1
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Tarapore R, Lindsey S, Strickland P, McKinstry R. Demonstrating antibiotic stewardship while diagnosing and treating bilateral pseudoseptic arthritis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2024; 18:242. [PMID: 38724965 PMCID: PMC11084000 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-024-04568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although viscosupplementation is a commonly used treatment for osteoarthritis and is widely regarded as a safe treatment option, it is associated with the rare complication of pseudoseptic arthritis. Most existing case reports that cite this rare complication employed the use of early broad-spectrum antibiotics. CASE PRESENTATION In this case report, we present a 61-year-old African American female patient who presented with bilateral knee pseudoseptic arthritis in the setting of viscosupplementation. She presented 3 days after bilateral viscosupplementation injections with bilateral knee swelling, discomfort, and pain with micromotion. Her white blood cell count (WBC) was 12.83 (4.5-11 normal), her C-reactive protein (CRP) level was 159 mg/L (0-10 normal), and her erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 79 mm/hour (0-40 normal). Her left knee aspirate yielded 38,580 WBC with a negative gram stain and negative cultures. Her right knee aspirate yielded 29,670 WBC with a negative gram stain and negative cultures. Through the utilization of careful clinical monitoring, ice therapy, and non-steroidal inflammatory medication, we were able to successfully treat this patient while maintaining proper antibiotic stewardship. CONCLUSION Pseudoseptic arthritis in the setting of viscosupplementation can be adequately treated and monitored without the use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae Tarapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital 201 E. University Pkwy, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Sierra Lindsey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital 201 E. University Pkwy, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Paige Strickland
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital 201 E. University Pkwy, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Robert McKinstry
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital 201 E. University Pkwy, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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2
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Chacur C, Mocritcaia A, Sanmartí R. Pseudoseptic arthritis as a complication of intra-articular infiltration of hyaluronic acid in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. REUMATOLOGIA CLINICA 2024; 20:166-168. [PMID: 38443228 DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Pseudoseptic arthritis is a rare complication of hyaluronic acid (HA) injections that often is difficult to differentiate from septic arthritis. Patients present acute pain, swelling and joint effusion normally around 24h after the second or third HA infiltration. We describe a female patient with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and flare-ups of knee arthritis with pseudoseptic features in the past, who develops pseudoseptic arthritis of the knee following her first injection of hyaluronic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chafik Chacur
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Kim TW, Chang MJ, Shin CY, Chang CB, Kang SB. A randomized controlled trial for comparing efficacy and safety between intraarticular polynucleotide and hyaluronic acid for knee osteoarthritis treatment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9419. [PMID: 37296122 PMCID: PMC10256705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35982-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the use of intra-articular polynucleotide (IA PN) injection as a viscosupplement for knee osteoarthritis (OA) treatment has been proposed, its efficacy and safety compared to high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HMWHA) injection has not yet been established. The present double-blind, multicenter, randomized controlled trial aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of IA PN injection compared to IA HMWHA injection. A total of 60 patients (15 men, 45 women, 64.5 ± 7.5 years) with knee OA (Kellgren-Lawrence grade 1-4) were randomly allocated to each group. All patients were given three IA injections of PN (n = 30) or HMWHA (n = 30) at intervals of 1 week. The primary endpoint was the change rate in weight-bearing pain (WBP) 16 weeks from the baseline. The secondary endpoint included multiple measurements: the change rate in WBP rate at 8 weeks; the change rate in pain level at rest and during walking at 8 and 16 weeks; the Korean-Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis index; the Euro-Quality of Life-5 Dimension; Clinical Global Impression, Patient Global Impression at 8 and16 weeks, and total consumption of rescue medicine. The mean change rate in the WBP at 16 weeks from the baseline was - 54.0 ± 38.1% in the IA PN group and - 42.8 (± 35.8%) in the IA HMWHA group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.296). All secondary endpoints related with pain and functional outcome also showed no significant difference between the two groups. Pain at the injection site and swelling were reported as adverse events, and the incidence was similar between the two groups. IA PN showed comparable efficacy and safety to IA HMWHA at 3 times injection with an interval of 1 week. IA PN can be useful alternative to IA HMWHA for the treatment of knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woo Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, South Korea
| | - Moon Jong Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, South Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chung Yeop Shin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, South Korea
