1
|
Protium javanicum Burm. Methanol Extract Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Activities in Macrophage-Like RAW264.7 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2910278. [PMID: 31118953 PMCID: PMC6500672 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2910278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protium javanicum Burm. f. is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine. Gum and oleoresins from this plant have been used as anti-inflammatory agents for treating ulcers, headaches, eyelid inflammation, and rheumatic pain. However, its anti-inflammatory mechanism of action is still unknown. To better understand the mechanism, we used lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) treated RAW264.7 cells to measure inflammatory mediators with the Griess assay and to identify target signaling molecules by immunoblot analysis. In this study, we report that the Protium javanicum methanol extract (Pj-ME) plays an important role in suppressing nitric oxide (NO) levels without cytotoxicity. The effect of Pj-ME in LPS-induced expression leads to reduced inflammatory cytokine expression, specifically inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Pj-ME significantly inhibited LPS-induced protein expression of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in a time-dependent manner. Syk and Src were identified as putative signaling molecules of Pj-ME-mediated anti-inflammatory activity, which were inhibited by Pj-ME. We demonstrated that Pj-ME controls the STAT3 signaling pathway by suppressing STAT3 and JAK phosphorylation and also downregulates the gene expression of IL-6. Therefore, these results elucidate Pj-ME as a novel anti-inflammatory naturally derived drug with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which may be subject to therapeutic and prognostic relevance.
Collapse
|
2
|
Protective Effects of Red Ginseng Oil against Aβ 25-35-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis and Inflammation in PC12 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102218. [PMID: 29065557 PMCID: PMC5666897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD), aggregation and deposition of β amyloid (Aβ), has been accepted as a potent activator of neuronal cell death. Red ginseng is well-known for various pharmacological activities, but most studies have been focused on red ginseng water extract (RGW), which has resulted in the conception of the present study of red ginseng oil (RGO) against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction by Aβ were verified and the underlying mechanism by which RGO inhibited neuronal cell death, mitochondria dysfunction and NF-κB pathway related protein markers were evaluated. RGO attenuated Aβ25-35-induced apoptosis, not only by inhibiting calcium influx, but also by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential loss. RGO significantly decreased Bax, whereas increased Bcl-2 and inactivated of caspase-3 and -9 and PARP-1 stimulated by Aβ25-35. Anti-neuroinflammatory effect of RGO was demonstrated by downregulating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, resulting in inhibiting of the NF-κB pathway and thereby suppressing the expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The present study revealed that RGO is a potential natural resource of the functional foods industry as well as a promising candidate of multi-target neuronal protective agent for the prevention of AD.
Collapse
|
3
|
Biswas T, Mathur AK, Mathur A. A literature update elucidating production of Panax ginsenosides with a special focus on strategies enriching the anti-neoplastic minor ginsenosides in ginseng preparations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4009-4032. [PMID: 28411325 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng, an oriental gift to the world of healthcare and preventive medicine, is among the top ten medicinal herbs globally. The constitutive triterpene saponins, ginsenosides, or panaxosides are attributed to ginseng's miraculous efficacy towards anti-aging, rejuvenating, and immune-potentiating benefits. The major ginsenosides such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd., Re, and Rg1, formed after extensive glycosylations of the aglycone "dammaranediol," dominate the chemical profile of this genus in vivo and in vitro. Elicitations have successfully led to appreciable enhancements in the production of these major ginsenosides. However, current research on ginseng biotechnology has been focusing on the enrichment or production of the minor ginsenosides (the less glycosylated precursors of the major ginsenosides) in ginseng preparations, which are either absent or are produced in very low amounts in nature or via cell cultures. The minor ginsenosides under current scientific scrutiny include diol ginsenosides such as Rg3, Rh2, compound K, and triol ginsenosides Rg2 and Rh1, which are being touted as the next "anti-neoplastic pharmacophores," with better bioavailability and potency as compared to the major ginsenosides. This review aims at describing the strategies for ginsenoside production with special attention towards production of the minor ginsenosides from the major ginsenosides via microbial biotransformation, elicitations, and from heterologous expression systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Biswas
