu6031003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As previously reported, high temperature- and high pressure-treated red ginseng (HRG) contain higher contents of phenolic compounds and protect C2C12 muscle cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes against oxidative stress. This study investigated the effect of HRG on oxidative stress using a mouse model. Our results show that the levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, hepatic malondialdehyde in the HRG group were significantly lower than those of the exercise groups supplemented with commercial red ginseng (CRG) or not supplemented. The muscular glycogen level, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activities of the HGR group were higher than that of the CGR group. Furthermore, the HRG treatment group displayed upregulated mRNA expression of Cu/Zn-SOD and muscle regulatory factor 4. These results indicate that HRG may protect oxidative stress induced by exercise as well as improve exercise performance capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Yeong Yu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
| | - Bo-Ra Yoon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
| | - Young-Jun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea.
| | | | | | - Chang-Won Cho
- Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea.
| | | | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
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Song M, Mun JH, Ko HC, Kim BS, Kim MB. Korean red ginseng powder in the treatment of melasma: an uncontrolled observational study. J Ginseng Res 2013; 35:170-5. [PMID: 23717059 PMCID: PMC3659531 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.2.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the sun, ultraviolet radiation, and oxidative stress are the chief etiologic factors responsible for melasma. The ingredients of Korean red ginseng powder, which include ginsenoside and phenolic compounds, have antioxidative effects and reduce ultraviolet B-induced pigmentation. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Korean red ginseng powder in patients with melasma. In 25 female patients, 3 g of Korean red ginseng powder was orally administered for a 24 week period. The level of pigmentation and erythema were determined and clinical improvement was evaluated by the melasma area and severity index (MASI), melasma quality of life scale (MELASQoL), and patient- and investigator-rated global improvement scale. After 24 weeks, the MASI score decreased from 8.8 to 5.6, and MELASQoL showed improvement in 91% of patients (p<0.05). The mean level of pigmentation decreased from 184.3 to 159.7 and erythema levels decreased from 253.6 to 216.4 (p<0.05). Additionally, 74% of the patients showed some improvement in both patient- and investigator-rated global improvement scales at week 24. Korean red ginseng powder was well tolerated by most of the patients. In conclusion, Korean red ginseng powder showed good tolerability and beneficial effects in patients with melasma. The use of Korean red ginseng would be counted as a useful adjunctive therapy for patients with melasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Song
- Department of Dermatology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 602-739, Korea
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Yu T, Lee YJ, Yang HM, Han S, Kim JH, Lee Y, Kim C, Han MH, Kim MY, Lee J, Cho JY. Inhibitory effect of Sanguisorba officinalis ethanol extract on NO and PGE₂ production is mediated by suppression of NF-κB and AP-1 activation signaling cascade. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:11-17. [PMID: 20832462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Sanguisorba officinalis, a well known valuable medicinal plant in Korea, China and Japan used traditionally for the treatment of inflammatory and metabolic diseases such as diarrhea, chronic intestinal infections, duodenal ulcers, and bleeding. Recent studies have revealed that its aqueous or ethanolic extracts exhibit a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-cancer, anti-lipid peroxidation, anti-atherogenic, and vasorelaxant effects. Systematic studies on the anti-inflammatory effect of this plant and its molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully investigated. Ethanol extract of Sanguisorba officinalis (So-EE) the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and production of inflammatory mediators were employed to assess these properties. RESULTS So-EE significantly suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG) E(2) from LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. This extract effectively diminished the mRNA levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, implying that the blockade is generated at the transcriptional level. So-EE strongly blocked the activation and translocation of NF-κB and AP-1 by suppressing the upstream kinases including inhibitor of κBα (IκBα), IκBα kinase (IKK), Akt (protein kinase B), phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), p85/phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Moreover, So-EE suppressed the phosphorylation of Src, its kinase activity, and complex formation between Src and p85. CONCLUSION This study suggests that So-EE has a potent anti-inflammatory activity mediated by NF-κB, and AP-1 inhibitory properties linked to the suppression of Src and MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- College of Biomedical Science, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
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Kim HD, Ha SE, Kang JR, Park JK. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng Extract on Cell Death Responses in Peroxynitrite-Treated Keratinocytes. J Ginseng Res 2010. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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