1
|
Cho SK, Song YJ, Han JY, Kim HW, Nam E, Sung YK. Effectiveness of Korean Red Ginseng on fatigue in patients with rheumatic diseases: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Korean J Intern Med 2024; 39:680-690. [PMID: 38576235 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2023.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the effectiveness of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) in managing fatigue in Korean patients with rheumatic diseases. METHODS Patients were randomly assigned to KRG (2 g/day, n = 60) or placebo (n = 60) groups for 12 weeks of blind phase and then open-label KRG from weeks 12 to 24 (placebo-KRG, continuous-KRG). The primary outcome was the improvement rate in fatigue, defined by an increase in Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue scores at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included changes in FACIT-Fatigue and fatigue visual analog scale (VAS) between 0 and 12 weeks and those changes in both indices at 24 weeks. RESULTS The study enrolled 120 patients (Sjogren syndrome [n = 53], rheumatoid arthritis [n = 43], or both diseases [n = 24]). The mean age was 50.9 ± 11.6 years, with 97.5% being female. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. The improvement rate in FACIT-Fatigue after 12 weeks was higher in the KRG group than in the placebo group, but the difference was statistically insignificant (38.3% vs. 26.7%, p = 0.242). Improvement in fatigue was observed in both groups by increases in FACIT-F (4.6 vs. 4.0) and reductions in fatigue VAS (-16.0 vs. -12.2) scores at 12 weeks. The most frequently reported adverse events during KRG use were pruritus and urticarial, with no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION Both KRG and placebo groups showed significant reductions in fatigue. KRG treatment for 24 weeks did not reduce fatigue symptoms more than the placebo in patients with rheumatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Kyung Cho
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeo-Jin Song
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Yong Han
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Won Kim
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunwoo Nam
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Sung
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Truong VL, Bae YJ, Bang JH, Jeong WS. Combination of red ginseng and velvet antler extracts prevents skin damage by enhancing the antioxidant defense system and inhibiting MAPK/AP-1/NF-κB and caspase signaling pathways in UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes and SKH-1 hairless mice. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:323-332. [PMID: 38707646 PMCID: PMC11068995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have reported that the combination of two or more therapeutic compounds at certain ratios has more noticeable pharmaceutical properties than single compounds and requires reduced dosage of each agent. Red ginseng and velvet antler have been extensively used in boosting immunity and physical strength and preventing diseases. Thus, this study was conducted to elucidate the skin-protective potentials of red ginseng extract (RGE) and velvet antler extract (VAE) alone or in combination on ultraviolet (UVB)-irradiated human keratinocytes and SKH-1 hairless mice. Methods HaCaT cells were preincubated with RGE/VAE alone or in combination for 2 h before UVB (30 mJ/cm2) irradiation. SKH-1 mice were orally given RGE/VAE alone or in combination for 15 days before exposure to single dose of UVB (600 mJ/cm2). Treated cells and treated skin tissues were collected and subjected to subsequent experiments. Results RGE/VAE pretreatment alone or in combination significantly prevented UVB-induced cell death, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species production, and DNA damage in keratinocytes and SKH-1 mouse skins by downregulating mitogen-activated protein kinases/activator protein 1/nuclear factor kappa B and caspase signaling pathways. These extracts also strengthened the antioxidant defense systems and skin barriers in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells and SKH-1 mouse skins. Furthermore, RGE/VAE co-administration appeared to be more effective in preventing UVB-caused skin injury than these extracts used alone. Conclusion Overall, these findings suggest that the consumption of RGE/VAE, especially in combination, offers a protective ability against UVB-caused skin injury by preventing inflammation and apoptosis and enhancing antioxidant capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- Food and Bio-industry Research Institute, School of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Oliveira Moura Araújo E, Gavioli EC, Holanda VAD, da Silva VC, Oliveira Nunes Messias TB, Dutra LMG, de Oliveira MC, Ramos do Egypto Queiroga RDC, Guerra GCB, Soares JKB. REPEATED DONKEY MILK CONSUMPTION REDUCES ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND BRAIN OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO LIPIDS IN MICE. Behav Brain Res 2023; 449:114477. [PMID: 37150444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Donkey milk (DM) is a source of bioactive compounds that can benefit neural functioning. In the present study, we investigated the effects of DM consumption on anxiolytic-related, despair-like, locomotion