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO- CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - A K Mathur
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO- CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Archana Mathur
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO- CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu T, Rhee MH, Lee J, Kim SH, Yang Y, Kim HG, Kim Y, Kim C, Kwak YS, Kim JH, Cho JY. Ginsenoside Rc from Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Attenuates Inflammatory Symptoms of Gastritis, Hepatitis and Arthritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:595-615. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is an herbal medicine prescribed worldwide that is prepared from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae). Out of ginseng’s various components, ginsenosides are regarded as the major ingredients, exhibiting anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Although recent studies have focused on understanding the anti-inflammatory activities of KRG, compounds that are major anti-inflammatory components, precisely how these can suppress various inflammatory processes has not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we aimed to identify inhibitory saponins, to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of the saponins, and to understand the inhibitory mechanisms. To do this, we employed in vitro lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages and in vivo inflammatory mouse conditions, such as collagen (type II)-induced arthritis (CIA), EtOH/HCl-induced gastritis, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-triggered hepatitis. Molecular mechanisms were also verified by real-time PCR, immunoblotting analysis, and reporter gene assays. Out of all the ginsenosides, ginsenoside Rc (G-Rc) showed the highest inhibitory activity against the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-[Formula: see text], interleukin (IL)-1[Formula: see text], and interferons (IFNs). Similarly, this compound attenuated inflammatory symptoms in CIA, EtOH/HCl-mediated gastritis, and LPS/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-triggered hepatitis without altering toxicological parameters, and without inducing gastric irritation. These anti-inflammatory effects were accompanied by the suppression of TNF-[Formula: see text] and IL-6 production and the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in mice with CIA. G-Rc also attenuated the increased levels of luciferase activity by IRF-3 and AP-1 but not NF-[Formula: see text]B. In support of this phenomenon, G-Rc reduced TBK1, IRF-3, and ATF2 phosphorylation in the joint and liver tissues of mice with hepatitis. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that G-Rc may be a major component of KRG with useful anti-inflammatory properties due to its suppression of IRF-3 and AP-1 pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, P. R. China
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyung Kim
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, P. R. China
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaekyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- Korean Ginseng Corporation, Central Research Institute, Daejeon 34337, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Suroowan S, Mahomoodally F. Common phyto-remedies used against cardiovascular diseases and their potential to induce adverse events in cardiovascular patients. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-015-0002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
6
|
Galal MK, Khalaf AAA, Ogaly HA, Ibrahim MA. Vitamin E attenuates neurotoxicity induced by deltamethrin in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:458. [PMID: 25439240 PMCID: PMC4265463 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background The safety of Deltamethrin (DM) has been raised as a point of concern. The current investigation was envisaged to explore the responsiveness of oxidative stress parameters, DNA fragmentation and expression levels of TP53, cycloxygenase 2 (COX2) and cytochrome p4502E1 (CYP2E1) as toxicological endpoint in rats treated with DM. as well as attention was provided to the neuroprotective effect of vitamin E (VE). Methods Four different groups of rats were used in this study, group I served as control, group II received DM (0.6 mg/kg BW), group III received both DM plus VE and finally group IV received VE only (200 mg/kg BW). The treatment regimen was extending for one month for all groups and the brain tissues were collected for further analysis. Results The obtained results showed a highly statistically significant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) content, nitric oxide concentration, and DNA fragmentation percentage and expression level of CYP2E1, TP53 and COX2 genes, in addition statistical significant reduction in total antioxidant capacity in DM treated group as compared to control were detected. Oral administration of VE attenuated the neurotoxic effects of DM through improvement of oxidative status, DNA fragmentation percentage and suppressing the expression level of CYP2E1, TP53 and COX2 genes. Conclusion From this study we concluded that VE supplementation has beneficial impacts on DM neurotoxicity in rats through its antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties.