| | - Chong Bum Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Baik Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, South Korea.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Sung K, Zheng K, Williams C, Cunningham D, Sussman WI. Pseudoseptic reaction to an intra-articular platelet-rich plasma injection into the knee: a case report. Regen Med 2023. [PMID: 37183432 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of intra-articular injections are used for the management of osteoarthritis. A rare complication of intra-articular injections is acute pseudoseptic arthritis, which mimics true septic arthritis. To the authors knowledge, pseudosepsis has not been reported as a complication after platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections. We present a case report of pseudoseptic arthritis resulting in acute postinjection pain and a joint effusion after an intra-articular PRP injection into the knee. Clinically, pseudosepsis can occur after PRP treatment with significantly elevated white blood cell counts in the synovial fluid, and should be a consideration in cases of post-PRP injection flares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungje Sung
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Kevin Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Chris Williams
- Interventional Orthopedics of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30305, USA
| | - David Cunningham
- Infinity Men's Health & Regenerative Medicine, Mansfield, MA 02048, USA
| | - Walter I Sussman
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Boston Sports & Biologics, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
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5
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Lazarescu AE, Hogea BG, Andor BC, Totorean A, Cojocaru DG, Negru M, Bolintineanu LA, Patrascu Jnr JM, Misca LC, Sandesc MA, Patrascu Snr JM. Using a Double Syringe Sterile System for MSK Aspiration/Injection Procedures Eliminates Risk of Iatrogenic Infection. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2022; 18:1029-1036. [PMID: 36339728 PMCID: PMC9628697 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s372676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diverse musculo-skeletal pathology can be treated conservatively by different types of injections and in most cases, results are significantly better if the existing inflammatory fluid is aspirated prior to injection of medication solutions. The present study analyses an original technique which uses infusion therapy accessories to create two types of closed sterile double syringe systems, and compares the benefits of using such a system in aspiration/injection procedures to classic aspiration injection technique that implies changing and connecting multiple syringes to the same needle, thus increasing the risk for septic complications. The aim of the present study is to minimize therapeutic risk of iatrogenic septic complications during aspiration/injection procedures. Methods 1024 patients underwent aspiration/injection procedures in our clinic using the double syringe system between 2015 and 2020. During the early stages of the study, the second type of assembly was rendered impractical so the study continued with analyzing a single type of double syringe system using a three way infusion therapy device which is readily available, and allows the assembly of a closed sterile system with a single, two-step procedure technique. Iatrogenic local septic complications were followed by means of a six week clinical follow-up evaluation with additional investigations only if necessary. Results In 1024 procedures we report 0% incidence of iatrogenic septic complications, or other types of complications and recommend this technique in a vast array of rheumatic, orthopedic or traumatic conditions that require aspiration/injection procedures. Discussion The double syringe system is practical, easy to use, it completely eliminates the risk of iatrogenic infection due to manipulation errors, and significantly simplifies the technique for sonography guided aspiration/injection procedures for musculo-skeletal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Emil Lazarescu
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
- 2nd Clinic of Orthopedics and Traumatology, County Emergency Hospital “Pius Branzeu” Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Profesor Teodor Sora’ Research Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Bogdan Gheorghe Hogea
- 2nd Clinic of Orthopedics and Traumatology, County Emergency Hospital “Pius Branzeu” Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Profesor Teodor Sora’ Research Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: Bogdan Gheorghe Hogea, Tel +40744363188, Email
| | - Bogdan Corneliu Andor
- 2nd Clinic of Orthopedics and Traumatology, County Emergency Hospital “Pius Branzeu” Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Profesor Teodor Sora’ Research Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alina Totorean
- 2nd Clinic of Orthopedics and Traumatology, County Emergency Hospital “Pius Branzeu” Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Medical Recovery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dan Grigore Cojocaru
- 2nd Clinic of Orthopedics and Traumatology, County Emergency Hospital “Pius Branzeu” Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Profesor Teodor Sora’ Research Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Negru
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Laura A Bolintineanu
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Jenel Marian Patrascu Jnr
- 2nd Clinic of Orthopedics and Traumatology, County Emergency Hospital “Pius Branzeu” Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Profesor Teodor Sora’ Research Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Liviu C Misca