and coordination behaviors, as well as the provision of protection from oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in brain tissues and melatonin plasma levels. To achieve this, male mice orally received DM (4g.kg-1) or vehicle for 18 days. Their behavior was assessed in the following tests: elevated plus maze (EPM), open field and rotarod tests (OF, RR) and forced swimming test (FST). Acute treatments with diazepam (DZP, 1.5mg.kg-1, v.o.), fluoxetine (FLX, 20mg.kg-1, i.p.) and nortriptyline (NTP, 20mg.kg-1, i.p.) were used as positive controls. On the eighteenth day, the animals were euthanized and brain tissue and blood were collected to measure oxidative damage, and melatonin plasma levels. Similar to DZP, repeated DM consumption reduced exploration to open areas in the EPM test. Under our experimental conditions, conventional antidepressants reduced immobility time in the FST, and the benzodiazepine treatment impaired motor coordination in mice. No significant differences in locomotion, motor coordination and despair-related behaviors were observed in the mice treated with DM when assessed in the EPM, OF, RR and FST, respectively. Biochemical assays showed that repeated DM exposition protected against oxidative damage to lipids and increased plasma levels of melatonin. These findings suggest consumption of DM may be a promising food for the treatment of anxiety-related disorders, without depressant effects on the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elaine Cristina Gavioli
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Centre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Costa da Silva
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Centre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Matheus Cardoso de Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Centre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Kessia Barbosa Soares
- Department of Food Engineering, Technology Centre, Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil; Center of Education and Health, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou X, Zhang K, Liu L, Zhao Q, Huang M, Shao R, Wang Y, Qu B, Wang Y. Anti-fatigue effect from Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma: a suggestive and promising treatment for long COVID. ACUPUNCTURE AND HERBAL MEDICINE 2022; 2:69-77. [PMID: 37808250 PMCID: PMC9407182 DOI: 10.1097/hm9.0000000000000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two years after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, an increasing number of patients continue to suffer from long COVID (LC), persistent symptoms, and/or delayed or long-term complications beyond the initial 4 weeks from the onset of symptoms. Constant fatigue is one of the most common LC symptoms, leading to severely reduced quality of life among patients. Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma-known as the King of Herbs in traditional Chinese medicine-has shown clinical anti-fatigue effects. In this review, we summarize the underlying anti-fatigue mechanisms of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma extracts and their bioactive compounds, with a special focus on anti-viral, immune remodeling, endocrine system regulation, and metabolism, suggesting that Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma is a potentially promising treatment for LC, especially in regard to targeting fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangda Zhou
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Keying Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lanbo Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qianru Zhao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Qu
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
An Open-Label, Pilot Trial of HRG80™ Red Ginseng in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Post-Viral Fatigue. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:ph15010043. [PMID: 35056100 PMCID: PMC8777686 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia (CFS/FMS) affect 2.1% of the world's population and ~10-25% of people who have had COVID-19. Previous clinical data suggested that a unique Panax ginseng (C.A. Meyer, family Araliaceae) root extract (HRG80™ Red Ginseng) often resulted in marked improvement. We aimed to study this hydroponic form of red ginseng root, containing high levels of rare ginsenosides, for improving energy, cognition, and stamina. This open-label prospective study included participants with severe CFS/FMS who took a daily supplement of HRG80 capsules (200-400 mg) or tablets (100-200 mg) for one month. A total of 188 subject patients completed the one-month treatment trial. Of these, 60.1% rated themselves as improved, with 13.3% rating themselves as being much better. In this group, the mean composite score improved from 11.9 to 18.8 (p < 0.001), with a 67% average increase in energy, 44% average increase in overall well-being, 48% average improvement in mental clarity, 58% average composite improvement in the previous three measurements (primary outcome measure), 46% average improvement in sleep, 33% average decrease in pain, and 72% average increase in stamina. Our study showed that HRG80 red ginseng root powder resulted in a marked improvement in people with CFS and fibromyalgia. This included the subgroup with post-viral CFS/FMS.