Collapse
|
7
|
Baek KS, Hong YD, Kim Y, Sung NY, Yang S, Lee KM, Park JY, Park JS, Rho HS, Shin SS, Cho JY. Anti-inflammatory activity of AP-SF, a ginsenoside-enriched fraction, from Korean ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2014; 39:155-61. [PMID: 26045689 PMCID: PMC4452522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Korean ginseng is an ethnopharmacologically valuable herbal plant with various biological properties including anticancer, antiatherosclerosis, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Since there is currently no drug or therapeutic remedy derived from Korean ginseng, we developed a ginsenoside-enriched fraction (AP-SF) for prevention of various inflammatory symptoms. METHODS The anti-inflammatory efficacy of AP-SF was tested under in vitro inflammatory conditions including nitric oxide (NO) production and inflammatory gene expression. The molecular events of inflammatory responses were explored by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS AP-SF led to a significant suppression of NO production compared with a conventional Korean ginseng saponin fraction, induced by both lipopolysaccharide and zymosan A. Interestingly, AP-SF strongly downregulated the mRNA levels of genes for inducible NO synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cyclooxygenase) without affecting cell viability. In agreement with these observations, AP-SF blocked the nuclear translocation of c-Jun at 2 h and also reduced phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and TAK-1, all of which are important for c-Jun translocation. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that AP-SF inhibits activation of c-Jun-dependent inflammatory events. Thus, AP-SF may be useful as a novel anti-inflammatory remedy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Soo Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yong Deog Hong
- Skin Research Institute, AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yong Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Nak Yoon Sung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sungjae Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Joo Yong Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jun Seong Park
- Skin Research Institute, AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin, Korea
| | - Ho Sik Rho
- Skin Research Institute, AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin, Korea
| | - Song Seok Shin
- Skin Research Institute, AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim SG, Lee AJ, Bae SH, Kim SM, Lee JH, Kim MJ, Jang HB. Total extract of Korean red ginseng facilitates human bone marrow hematopoietic colony formation in vitro. Blood Res 2014; 49:177-81. [PMID: 25325037 PMCID: PMC4188783 DOI: 10.5045/br.2014.49.3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of CD34+ cells in a peripheral blood stem cell collection is the key factor in predicting successful treatment of hematologic malignancies. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is the most popular medicinal herb in Korea. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of KRG on hematopoietic colony formation. Methods Bone marrow (BM) samples were obtained from 8 human donors after acquiring informed consent. BM mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated, and CD34+ cells were sorted using magnetic beads. The sorted CD34+ cells were incubated with or without total extract of KRG (50 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL) or Ginsenoside Rg1 (100 µg/mL), and the hematopoietic colony assay was performed using methylcellulose semisolid medium. The CD34+ cell counts were measured by a single platform assay using flow cytometry. Results The numbers of human BM-MNCs and CD34+ cells obtained after purification were variable among donors (5.6×107 and 1.3-48×107 and 8.9×104 and 1.8-80×104, respectively). The cells expanded 1,944 times after incubation for 12 d. Total extract of KRG added to the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-specific medium increased CD34+ cell counts 3.6 times compared to 2.6 times when using HSC medium alone. Total numbers of hematopoietic colonies in KRG medium were more than those observed in conventional medium, especially that of erythroid colonies such as burst forming unit-erythroid. Conclusion Total extract of KRG facilitated CD34+ cell expansion and hematopoietic colony formation, especially of the erythroid lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - A-Jin Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung Hwa Bae
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seong-Mo Kim
- Department of Oriental Internal Medicine of Hepatology, College of Oriental Medicine and Daegu Hanny University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hae-Bong Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Galal MK, Khalaf A, Ogaly HA, Ibrahim MA. WITHDRAWN: Multimechanistic neuroprotective effect of vitamin E against deltamethrin induced brain toxicity. Toxicol Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
|
10
|
