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Till 2018: a survey of biomolecular sequences in genus Panax. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:33-43. [PMID: 32095095 PMCID: PMC7033366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is popularly known to be the king of ancient medicines and is used widely in most of the traditional medicinal compositions due to its various pharmaceutical properties. Numerous studies are being focused on this plant's curative effects to discover their potential health benefits in most human diseases, including cancer- the most life-threatening disease worldwide. Modern pharmacological research has focused mainly on ginsenosides, the major bioactive compounds of ginseng, because of their multiple therapeutic applications. Various issues on ginseng plant development, physiological processes, and agricultural issues have also been studied widely through state-of-the-art, high-throughput sequencing technologies. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the number of publications on ginseng has rapidly increased, with a recent count of more than 6,000 articles and reviews focusing notably on ginseng. Owing to the implementation of various technologies and continuous efforts, the ginseng plant genomes have been decoded effectively in recent years. Therefore, this review focuses mainly on the cellular biomolecular sequences in ginseng plants from the perspective of the central molecular dogma, with an emphasis on genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes, together with a few other related studies.
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Myagmarjav D, Sukweenadhi J, Kim YJ, Jang MG, Rahimi S, Silva J, Choi JY, Mohanan P, Kwon WS, Kim CG, Yang DC. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of pathogenesis related protein 6 from Panax ginseng. RUSS J GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795417110060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kim YJ, Jang MG, Zhu L, Silva J, Zhu X, Sukweenadhi J, Kwon WS, Yang DC, Zhang D. Cytological characterization of anther development in Panax ginseng Meyer. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1111-1124. [PMID: 26277352 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng), a valued medicinal herb, is a slow-growing plant that flowers after 3 years of growth with the formation of a solitary terminal umbel inflorescence. However, little is known about cytological events during ginseng reproduction, such as the development of the male organ, the stamen. To better understand the mechanism controlling ginseng male reproductive development, here, we investigated the inflorescence and flower structure of ginseng. Moreover, we performed cytological analysis of anther morphogenesis and showed the common and specialized cytological events including the formation of four concentric cell layers surrounding male reproductive cells followed by subsequent cell differentiation and degeneration of tapetal cells, as well as the formation of mature pollen grains via meiosis and mitosis during ginseng anther development. Particularly, our transverse section and microscopic observations showed that the ginseng tapetal layer exhibits obvious nonsynchronous cell division evidenced by the observation of one or two tapetal layers frequently observed in one anther lobe, suggesting the unique control of cell division. To facilitate the future study on ginseng male reproduction, we grouped the anther development into 10 developmental stages according to the characterized cytological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, 446-701, South Korea.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China.
| | - Moon-Gi Jang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Lu Zhu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China
| | - Jeniffer Silva
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China
| | - Johan Sukweenadhi
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Woo-Saeng Kwon
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, 446-701, South Korea.
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- Key Laboratory of Crop Marker-Assisted Breeding of Huaian Municipality, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaian, 223300, China
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Mathiyalagan R, Kim YH, Kim YJ, Kim MK, Kim MJ, Yang DC. Enzymatic Formation of Novel Ginsenoside Rg1-α-Glucosides by Rat Intestinal Homogenates. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:1701-15. [PMID: 26411353 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The variation of linkage positions in ginsenosides leads to diverse pharmacological efficiencies. The hydrolysis and transglycosylation properties of glycosyl hydrolase family enzymes have a great impact on the synthesis of novel and structurally diversified compounds. In this study, six ginsenoside Rg1-α-glucosides were found to be synthesized from the reaction mixture of maltose as a donor and ginsenoside Rg1 as a sugar acceptor in the presence of rat small intestinal homogenates, which exhibit high α-glucosidase activities. The individual compounds were purified and were identified by spectroscopy (HPLC-MS, (1)H-NMR, and (13)C-NMR) as 6-O-[α-D-glcp-(1→4)-β-D-glcp]-20-O-(β-D-glcp)-20(S)-protopanaxatriol, 6-O-β-D-glcp-20-O-[α-D-glcp-(1→6)-(β-D-glcp)]-20(S)-protopanaxatriol, 6-O-β-D-glcp-20-O-[α-D-glcp-(1→4)-(β-D-glcp)]-20(S)-protopanaxatriol, 6-O-[α-D-glcp-(1→6)-β-D-glcp]-20-O-(β-glcp)-20(S)-protopanaxatriol, 6-O-[α-D-glcp-(1→3)-β-D-glcp]-20-O-(β-D-glcp)-20(S)-protopanaxatriol, and 6-O-β-D-glcp-20-O-[α-D-glcp-(1→3)-(β-D-glcp)]-20(S)-protopanaxatriol. Among these six, 6-O-β-D-glcp-20-O-α-D-glcp-(1→6)-(β-D-glcp)-20(S)-protopanaxatriol and 6-O-α-D-glcp-(1→6)-β-D-glcp-20-O-(β-D-glcp)-20(S)-protopanaxatriol are considered to be novel compounds of alpha-ginsenosidal saponins which pharmacological activities should be further characterized. This is the first report on the enzymatic elaboration of ginsenoside Rg1 derivatives using rat intestinal homogenates. To the best of our knowledge, it is also the first to reveal the sixth and 20th positions of an unusual α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl sugar chain with 20(S)-protopanaxatriol saponins in Panax ginseng Mayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoi Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 570-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 449-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung-Kon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 570-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 570-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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Subramaniyam S, Mathiyalagan R, Natarajan S, Kim YJ, Jang MG, Park JH, Yang DC. Transcript expression profiling for adventitious roots of Panax ginseng Meyer. Gene 2014; 546:89-96. [PMID: 24831831 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer is one of the major medicinal plants in oriental countries belonging to the Araliaceae family which are the primary source for ginsenosides. However, very few genes were characterized for ginsenoside pathway, due to the limited genome information. Through this study, we obtained a comprehensive transcriptome from adventitious roots, which were treated with methyl jasmonic acids for different time points (control, 2h, 6h, 12h, and 24h) and sequenced by RNA 454 pyrosequencing technology. Reference transcriptome 39,304,529 (0.04GB) was obtained from 5,724,987,880 bases (5.7GB) of 22 libraries by de novo assembly and 35,266 (58.5%) transcripts were annotated with biological schemas (GO and KEGG). The digital gene expression patterns were obtained from in vitro grown adventitious root sequences which mapped to reference, from that, 3813 (6.3%) unique transcripts were involved in ≥2 fold up and downregulations. Finally, candidates for ginsenoside pathway genes were predicted from observed expression patterns. Among them, 30 transcription factors, 20 cytochromes, and 11 glycosyl transferases were predicted as ginsenoside candidates. These data can remarkably expand the existing transcriptome resources of Panax, especially to predict existence of gene networks in P. ginseng. The entity of the data provides a valuable platform to reveal more on secondary metabolism and abiotic stresses from P. ginseng in vitro grown adventitious roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathiyamoorthy Subramaniyam
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea; Insilicogen Inc., #909, Venture Valley, 958, Gosaek-dong, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-813, South Korea
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea
| | - Sathishkumar Natarajan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea
| | - Moon-Gi Jang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hyung Park
- Insilicogen Inc., #909, Venture Valley, 958, Gosaek-dong, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-813, South Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea.
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Baek SH, Bae ON, Park JH. Recent methodology in ginseng analysis. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:119-34. [PMID: 23717112 PMCID: PMC3659581 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As much as the popularity of ginseng in herbal prescriptions or remedies, ginseng has become the focus of research in many scientific fields. Analytical methodologies for ginseng, referred to as ginseng analysis hereafter, have been developed for bioactive component discovery, phytochemical profiling, quality control, and pharmacokinetic studies. This review summarizes the most recent advances in ginseng analysis in the past half-decade including emerging techniques and analytical trends. Ginseng analysis includes all of the leading analytical tools and serves as a representative model for the analytical research of herbal medicines.
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Mathiyalagan R, Subramaniyam S, Natarajan S, Kim YJ, Sun MS, Kim SY, Kim YJ, Yang DC. Insilico profiling of microRNAs in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer). J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:227-47. [PMID: 23717176 PMCID: PMC3659641 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of recently discovered non-coding small RNA molecules, on average approximately 21 nucleotides in length, which underlie numerous important biological roles in gene regulation in various organisms. The miRNA database (release 18) has 18,226 miRNAs, which have been deposited from different species. Although miRNAs have been identified and validated in many plant species, no studies have been reported on discovering miRNAs in Panax ginseng Meyer, which is a traditionally known medicinal plant in oriental medicine, also known as Korean ginseng. It has triterpene ginseng saponins called ginsenosides, which are responsible for its various pharmacological activities. Predicting conserved miRNAs by homology-based analysis with available expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences can be powerful, if the species lacks whole genome sequence information. In this study by using the EST based computational approach, 69 conserved miRNAs belonging to 44 miRNA families were identified in Korean ginseng. The digital gene expression patterns of predicted conserved miRNAs were analyzed by deep sequencing using small RNA sequences of flower buds, leaves, and lateral roots. We have found that many of the identified miRNAs showed tissue specific expressions. Using the insilico method, 346 potential targets were identified for the predicted 69 conserved miRNAs by searching the ginseng EST database, and the predicted targets were mainly involved in secondary metabolic processes, responses to biotic and abiotic stress, and transcription regulator activities, as well as a variety of other metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Korean Ginseng Center and Ginseng Resource Bank, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, Korea
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Sathishkumar N, Karpagam V, Sathiyamoorthy S, Woo MJ, Kim YJ, Yang DC. Computer-aided identification of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors using ginsenosides from Panax ginseng. Comput Biol Med 2013; 43:786-97. [PMID: 23668355 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have served as structural resources in the history of drug discovery for cancer therapy. Among these natural products, Korean Panax ginseng serves as a potential anti-cancer medicinal plant. To determine the anti-cancer activities of Korean P. ginseng active compounds, we performed pharmacophore-based virtual screening and molecular docking studies on EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) tyrosine kinase domain. The EGFR family tyrosine kinase receptor is a cell surface receptor that regulates diverse biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Over expression of EGFR tyrosine kinase domain associated with the development and progression of numerous human cancers. In our study, we developed the best pharmacophore model (Hypo1) using a diverse training set and validated by Fischer's randomization, a test set, and a decoy set. The best validated model was employed in the virtual screening of P. ginseng compound database. Further, chosen molecules were evaluated by applying ADMET screening and molecular docking studies. Finally, 14 compounds were obtained based on binding affinity scores and interactions with protein active site residues. These final lead compounds from P. ginseng can be used in the designing of new EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Sathishkumar
- Korean Ginseng Center and Ginseng Genetic Resource Bank, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, Republic of Korea.
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