Collapse
|
6
|
Azizi E, Moradi F. The effect of ginseng supplementation on anabolic index, muscle strength, body composition, and testosterone and cortisol response to acute resistance exercise in male bodybuilders. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
7
|
Li S, Zhang Y, Yang P, Tong M, Xing L, Zhang Q, Bi K, Li Q. An Integrated Mutually Oriented "Chemical Profiling-Pharmaceutical Effect" Strategy for Screening Discriminating Markers of Underlying Hepatoprotective Effects to Distinguish Garden-Cultivated from Mountain-Cultivated Ginseng. Molecules 2021; 26:5456. [PMID: 34576927 PMCID: PMC8466359 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Garden-cultivated Ginseng (GG) and mountain-cultivated Ginseng (MG) both belong to Panax Ginseng C. A. Meyer. However, the effective substances which can be used to distinguish GG from MG remain obscure. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to screen for discriminating markers that can assist in the correct identification of GG and MG. HPLC Q-TOF/MS and various chemometrics methods were used to analyze the chemical profiles of 13 batches of Ginseng and to explore the characteristic constituents of both GG and MG. The hepatocyte-protecting effects of GG and MG were investigated through a paclitaxel-induced liver injury model. Through a combination of correlation analysis and bioinformatic techniques, markers for differentiation between GG and MG were ascertained. A total of 40 and 41 compounds were identified in GG and MG, respectively, and 15 characteristic ingredients contributed significantly to the discrimination of GG from MG. Correlation analysis and network pharmacology were applied and ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rg3 were found to be discriminating markers of GG and MG. Six markers for the identification of GG and MG were screened out by a step-wise mutually oriented "chemical profiling-pharmaceutical effect" correlation strategy, which is of great significance for future quality assessment of Ginseng products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (S.L.); (Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (M.T.); (L.X.); (Q.Z.); (K.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lu G, Liu Z, Wang X, Wang C. Recent Advances in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer as a Herb for Anti-Fatigue: An Effects and Mechanisms Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051030. [PMID: 34068545 PMCID: PMC8151278 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As an ancient Chinese herbal medicine, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng) has been used both as food and medicine for nutrient supplements and treatment of human diseases in China for years. Fatigue, as a complex and multi-cause symptom, harms life from all sides. Millions worldwide suffer from fatigue, mainly caused by physical labor, mental stress, and chronic diseases. Multiple medicines, especially P. ginseng, were used for many patients or sub-healthy people who suffer from fatigue as a treatment or healthcare product. This review covers the extract and major components of P. ginseng with the function of anti-fatigue and summarizes the anti-fatigue effect of P. ginseng for different types of fatigue in animal models and clinical studies. In addition, the anti-fatigue mechanism of P. ginseng associated with enhancing energy metabolism, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xu Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-022-60912421
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sea Cucumber Peptides Improved the Mitochondrial Capacity of Mice: A Potential Mechanism to Enhance Gluconeogenesis and Fat Catabolism during Exercise for Improved Antifatigue Property. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4604387. [PMID: 32685094 PMCID: PMC7335390 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4604387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Sea cucumber promotes multifaceted health benefits. However, the mechanisms of sea cucumber peptides (Scp) regulating the antifatigue capacity is still unknown. The present study is aimed at further elucidating the effects and mechanisms of Scp on the antifatigue capacity of mice. At first, C57BL/6J mice were assigned into four groups named Con, L-Scp, M-Scp, and H-Scp and received diets containing Scp (0%, 0.15%, 0.3%, and 0.5%, respectively) for continuous 30 days. On the 21th day, a fore grip test was conducted on mice. On the 25th day, a rotating rod test was conducted on mice. On the 30th day, the quantities of glycogen and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were determined in 8 random mice and another 8 mice were forced to swim for 1 hour before slaughter for detecting biochemical indicators. It was observed that the Scp groups significantly prolonged the running time in rotarod, increased forelimb grip strength, improved lactic acid (LD) and urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in the serum, decreased lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) activities in the serum, increased blood glucose (BG) and glycogen (GN) levels in the liver and skeletal muscle after swimming, increased the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase in the skeletal muscle and heart, and improved antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, Scp treatment significantly elevated the mRNA and protein relative levels of power-sensitive factors, lipid catabolism, and mitochondrial biogenesis and significantly upregulated mRNA levels of gluconeogenesis. Besides, mtDNA before the swimming test was increased in the three Scp groups. These results show that Scp treatment has antifatigue capacity. Furthermore, these results suggest that improved energy regulation and antioxidant capacity may be the result of improved mitochondrial function.