Yang Y, Lee J, Rhee MH, Yu T, Baek KS, Sung NY, Kim Y, Yoon K, Kim JH, Kwak YS, Hong S, Kim JH, Cho JY. Molecular mechanism of protopanaxadiol saponin fraction-mediated anti-inflammatory actions. J Ginseng Res 2014; 39:61-8. [PMID: 25535478 PMCID: PMC4268567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a representative traditional herbal medicine with many different pharmacological properties including anticancer, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-diabetes, and anti-inflammatory activities. Only a few studies have explored the molecular mechanism of KRG-mediated anti-inflammatory activity. Methods We investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the protopanaxadiol saponin fraction (PPD-SF) of KRG using in vitro and in vivo inflammatory models. Results PPD-SF dose-dependently diminished the release of inflammatory mediators [nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α, and prostaglandin E2], and downregulated the mRNA expression of their corresponding genes (inducible NO synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cyclooxygenase-2), without altering cell viability. The PPD-SF-mediated suppression of these events appeared to be regulated by a blockade of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and TANK (TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator)-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which are linked to the activation of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) and interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 (IRF3). Moreover, this fraction also ameliorated HCl/ethanol/-induced gastritis via suppression of phospho-JNK2 levels. Conclusion These results strongly suggest that the anti-inflammatory action of PPD-SF could be mediated by a reduction in the activation of p38-, JNK2-, and TANK-binding-kinase-1-linked pathways and their corresponding transcription factors (ATF2 and IRF3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Dermatological Health Management, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Nak Yoon Sung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yong Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Keejung Yoon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- Ginseng Corporation Central Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sungyoul Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang Y, Yang WS, Yu T, Sung GH, Park KW, Yoon K, Son YJ, Hwang H, Kwak YS, Lee CM, Rhee MH, Kim JH, Cho JY. ATF-2/CREB/IRF-3-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Korean red ginseng water extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:218-228. [PMID: 24735861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is one of the representative traditional herbal medicines prepared from Panax ginseng Meyer (Araliaceae) in Korea. It has been reported that KRG exhibits a lot of different biological actions such as anti-aging, anti-fatigue, anti-stress, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Although systematic studies have investigated how KRG is able to ameliorate various inflammatory diseases, its molecular inhibitory mechanisms had not been carried out prior to this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to investigate these mechanisms, we evaluated the effects of a water extract of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG-WE) on the in vitro inflammatory responses of activated RAW264.7 cells, and on in vivo gastritis and peritonitis models by analyzing the activation events of inflammation-inducing transcription factors and their upstream kinases. RESULTS KRG-WE reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO), protected cells against NO-induced apoptosis, suppressed mRNA levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and interferon (IFN)-β, ameliorated EtOH/HCl-induced gastritis, and downregulated peritoneal exudate-derived NO production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected mice. The inhibition of these inflammatory responses by KRG-WE was regulated through the suppression of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and by subsequent inhibition of activating transcription factor (ATF)-2, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and IRF-3 activation. Of ginsensides included in this extract, interestingly, G-Rc showed the highest inhibitory potency on IRF-3-mediated luciferase activity. CONCLUSION These results strongly suggest that the anti-inflammatory activities of KRG-WE could be due to its inhibition of the p38/JNK/TBK1 activation pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Keejung Yoon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Son
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsik Hwang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- Ginseng Corporation Central Research Institute, Daejeon 305-805, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Muk Lee
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yoon JY, Jeong HY, Kim SH, Kim HG, Nam G, Kim JP, Yoon DH, Hwang H, Kimc TW, Hong S, Cho JY. Methanol extract of Evodia lepta displays Syk/Src-targeted anti-inflammatory activity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:999-1007. [PMID: 23747536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Evodia lepta (Spreng.) Merr., in the Rutaceae family, is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat inflammatory symptoms such as in meningitis and hepatitis. However, no study has systematically investigated its anti-inflammatory activities including its molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of a methanol extract from the roots Evodia lepta (El-ME) were evaluated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells producing nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and an HCl/ethanol-induced mouse gastritis model. Target molecules were identified by analyzing the activation of transcription factors and their upstream kinases. RESULTS El-ME reduced the production of NO and PGE2 from LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. El-ME also ameliorated the gastritis symptoms of EtOH/HCl-treated mice. The extract suppressed production of mRNA for the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2; the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB; the phosphorylation of upstream kinases that activate NF-κB; and the kinase activities of Syk and Src. CONCLUSION The anti-inflammatory effects of El-ME might be due to its suppression of Syk/Src and NF-κB. Considering the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of El-ME, Evodia lepta could be developed into an anti-inflammatory herbal remedy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Yoon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim EH, Kim IH, Lee MJ, Thach Nguyen C, Ha JA, Lee SC, Choi S, Choi KT, Pyo S, Rhee DK. Anti-oxidative stress effect of red ginseng in the brain is mediated by peptidyl arginine deiminase type IV (PADI4) repression via estrogen receptor (ER) β up-regulation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:474-485. [PMID: 23665163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Ginseng has been used as an anti-stress agent, and its active ingredient, ginsenoside, is similar in structure to estrogen. However, the effect of ginseng on the stressed brain is not completely understood. The aim of this study is to understand systematically how red ginseng (RG) affects gene expressions in the brain of immobilization (IMO) stressed mice to elucidate its underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS For in vivo experiments, mice were stressed by immobilization for 30, 45, or 60 min, and gene expression in the mice brain was analyzed by microarray and system biology. Apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and gene expression by Western blot or qPCR. For in vitro study, the SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells were stressed by H2O2 exposure. The resultant cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay, and gene expression by Western blot, ELISA, or qPCR. RESULTS Microarray analysis of genes in IMO stressed mice brains showed that RG administration prior to IMO stress downregulated >40 genes including peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4). Interestingly, PADI4 was up-regulated by various stresses such as H2O2, acrylamide, and tunicamycin in neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells but inhibited by RG. IMO stress and in vitro H2O2 stress depressed the estrogen receptor (ER)-β expression but not ERα. However, RG treatment increased ERβ expression both in vivo and in vitro. Comparative analysis regarding the networks by systems biology revealed that TNF-α plays a critical role in IMO stress, and the cell death associated network was much higher than other categories. Consistently, the IMO stress induced TNF-α and Cox-2 expressions, malondialdehyde (MDA), and cell death in the brain, whereas RG administration inhibited these inductions in vivo. siRNA and transient expression studies revealed that ERβ inhibited the PADI4 expression. CONCLUSION PADI4 could be used as an oxidative stress marker. RG seems to inhibit oxidative stress-inducible PADI4 by up-regulating ERβ expression in the brain thus protecting brain cells from apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Su-Won 440-746, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee JM, Hah JO, Kim HS. The effect of red ginseng extract on inflammatory cytokines after chemotherapy in children. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:383-90. [PMID: 23717140 PMCID: PMC3659604 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.4.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used as an herbal medicine, widely used in Asian countries, for long time. Recently, beneficial effects for immune functions of Korean red ginseng (KRG) have been reported in adults. This study was performed to investigate the effects of ginseng on immune functions in children after cessation of chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation for advanced cancer. Thirty patients, who were diagnosed and treated for leukemia and solid cancer at the department of pediatrics and adolescence of the Yeungnam University Hospital from June 2004 to June 2009, were enrolled for the study. The study group consisted of 19 patients who received KRG extract (60 mg/kg/d) for 1 yr and 11 patients who did not receive KRG extract were the control group. Blood samples were collected every 6 mo. Immune assays included circulating lymphocyte subpopulation, serum cytokines (IL- 2, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma), and total concentrations of serum IgG, IgA, and IgM subclasses. Age at diagnosis ranged from 2 mo to 15 yr (median 5 yr). Nine patients received stem cell transplantation. The cytokines of the KRG treated group were decreasing more rapidly than that of the control group. Lymphocyte subpopulations (T cell, B cell, NK cell, T4, T8, and T4/ T8 ratio) and serum immunoglobulin subclasses (IgG, IgA, and IgM) did not show significant differences between the study and the control groups. This study suggests that KRG extract might have a stabilizing effect on the inflammatory cytokines in children with cancer after chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Min Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu 705-717, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim JH, Lee YG, Yoo S, Oh J, Jeong D, Song WK, Yoo BC, Rhee MH, Park J, Cha SH, Hong S, Cho JY. Involvement of Src and the actin cytoskeleton in the antitumorigenic action of adenosine dialdehyde. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1042-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