- 2nd Clinic of Orthopedics and Traumatology, County Emergency Hospital “Pius Branzeu” Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Profesor Teodor Sora’ Research Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihai A Sandesc
- 2nd Clinic of Orthopedics and Traumatology, County Emergency Hospital “Pius Branzeu” Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Profesor Teodor Sora’ Research Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Jenel Marian Patrascu Snr
- 2nd Clinic of Orthopedics and Traumatology, County Emergency Hospital “Pius Branzeu” Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Profesor Teodor Sora’ Research Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timișoara, Timisoara, Romania
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6
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Kurtz SM, Mont MA, Chen AF, Valle CD, Sodhi N, Lau E, Ong KL. Intra-Articular Corticosteroid or Hyaluronic Acid Injections Are Not Associated with Periprosthetic Joint Infection Risk following Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Knee Surg 2022; 35:983-996. [PMID: 33389729 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether the preoperative use and timing of the use of hyaluronic acid (HA) and/or corticosteroid (CS) injections were associated with an increased risk of periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We tested the hypothesis that preoperative injection of HA or CS within 3 months prior to primary TKA was associated with an increased risk of PJI by specifically evaluating the association between PJI risk and (1) injection type; (2) timing; (3) patient demographic factors; and (4) surgery-related factors, such as surgeon injection volume, knee arthroscopy (pre- and postoperative), and hospital length of stay. The 5% Medicare part B claims database was queried for patients who received CS and/or HA injections. Cox proportional hazards regressions evaluated the risk of PJIs after TKA, adjusting for patient and clinical factors, as well as propensity scores. The unadjusted incidence of PJI at 2-year post-TKA was 0.75% for the CS group, 0.89% for the HA group, 0.96% for both CS and HA group, and 0.75% for those who did not use HA or CS in the 12 months before TKA. For patients who used HA and/or CS within 3 months prior to TKA, the unadjusted incidence of PJI at 2-year post-TKA was 0.75% for the CS group, 1.07% for the HA group, and 1.00% for both CS and HA group, compared with 0.77% for those who did not use HA or CS. The number of injections performed per year was inconsistently associated with PJI risk. Overall, we found that intra-articular injections given within the 4-month period prior to TKA were not associated with elevated PJI risk (evaluated at 1, 3, 12, and 24 months after the index TKA) within the elderly Medicare patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Kurtz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Exponent Inc., Philadelphia, Pennyslavania
| | - Michael A Mont
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lennox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York City, New York
| | - Antonia F Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Craig Della Valle
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nipun Sodhi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lennox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York City, New York
| | - Edmund Lau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, California
| | - Kevin L Ong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Exponent Inc., Philadelphia, Pennyslavania
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7
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Ong KL, Farr J, Gudeman AS, Murray IR, McIntyre LF, Hummer CD, Ngai W, Lau E, Altman RD, Sherman SL. Risk of Severe Acute Localized Reactions for Different Intraarticular Hyaluronic Acid Knee Injections in a Real-World Setting. Cartilage 2021; 13:376S-386S. [PMID: 34515539 PMCID: PMC8808888 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211025815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Case reports of severe acute localized reactions (SALR) following intraarticular (IA) hyaluronic acid (HA) injections for knee osteoarthritis (OA) have been described. We compared surrogate SALR measures between patients using hylan G-F 20 and specific non-hylan G-F 20 HA products. DESIGN Knee OA patients were identified from the Optum Clinformatics dataset (January 2006 to June 2016), stratified into hylan G-F 20 and non-hylan G-F 20 HA users, matched by single or multiple injection products. Occurrences of surrogate SALR measures including inflammation/infection, intraarticular corticosteroid (CS) injections, arthrocentesis/aspiration, arthrotomy/incision and drainage, and arthroscopy were evaluated within 3 days post-HA. RESULTS Based on 694,404 HA injections, inflammation/infection rate was rare within 3 days of HA (up to 0.03%), with no statistical differences between hylan G-F 20 and non-hylan G-F 20 groups (matched by single or multiple injection products). The risk of knee arthrotomy/incision and drainage, arthroscopy, or arthrocentesis for hylan G-F 20 (2 mL) 3 weekly injection patients was lower than Hyalgan/Supartz and Orthovisc patients, but greater than Euflexxa patients. Overall, we found that Hylan G-F 20 (2 mL) 3 weekly injection had lower SALR rates compared to Hyalgan/Supartz and Orthovisc. However, Hylan G-F 20 (2 mL) 3 weekly injection had slightly higher rates of SALR when compared to Euflexxa. Among the single injection products, Hylan G-F 20 (6 mL) single injection had lower rates of SALR than Monovisc and Gel-One. CONCLUSIONS This study shows no clear correlation between avian-derived or cross-linked products and SALR and provides evidence against avian-derived products or crosslinking as a source for these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Farr