Collapse
|
10
|
Jin TY, Rong PQ, Liang HY, Zhang PP, Zheng GQ, Lin Y. Clinical and Preclinical Systematic Review of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey and Its Compounds for Fatigue. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1031. [PMID: 32765262 PMCID: PMC7379339 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fatigue, as a complex, multidimensional symptom, is associated with many physical illnesses. Panax ginseng C. A. Mey (PG) is an important herbal drug which has been used for benefiting Qi for thousand years. Panax ginseng C. A. Mey and its compounds (PGC) possess various pharmacological activities, including anti-fatigue. Here, we conducted a systematic review of both randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and preclinical animal studies to investigate the efficacy and safety of PGC for fatigue. Methods Electronic searches were performed in 7 databases from the time of each database's inception to August 2019. The methodological quality of RCTs was assessed using 7-item checklist recommended by Cochrane Collaboration or by the CAMARADES 10-item quality checklist. All the data were analyzed using Rev-Man 5.3 and Stata SE software. Results Eight eligible RCTs and 30 animal studies were identified. The risk of bias scores in RCTs ranged from 4/7 to 7/7, and of animal studies varied from 4/10 to 7/10. Meta-analyses showed that PGC was superior to placebo according to their respective fatigue scales, heart rate recovery, and clinical effect (P < 0.05). There were a similar number of adverse effects between PGC and placebo group (P > 0.05). Meta-analyses showed that PGC can significantly decrease level of blood lactate, blood urea nitrogen, creatine kinase, malondialdehyde, and lactic dehydrogenase in serum, level of malondialdehyde in liver and level of gamma-aminobutyric acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine in brain tissue, and increase swimming time, level of glutathione peroxidase, glucose, superoxide dismutase in serum, level of glycogen and activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in skeletal muscle, level of hepatic glycogen in liver and level of dopamine, acetylcholine in brain tissue, compared with control (P < 0.05). Meta-analyses showed no significant difference in animal body weight between PGC and control (P > 0.05). Conclusion The present findings supported, to a certain degree, that PGC can be recommended for routine use in fatigue. The possible mechanism of PGC resists fatigue, mainly through antioxidant stress, regulating carbohydrate metabolism, delaying the accumulation of metabolites, promoting mitochondrial function, neuroprotection, antiapoptosis, and regulating neurotransmitter disorder in central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Jin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pei-Qing Rong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hai-Yong Liang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pei-Pei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim JW, Han SW, Cho JY, Chung IJ, Kim JG, Lee KH, Park KU, Baek SK, Oh SC, Lee MA, Oh D, Shim B, Ahn JB, Shin D, Lee JW, Kim YH. Korean red ginseng for cancer-related fatigue in colorectal cancer patients with chemotherapy: A randomised phase III trial. Eur J Cancer 2020; 130:51-62. [PMID: 32172198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common symptom and has a negative impact on prognosis in cancer patients. CRF could be improved by Korean red ginseng (KRG). PATIENTS AND METHODS For this randomised and double-blinded trial, colorectal cancer patients who received mFOLFOX-6 were randomly assigned to either KRG 2000 mg/day (n = 219) or placebo (n = 219) for 16 weeks. CRF was evaluated using the mean area under the curve (AUC) change from baseline of brief fatigue inventory (BFI) as the primary endpoint. Fatigue-related quality of life, stress, and adverse events were evaluated as secondary endpoints. RESULTS In the full analysis group, KRG up to 16 weeks improved CRF by the mean AUC change from baseline of BFI compared to placebo, particularly in "Mood" and "Walking ability" (P = 0.038, P = 0.023, respectively). In the per-protocol group, KRG led to improved CRF in the global BFI score compared with the placebo (P = 0.019). Specifically, there were improvements in "Fatigue right now," "Mood," "Relations with others," "Walking ability," and "Enjoyment of life" at 16 weeks (P = 0.045, P = 0.006, P = 0.028, P = 0.003, P = 0.036, respectively). In subgroups of female patients, ≥60 years old, with high compliance (≥80%) or more baseline fatigue, the beneficial effects of KRG were more enhanced than that of placebo. Although neutropenia was more frequent in KRG than placebo, the incidence of all adverse events was similar. CONCLUSIONS KRG could be safely combined with mFOLFOX-6 chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients, and reduced CRF compared with placebo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Won Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yong Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, GangNam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Joo Chung
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University College of Medicine, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Gwang Kim