16
|
Yang Y, Yu T, Lee YG, Yang WS, Oh J, Jeong D, Lee S, Kim TW, Park YC, Sung GH, Cho JY. Methanol extract of Hopea odorata suppresses inflammatory responses via the direct inhibition of multiple kinases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 145:598-607. [PMID: 23220195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hopea odorata Roxb. (Dipterocarpaceae) is a representative Thai ethnopharmacological herbal plant used in the treatment of various inflammation-related diseases. In spite of its traditional use, systematic studies of its anti-inflammatory action have not been performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The inhibitory activities of a Hopea odorata methanol extract (Ho-ME) on the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages were investigated. The effects of Ho-ME on the gastritis symptoms induced by HCl/EtOH and on ear oedemas induced by arachidonic acid were also examined. Furthermore, to identify the immunopharmacological targets of this extract, nuclear fractionation, a reporter gene assay, immunoprecipitation, immunoblot analysis, and a kinase assay were employed. RESULTS Ho-ME strongly inhibited the release of NO, PGE(2), and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Ho-ME also clearly suppressed the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interferon (IFN)-β, interleukin (IL)-12, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). By analysing the inhibited target molecules, Syk and Src were found to be suppressed in the inhibition of nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway. In addition, the observed downregulation of activator protein (AP)-1 and cAMP response element-binding (CREB) was due to the direct inhibition of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)1 and IRAK4, which was also linked to the suppression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. In agreement with the in vitro observations, this extract also ameliorated the inflammatory symptoms in EtOH/HCl-induced gastritis and arachidonic acid-induced ear oedemas in mice. CONCLUSION Ho-ME has potential as a functional herbal remedy targeting Syk- and Src-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Future pre-clinical studies will be needed to investigate this possibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jeong HY, Moh SH, Yang Y, Yu T, Oh J, Jeong D, Yoon DH, Park KM, Lee S, Kim TW, Hong S, Kim SY, Cho JY. Src and Syk are targeted to an anti-inflammatory ethanol extract of Aralia continentalis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 143:746-753. [PMID: 22885130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aralia continentalis Kitagawa (Araliaceae) is a representative ethnomedicinal herbal plant traditionally prescribed in Korea to relieve various inflammatory symptoms. However, the exact molecular mechanism of its anti-inflammatory activity has not been fully investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of the ethanol extract from the roots of this plant (Ac-EE) on the production of the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) was studied in RAW264.7 cells. Its effect on inflammatory symptoms (gastritis and hepatitis) in mice was also examined. In particular, the molecular inhibitory mechanism was analysed by measuring the activation of transcription factors and their upstream signalling and the kinase activity of target enzymes. RESULTS Ac-EE dose-dependently suppressed NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells. This extract also displayed curative activity against EtOH/HCl-induced gastritis and LPS-induced hepatitis in mice. Ac-EE-mediated anti-inflammatory activity was found to be at the transcriptional level, as it blocked the activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway composed of Syk and Src, according to immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation analyses and a kinase assay with whole and nucleus lysates from RAW264.7 cells and mice. CONCLUSION Ac-EE may be developed as a functional herbal remedy targeting Syk- and Src-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Future work using pre-clinical studies will be needed to investigate this possibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yoon Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee H, Kim J, Lee SY, Park JH, Hwang GS. Processed Panax ginseng, Sun Ginseng, Decreases Oxidative Damage Induced by tert-butyl Hydroperoxide via Regulation of Antioxidant Enzyme and Anti-apoptotic Molecules in HepG2 Cells. J Ginseng Res 2012; 36:248-55. [PMID: 23717125 PMCID: PMC3659594 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.3.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential antioxidant effect of processed ginseng (sun ginseng, SG) on oxidative stress generated by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) was investigated in HepG2 cells. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage test demonstrated that SG dose-dependently prevents a loss of cell viability against t-BHP-induced oxidative stress. Also, SG treatment dose-dependently relieved the increment of activities of hepatic enzymes, such as aspartate aminotrasferase and alanine aminotransferase, and lipid peroxidation mediated by t-BHP treatment in HepG2 cells. SG increased the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. However, high dose of SG treatment caused decrease in mRNA level of glutathione peroxidase as compared to low dosage of SG-treated cells. The gene expression of glutathione reductase was found to be slightly increased by SG treatment. In addition, SG extract attributed its hepaprotective effect by inducing the mRNA level of bcl-2 and bcl-xL but reducing that of bax. But, the gene expression of bad showed no significant change in SG-treated HepG2 cells. These findings suggest that SG has hepatoprotective effect by showing reduction of LDH release, activities of hepatic enzymes and lipid peroxidation and regulating the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and apoptosis-related molecules against oxdative stress caused by t-BHP in HepG2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Lee
- Lab of Cell Differentiation Research, College of Oriental Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Lab of Cell Differentiation Research, College of Oriental Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Korea
| | - Seo Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- Lab of Cell Differentiation Research, College of Oriental Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
3-(4-(tert-Octyl)phenoxy)propane-1,2-diol suppresses inflammatory responses via inhibition of multiple kinases. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1540-51. [PMID: 22406106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel anti-inflammatory compounds were synthesised by derivatization of militarin, a compound isolated from Cordyceps militaris that is an ethnopharmacologically well-known herbal medicine with multiple benefits such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic properties. In this study, we explored the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory potencies of these compounds during inflammatory responses, their inhibitory mechanisms, and acute toxicity profiles. To do this, we studied inflammatory conditions using in vitro lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages and several in vivo inflammatory models such as dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis, EtOH/HCl-induced gastritis, and arachidonic acid-induced ear oedema. Methods used included real-time PCR, immunoblotting analysis, immunoprecipitation, reporter gene assays, and direct kinase assays. Of the tested compounds, compound III showed the highest nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity. This compound also inhibited the production of prostaglandin (PG)E(2) at the transcriptional level by suppression of Syk/NF-κB, IKKɛ/IRF-3, and p38/AP-1 pathways in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages. Consistent with these findings, compound III strongly ameliorated inflammatory symptoms in colitis, gastritis, and ear oedema models. In acute toxicity tests, there were no significant differences in body and organ weights, serum parameters, and stomach lesions between the untreated and compound III-treated mice. Therefore, this compound has the potential to be served as a lead chemical for developing a promising anti-inflammatory drug candidate with multiple kinase targets.
Collapse
|
20
|
Molecular mechanism of macrophage activation by red ginseng acidic polysaccharide from Korean red ginseng. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:732860. [PMID: 22474399 PMCID: PMC3306998 DOI: 10.1155/2012/732860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP), isolated from Korean red ginseng, displays immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Even though numerous studies have been reported, the mechanism as to how RGAP is able to stimulate the immune response is not clear. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of molecular activation of RGAP in macrophages. RGAP treatment strongly induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells without altering morphological changes, although the activity was not strong compared to LPS-induced dendritic-like morphology in RAW264.7 cells. RGAP-induced NO production was accompanied with enhanced mRNA levels of iNOS and increases in nuclear transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1, STAT-1, ATF-2, and CREB. According to pharmacological evaluation with specific enzyme inhibitors, Western blot analysis of intracellular signaling proteins and inhibitory pattern using blocking antibodies, ERK, and JNK were found to be the most important signaling enzymes compared to LPS signaling cascade. Further, TLR2 seems to be a target surface receptor of RGAP. Lastly, macrophages isolated from RGS2 knockout mice or wortmannin exposure strongly upregulated RGAP-treated NO production. Therefore, our results suggest that RGAP can activate macrophage function through activation of transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1 and their upstream signaling enzymes such as ERK and JNK.