- Indiana University Department of
Orthopaedic Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew S. Gudeman
- Indiana University Department of
Orthopaedic Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Iain R. Murray
- Department of Orthopaedics, The
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Roy D. Altman
- David Geffen School of Medicine,
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Seth L. Sherman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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8
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Ong KL, Runa M, Xiao Z, Ngai W, Lau E, Altman RD. Severe Acute Localized Reactions Following Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid Injections in Knee Osteoarthritis. Cartilage 2021; 13:1474S-1486S. [PMID: 32063023 PMCID: PMC8808807 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520905113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concerns have been raised about severe acute localized reactions (SALR) following intra-articular (IA) hyaluronic acid (HA) injections for knee osteoarthritis (OA). We compared surrogate SALR measures between hylan G-F 20 and non-hylan G-F 20 HA patients and evaluated corresponding SALR risk factors for hylan G-F 20 patients. DESIGN Knee OA patients were identified from the Optum Clinformatics dataset (January 2006 to June 2016), stratified into hylan G-F 20 and non-hylan G-F 20 HA users. Occurrences of surrogate SALR measures including inflammation/infection, intra-articular corticosteroid (CS) injections, arthrocentesis/aspiration, and office visits were evaluated within 3 days of HA use. Risk factors were evaluated using logistic regression. RESULTS The cohort involved 748,428 HA patients (23.2% in the hylan G-F 20 group). Inflammation/infection rate was 0.001% for hylan G-F 20 and 0.002% for non-hylan G-F 20 HA groups. Risk of CS injection (any diagnosis) was greater for hylan G-F 20 patients by 28% (P < 0.001). Combined rates of CS injection and arthrocentesis/aspiration (any diagnosis) were comparable for both groups (hylan G-F 20, 2.2%; non-hylan G-F 20 HA, 2.6%). The risk of any visit or studied responses was lower for the hylan G-F 20 cohort by 12% (P < 0.001). Clinical characteristics, such as CS injections within 1 week before HA and fluoroscopic imaging, were associated with the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of inflammations or infections within 3 days of the HA injection was extremely rare. The overall risk of surrogate SALR measures was similar for hylan G-F 20 and non-hylan G-F 20 HA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Ong
- Exponent, Inc., Philadelphia, PA,
USA,Kevin L. Ong, Exponent, Inc., 3440 Market
Street, Suite 600, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Roy D. Altman
- School of Medicine, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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9
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Koyano G, Jinno T, Koga D, Hoshino C, Okawa A. Intra-articular Injections of Cross-linked Hyaluronic Acid in Japanese Patients with Symptomatic Osteoarthritis of the Hip. Prog Rehabil Med 2021; 6:20210038. [PMID: 34632157 PMCID: PMC8476323 DOI: 10.2490/prm.20210038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We investigated the efficacy and safety of Hylan G-F 20 for the treatment of hip osteoarthritis in Japanese patients. Methods Twenty-nine patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA) received Hylan G-F 20 injection into the hip. The visual analog scale of pain during gait (VAS-G), VAS of pain at rest, hip joint function evaluated by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and adverse events were evaluated before, immediately after, and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after injection. Patients were categorized according to the severity of OA (mild and severe OA groups) and dysplasia (dysplastic and non-dysplastic groups) and these groups were compared. Results After the injection, VAS-G improved significantly for 12 weeks. VAS-G was lower (less pain) in the mild OA group than in the severe OA group at each time point. There were no differences in VAS-G between the dysplastic and non-dysplastic groups throughout the observation period. VAS-G improved significantly in the dysplastic group after the injection. The JOA score and HRQoL demonstrated the same tendency as VAS-G. Three patients experienced worsening of local pain immediately after the injection; however, the pain on the following day was less than that before the injection in all three hips. Conclusions Hylan G-F 20 injection into the hip joint was effective in reducing hip pain and can be used as a non-operative treatment option for hip OA in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Koyano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Hospital of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Jinno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Hospital of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Hospital of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saitama Red Cross Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chisato Hoshino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Hospital of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Hospital of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Schroeder AN, Johnson SE, Sellon JL. Pseudogout flare after platelet-rich plasma injection: A case series. PM R 2021; 14:1301-1302. [PMID: 34533294 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Schroeder
- Sports Medicine Division, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shelby E Johnson
- Sports Medicine Division, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jacob L Sellon
- Sports Medicine Division, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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11