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Uk Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kyung Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Cheul Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ah Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeun Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungyong Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Bae Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongbok Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Department of Statistics, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeul Hong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sung WS, Kang HR, Jung CY, Park SS, Lee SH, Kim EJ. Efficacy of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) for middle-aged and moderate level of chronic fatigue patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2019; 48:102246. [PMID: 31987248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic fatigue (CF) is unexplained fatigue lasting more than 6 months. Korean red ginseng (KRG) is known to have higher anti-fatigue substance than white ginseng. However, its efficacy and safety for CF is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of KRG on CF by various measurements and objective indicators. DESIGN A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial was conducted on 50 patients with CF. INTERVENTION Participants were allocated to KRG or placebo group (1:1 ratio) and visited hospital every 2 weeks during taking 3 g KRG or placebo for 6 weeks and followed up 4 weeks after the treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measurement was fatigue VAS. Secondary outcome measurements included FSS, CFSQ, SRI, scales of various fields (Depression: BDI; Sleep: ISI; Quality of life: EQ-5D 5 L), biochemical test (Antioxidants: d-ROMs, TBARS, BAP, and SOD; Cortisol concentration: salivary cortisol), blinding assessment, and adverse events. RESULTS The fatigue VAS declined significantly in each group, but there were no significant differences between the groups. The 2 groups also had no significant differences in the secondary outcome measurements and there were no adverse events. Sub-group analysis indicated that patients with initial fatigue VAS below 80 mm and older than 50 years had significantly greater reductions in the fatigue VAS if they used KRG rather than placebo. CONCLUSIONS By our study, KRG did not show absolute anti-fatigue effect but provided the objective evidence of fatigue-related measurement and the therapeutic potential for middle-aged individuals with moderate fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Suk Sung
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Dongguk University Bundang Oriental Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Ha-Ra Kang
- Department of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University Graduate School, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Chan-Yung Jung
- Institute of Oriental Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, South Korea
| | - Seong-Sik Park
- Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, South Korea
| | | | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Dongguk University Bundang Oriental Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen F, Zhu K, Chen L, Ouyang L, Chen C, Gu L, Jiang Y, Wang Z, Lin Z, Zhang Q, Shao X, Dai J, Zhao Y. Protein target identification of ginsenosides in skeletal muscle tissues: discovery of natural small-molecule activators of muscle-type creatine kinase. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:461-474. [PMID: 32372868 PMCID: PMC7195589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng effectively reduces fatigue in both animal models and clinical trials. However, the mechanism of action is not completely understood, and its molecular targets remain largely unknown. Methods By screening for proteins that interact with the primary components of ginseng (ginsenosides) in an affinity chromatography assay, we have identified muscle-type creatine kinase (CK-MM) as a potential target in skeletal muscle tissues. Results Biolayer interferometry analysis showed that ginsenoside metabolites, instead of parent ginsenosides, had direct interaction with recombinant human CK-MM. Subsequently, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), which is a ginsenoside metabolite and displayed the strongest interaction with CK-MM in the study, was selected as a representative to confirm direct binding and its biological importance. Biolayer interferometry kinetics analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry assay demonstrated that PPD specifically bound to human CK-MM. Moreover, the mutation of key amino acids predicted by molecular docking decreased the affinity between PPD and CK-MM. The direct binding activated CK-MM activity in vitro and in vivo, which increased the levels of tissue phosphocreatine and strengthened the function of the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine system in skeletal muscle, thus buffering cellular ATP, delaying exercise-induced lactate accumulation, and improving exercise performance in mice. Conclusion Our results suggest a cellular target and an initiating molecular event by which ginseng reduces fatigue. All these findings indicate PPD as a small molecular activator of CK-MM, which can help in further developing better CK-MM activators based on the dammarane-type triterpenoid structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Research Center, Basic Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Kexuan Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Liufeng Ouyang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Pathological Sciences, College of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Cuihua Chen
- Research Center, Basic Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Gu
- Research Center, Basic Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yucui Jiang
- Research Center, Basic Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- School of Nursing, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Zixuan Lin
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Shao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianguo Dai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Research Center, Basic Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Le QU, Lay HL, Wu MC, Nguyen THH, Nguyen DL. Phytoconstituents and Biological Activities of Panax vietnamensis (Vietnamese Ginseng): A Precious Ginseng and Call for Further Research-A systematic review. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801301036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv., a Vietnamese ginseng, is a well-known plant, naturally distributed in the Ngoc Linh and Hoang Lien Son mountain areas in Vietnam. It is used as a tonic and medicinal food in traditional folk medicine because it possesses wondrous health benefits. To support its functional attributes, various investigations have been carried out to find out its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-stress, anti-nociception, psychomotor and sedative-hypnotic effects and anxiolytic activities. Also similar to other ginsengs, Vietnamese ginseng is a rich source of saponins and it has higher content of protopanaxadiol-, protopanaxatrial- and ocotillol-type saponins compared to other ginsengs in the world. Majonoside R2 is a main saponin in Vietnamese ginseng but this compound does not exist in Panax ginseng. Based on this systematic review, we discussed for future prospects and suggest that thorough scientific scrutiny is necessary in future researches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quang-Ung Le