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang Y, Yu T, Jang HJ, Byeon SE, Song SY, Lee BH, Rhee MH, Kim TW, Lee J, Hong S, Cho JY. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Polygonum hydropiper methanol extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:616-625. [PMID: 22182430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polygonum hydropiper L. (Polygonaceae) has been traditionally used to treat various inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. However, no systematic studies on the anti-inflammatory actions of Polygonum hydropiper and its inhibitory mechanisms have been reported. This study is therefore aimed at exploring the anti-inflammatory effects of 99% methanol extracts (Ph-ME) of this plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of Ph-ME on the production of inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages were investigated. Molecular mechanisms underlying the effects, especially inhibitory effects, were elucidated by analyzing the activation of transcription factors and their upstream signalling, and by evaluating the kinase activities of target enzymes. Additionally, a dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model was employed to see whether this extract can be used as an orally available drug. RESULTS Ph-ME dose-dependently suppressed the release of nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and prostaglandin (PG)E(2), in RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Ph-ME inhibited mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and TNF-α by suppressing the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, activator protein (AP-1), and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB), and simultaneously inhibited its upstream inflammatory signalling cascades, including cascades involving Syk, Src, and IRAK1. Consistent with these findings, the extract strongly suppressed the kinase activities of Src and Syk. Based on HPLC analysis, quercetin, which inhibits NO and PGE(2) activities, was found as one of the active ingredients in Ph-ME. CONCLUSION Ph-ME exerts strong anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing Src/Syk/NF-κB and IRAK/AP-1/CREB pathways, which contribute to its major ethno-pharmacological role as an anti-gastritis remedy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yu T, Lee S, Yang WS, Jang HJ, Lee YJ, Kim TW, Kim SY, Lee J, Cho JY. The ability of an ethanol extract of Cinnamomum cassia to inhibit Src and spleen tyrosine kinase activity contributes to its anti-inflammatory action. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:566-573. [PMID: 22155395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cinnamomum cassia Blume (Aceraceae) has been traditionally used to treat various inflammatory diseases such as gastritis. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Cinnamomum cassia has not been fully elucidated. This study examined the anti-inflammatory mechanism of 95% ethanol extract (Cc-EE) of Cinnamomum cassia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of Cc-EE on the production of inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages was investigated. Molecular mechanisms underlying the effects, especially inhibitory effects, was elucidated by analyzing the activation of transcription factors and their upstream signaling, and by evaluating the kinase activity of target enzymes. RESULTS Cc-EE of Cinnamomum cassia diminished the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and prostaglandin (PG)E(2), in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Cc-EE also blocked mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and TNF-α by suppressing the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and simultaneously inhibited its upstream inflammatory signaling cascades, including spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and Src. Consistent with these findings, the extract directly blocked the kinase activities of Src and Syk. CONCLUSION Cc-EE exerts strong anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing Src/Syk-mediated NF-κB activation, which contributes to its major ethno-pharmacological role as an anti-gastritis remedy. Future work will be focused on determining whether the extract can be further developed as an anti-inflammatory drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cross-regulation between protein L-isoaspartyl O-methyltransferase and ERK in epithelial mesenchymal transition of MDA-MB-231 cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:1165-72. [PMID: 21841813 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Protein L-isoaspartyl O-methyltransferase (PIMT) regulates cell adhesion in various cancer cell lines through activation of integrin αv and the PI3K pathway. The epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) enables epithelial cells to acquire the characteristics of mesenchymal cells, and to allow them to migrate for metastasis. Here, we examined the relationship between PIMT and EMT with attached or detached MDA-MB 231 cells. METHODS Human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 cells were maintained in a suspension on poly-HEMA in the presence or absence of PIMT siRNA or ERK inhibitor PD98059. The mRNAs and proteins were analyzed using RT-PCR and immunoblotting, respectively. RESULTS During cellular incubation under detached conditions, PIMT, integrin αv and EMT proteins, such as Snail, Slug and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), were significantly increased in correlation with the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. The ERK inhibitor PD98059 (25 μmol/L) strongly suppressed the expression of the proteins and PIMT. Interestingly, PIMT siRNA blocked the phosphorylation of ERK and the expression of the EMT proteins. Additionally, PIMT and ERK phosphorylation were both co-activated by treatment with TGF-β (10 ng/mL) and TNF-α (10 ng/mL). CONCLUSION A tight cross-regulation exists between ERK and PIMT in regards to their activation and expression during the EMT.
Collapse
|
24
|
Mitogen activated protein kinases are prime signalling enzymes in nitric oxide production induced by soluble β-glucan from Sparassis crispa. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1753-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
25
|
Chung IM, Lim JW, Pyun WB, Kim HY. Korean Red Ginseng Improves Vascular Stiffness in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. J Ginseng Res 2010. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|