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and international Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Liang Lay
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Wu
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Thi Hong-Hanh Nguyen
- International Program in Food Science International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Duy-Lam Nguyen
- Department of Agriculture, Thai Nguyen College of Economics and Techniques, Thinh Dan, Thai Nguyen City, Viet Nam
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kee JY, Han YH, Mun JG, Park SH, Jeon HD, Hong SH. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng extract on colorectal lung metastasis through inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition via transforming growth factor-β1/Smad-signaling-mediated Snail/E-cadherin expression. J Ginseng Res 2017; 43:68-76. [PMID: 30662295 PMCID: PMC6323168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In colorectal cancer (CRC), 40-60% of patients develop metastasis. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a pivotal and intricate process that increases the metastatic potential of CRC. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Korean Red Ginseng extract (RGE) on colorectal metastasis through inhibition of EMT and the metastatic abilities of CRC cells. Methods To investigate the effect of RGE on the metastatic phenotypes of CRC cells, CT26 and HT29 cells were evaluated by using an adhesion assay, a wound-healing assay, an invasion assay, zymography, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Western-blot analysis was conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of RGE, which showed an inhibitory effect on the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced EMT in HT29 cells. Additionally, the antimetastatic effect of RGE was evaluated in a mouse model of lung metastasis injected with CT26 cells. Results RGE decreased the adhesion and migration ability of the CT26 cells and TGF-β1-treated HT29 cells. The invasion ability was also reduced by RGE treatment through the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and activity. Moreover, RGE suppressed the TGF-β1-induced EMT via TGF-β1/Smad-signaling-mediated Snail/E-cadherin expression in HT29 cells and lung tissue in CT26 tumor-bearing mice. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that RGE inhibited colorectal lung metastasis through a reduction in metastatic phenotypes, such as migration, invasion, and the EMT of CRC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ye Kee
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo-Han Han
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Geon Mun
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hwan Park
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Dong Jeon
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Heon Hong
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu J, Li Y, Regenstein J, Su X. In vitro and in vivo anti-oxidation and anti-fatigue effect of monkfish liver hydrolysate. FOOD BIOSCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
17
|
Lee S, Rhee DK. Effects of ginseng on stress-related depression, anxiety, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:589-594. [PMID: 29021708 PMCID: PMC5628357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng effectively regulates the immune response and the hormonal changes due to stress, thus maintaining homeostasis. In addition to suppressing the occurrence of psychological diseases such as anxiety and depression, ginseng also prevents stress-associated physiological diseases. Recent findings have revealed that ginseng is involved in adjusting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and controlling hormones, thus producing beneficial effects on the heart and brain, and in cases of bone diseases, as well as alleviating erectile dysfunction. Recent studies have highlighted the potential use of ginseng in the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and allergic asthma. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of ginseng on these stress-related diseases has not been completely established. In this review, we focus on the disease pathways caused by stress in order to determine how ginseng acts to improve health. Central to our discussion is how this effective and stable therapeutic agent alleviates the anxiety and depression caused by stress and ameliorates inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungyeop Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Su-Won 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Su-Won 16419, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dela Peña IJI, Kim HJ, Botanas CJ, de la Peña JB, Van Le TH, Nguyen MD, Park JH, Cheong JH. The psychopharmacological activities of Vietnamese ginseng in mice: characterization of its psychomotor, sedative-hypnotic, antistress, anxiolytic, and cognitive effects. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:201-208. [PMID: 28413325 PMCID: PMC5386119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. or Vietnamese ginseng (VG) is a recently discovered ginseng species. Studies on its chemical constituents have shown that VG is remarkably rich in ginseng saponins, particularly ocotillol saponins. However, the psychopharmacological effects of VG have not been characterized. Thus, in the present study we screened the psychopharmacological activities of VG in mice. Methods VG extract (VGE) was orally administered to mice at various dosages to evaluate its psychomotor (open-field and rota-rod tests), sedative–hypnotic (pentobarbital-induced sleeping test), antistress (cold swimming test), anxiolytic (elevated plus-maze test), and cognitive (Y-maze and passive-avoidance tests) effects. Results VGE treatment increased the spontaneous locomotor activity, enhanced the endurance to stress, reduced the anxiety-like behavior, and ameliorated the scopolamine-induced memory impairments in mice. In addition, VGE treatment did not alter the motor balance and coordination of mice and did not potentiate pentobarbital-induced sleep, indicating that VGE has no sedative-hypnotic effects. The effects of VGE were comparable to those of the Korean Red Ginseng extract. Conclusion VG, like other ginseng products, has significant and potentially useful psychopharmacological effects. This includes, but is not limited to, psychomotor stimulation, anxiolytic, antistress, and memory enhancing effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Joy I Dela Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chrislean Jun Botanas
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - June Bryan de la Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Thi Hong Van Le
- School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hong M, Lee YH, Kim S, Suk KT, Bang CS, Yoon JH, Baik GH, Kim DJ, Kim MJ. Anti-inflammatory and antifatigue effect of Korean Red Ginseng in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:203-10. [PMID: 27616896 PMCID: PMC5005313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a well-known natural product with anticarcinogenic and antioxidant effects. We evaluated the antifatigue effect of KRG in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods Eighty patients with NAFLD were prospectively randomized to receive 3 wk of KRG or placebo in addition to counseling on healthy eating and regular exercise. Liver function test, proinflammatory cytokines, adiponectin, antioxidant activity, and fatigue score were measured and compared according to the body mass index between the KRG and placebo groups. Results The liver function tests were significantly improved after 3 wk of treatment in both groups. The mean levels (at baseline and after treatment) of tumor necrosis factor-α were 108.0 pg/mL ± 54.8 pg/mL and 92.7 pg/mL ± 39.0 pg/mL (p = 0.018) in the KRG group and 123.1 pg/mL ± 42.1 pg/mL and 127.5 pg/mL ± 62.2 pg/mL (p = 0.694) in the placebo group, respectively. There was a significant difference in change of adiponectin levels between the KRG (7,751.2 pg/mL ± 3,108.1 pg/mL and 8,197.3 pg/mL ± 2,714.5 pg/mL) and placebo groups (7,711.6 pg/mL ± 3,041.3 pg/mL and 7,286.1 pg/mL ± 5,188.7 pg/mL, p = 0.027). In patients with overweight, the fatigue score was significantly decreased in the KRG group (35.0 ± 13.2 and 24.5 ± 8.9, p = 0.019). Conclusion Our results show that KRG might be effective in reducing proinflammatory cytokine and fatigue in overweight patients with NAFLD, in addition to improvements in adiponectin levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meegun Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yoon Hyeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seungwoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chang Seok Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jai Hoon Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Gwang Ho Baik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Myong Jo Kim
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
dela Peña IJI, Hong E, Kim HJ, de la Peña JB, Woo TS, Lee YS, Cheong JH. Artemisia capillaris Thunberg Produces Sedative-Hypnotic Effects in Mice, Which are Probably Mediated Through Potentiation of the GABAA Receptor. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 43:667-79. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1550041x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Artemisia group of plants has long been used as a traditional remedy for various conditions. The present study assessed the sleep-promoting (sedative-hypnotic) effects of Artemisia capillaris Thunberg (A. capillaris), and elucidated a possible mechanism behind its effect. ICR mice were given A. capillaris extract (oral) at different dosages (50, 100, 200, 300, or 400 mg/kg), distilled water (oral; control), or diazepam (intraperitoneal; reference drug). One hour after administration, locomotion (open-field test) and motor coordination (rota-rod test) were assessed. The extract's effect on pentobarbital-induced sleep was also evaluated. Additionally, electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were measured in rats. To evaluate a possible mechanism behind its effects, changes in chloride ( Cl -) ion influx were measured in human neuroblastoma cells. As compared to the control group, mice treated with A. capillaris demonstrated significantly decreased locomotor activity and impaired motor balance and coordination. The extract also shortened the onset and lengthened the duration of sleep induced by pentobarbital sodium. These effects were comparable to that induced by diazepam. Furthermore, A. capillaris-treated rats showed increased delta and decreased alpha EEG waves; an electroencephalographic pattern indicative of relaxation or sedation. In neuroblastoma cells, the extract dose-dependently increased Cl - ion influx, which was blocked by co-administration of bicuculline, a GABAA receptor competitive antagonist, suggesting that its effects are mediated through the GABAA receptor– Cl - ion channel complex. Altogether, the results of the present study demonstrate that A. capillaris possesses potent sedative-hypnotic effects, which are probably mediated through potentiation of the GABAA receptor– Cl - ion channel complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Joy I. dela Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Hong
- Food R&D Center, CJ CheilJedang, Kyeongin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 152-051, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - June Bryan de la Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sun Woo
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Soo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
dela Peña IJI, Hong E, de la Peña JB, Kim HJ, Botanas CJ, Hong YS, Hwang YS, Moon BS, Cheong JH. Milk Collected at Night Induces Sedative and Anxiolytic-Like Effects and Augments Pentobarbital-Induced Sleeping Behavior in Mice. J Med Food 2015; 18:1255-61. [PMID: 26501383 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk has long been known and used to promote sleep. The sleep-promoting effect of milk has been attributed to its psychological associations (i.e., the memory of a mother giving milk at bedtime) and its rich store of sleep-promoting constituents (e.g., tryptophan). Studies have shown that milk harvested at night (Night milk) contains exceptionally high amounts of tryptophan and melatonin. In the present study, we evaluated the psychopharmacological properties of Night milk, particularly its probable sleep-promoting/enhancing, and anxiolytic effects. Night milk was orally administered to ICR mice at various concentrations (100, 200, or 300 mg/kg). An hour after administration, assessment of its sedative (open-field and rotarod tests) and sedative sleep-potentiating effects (pentobarbital-induced sleeping test) was conducted. For comparison, the effects of Day milk (daytime milking) were also assessed. In addition, the effects of Night milk on anxiety behavior (elevated plus maze [EPM] test) and electroencephalographic (EEG) waves were evaluated. Night milk-treated animals exhibited decreased spontaneous locomotion (open-field test) and impaired motor balance and coordination (rotarod test). Furthermore, Night milk shortened the sleep onset and prolonged the sleep duration induced by pentobarbital sodium. These effects were comparable to that of diazepam. In addition, Night milk significantly increased the percentage of time spent and entries into the open arms of the EPM, indicating that it also has anxiolytic effects. No significant changes in EEG waves were observed. Altogether, these findings suggest that Night milk is a promising natural aid for sleep- and anxiety-related disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Joy I dela Peña
- 1 Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University , Seoul, Korea
| | | | - June Bryan de la Peña
- 1 Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- 1 Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Chrislean Jun Botanas
- 1 Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye Seul Hong
- 1 Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye Seul Hwang
- 1 Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University , Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- 1 Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University , Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Effects of red ginseng on the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 of spleen cells in whole-body gamma irradiated mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:839-46. [PMID: 24161486 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to gamma radiation causes a wide range of biological damage and alterations, including oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer. This study aimed to identify the radioprotective effect of Korean red ginseng extract (RG) against whole-body gamma-irradiation (γIR) in mice and the regulatory mechanisms of the radiosensitive gene in spleen, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). RG was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) or orally (p.o.) to C57BL/6 mice for five days, which were then exposed to 6.5 Gy of (137)Cs-γIR. Thymus and spleen were harvested after three days, and organ size and COX-2 expression of the spleen using Western blotting, were examined. γIR shrank both organs and RG recovered the size of thymus but not spleen. RG also significantly inhibited the increased expression of COX-2 induced by γIR. These results were similar following both routes of RG administration, however i.p. RG administration was more effective, thus it was used in progressive studies. In terms of COX-2 expression related intracellular factors, we found here that γIR activated the p38 MAPK, PI3K/Akt and HO-1 but not NF-κB or Nrf2. Activated p38 MAPK, PI3K/Akt and HO-1 were down-regulated by RG while the RG-induced COX-2 expression was only related to HO-1 activation. These results suggest that RG supplementation provides protective effects against radiation-induced inflammation and cancer, and its potential to be utilized in clinical trials and functional foods.
Collapse
|
23
|
Oliynyk S, Oh S. Actoprotective effect of ginseng: improving mental and physical performance. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:144-66. [PMID: 23717168 PMCID: PMC3659633 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actoprotectors are preparations that increase the mental performance and enhance body stability against physical loads without increasing oxygen consumption. Actoprotectors are regarded as a subclass of adaptogens that hold a significant capacity to increase physical performance. The focus of this article is studying adaptogen herbs of genus Panax (P. ginseng in particular) and their capabilities as actoprotectors. Some animal experiments and human studies about actoprotective properties of genus Panax attest that P. ginseng (administered as an extract) significantly increased the physical and intellectual work capacities, and the data provided suggests that ginseng is a natural source of actoprotectors. Preparations of ginseng can be regarded as potential actoprotectors which give way to further research of its influence on physical and mental work capacity, endurance and restoration after exhaustive physical loads while compared with reference actoprotectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Oliynyk
- Department of Neuroscience and Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|