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Jang KM, Park YG, Choi WK, Chung YY, Kim KK, Lee JW, Lee SJ, Eom Y, Yang JH. Safety of a single intra-articular injection of LBSA0103 hyaluronic acid in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a multicenter, single-arm, prospective, cohort study. Curr Med Res Opin 2021; 37:1573-1580. [PMID: 34192989 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2021.1950132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE LBSA0103 is a recently developed high-molecular-weight, cross-linked, non-animal hyaluronic acid (HA). The safety of LBSA0103 has been investigated only in a limited number of patients, therefore this prospective study was designed. This study sought to assess the safety including injection-site reactions and adverse drug reactions after a single intra-articular injection of LBSA0103 in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee joint. METHODS This study was a multicenter, single-arm, prospective cohort study. After screening, eligible patients with OA of the knee joint (Kellgren-Lawrence grades I-III) were enrolled, received a single intra-articular HA (LBSA0103) injection, and were followed up for two weeks. Any adverse events including injection-site reactions and adverse drug reactions were evaluated by the investigators. RESULTS A total of 1949 subjects (2976 knee joints) was enrolled, all of whom received a single intra-articular injection of LBSA0103. Injection-site reactions occurred in 5.59% of enrolled subjects (109/1949), and the most frequently reported injection-site reaction was pain (4.87%), followed by swelling (1.03%). Most of the injection-site reactions were transient and resolved within 14 days without additional treatment. The incidence of adverse drug reactions other than injection-site reactions was 0.67% (13/1949). Most adverse events were of mild severity. No serious adverse events related to the study drug were reported. CONCLUSIONS A single intra-articular injection of LBSA0103 in patients with OA of the knee joint was safe, and no significant safety concerns were observed. As such, LBSA0103 could be safely applied as an intra-articular injection for the management of knee OA. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT04369261).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Mo Jang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Geun Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kee Choi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Yool Chung
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kwangju Christian Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Kyoun Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konyang University Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Woo Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Soong Joon Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunae Eom
- Life Sciences R&D, LG Chem, Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Republic of Korea
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12
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Turner RA, Duke JN, Foran JRH. Giardia lamblia Reactive Arthritis Mimicking Acute Periprosthetic Knee Infection: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect 2021; 11:01709767-202109000-00040. [PMID: 34297707 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.21.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CASE A healthy 49-year-old man with a well-functioning total knee replacement developed a painful swollen knee. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 12 mm/hour, and C-reactive protein was 20.3 mg/L. Aspiration revealed 24,440 white blood cells and 5% neutrophils. His 2018 International Consensus Meeting (ICM) definition score of 5 met criteria for "possibly infected." He was diagnosed with reactive arthritis (ReA) secondary to Giardia lamblia, mimicking acute periprosthetic infection. He was successfully treated with a 10-week course of multiple oral antiparasitic medications. CONCLUSION Systemic parasitic infectious ReA can mimic acute infection in the presence of total knee arthroplasty. Careful application of the 2018 ICM criteria can be critical for workup and the treatment of suspected periprosthetic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Turner
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, Texas
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13
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EtoGel for Intra-Articular Drug Delivery: A New Challenge for Joint Diseases Treatment. J Funct Biomater 2021; 12:jfb12020034. [PMID: 34065713 PMCID: PMC8162362 DOI: 10.3390/jfb12020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethosomes® have been proposed as potential intra-articular drug delivery devices, in order to obtain a longer residence time of the delivered drug in the knee joint. To this aim, the conventional composition and preparation method were modified. Ethosomes® were prepared by using a low ethanol concentration and carrying out a vesicle extrusion during the preparation. The modified composition did not affect the deformability of ethosomes®, a typical feature of this colloidal vesicular topical carrier. The maintenance of sufficient deformability bodes well for an effective ethosome® application in the treatment of joint pathologies because they should be able to go beyond the pores of the dense collagen II network. The investigated ethosomes® were inserted in a three-dimensional network of thermo-sensitive poloxamer gel (EtoGel) to improve the residence time in the joint. Rheological experiments evidenced that EtoGel could allow an easy intra-articular injection at room temperature and hence transform itself in gel form at body temperature into the joint. Furthermore, EtoGel seemed to be able to support the knee joint during walking and running. In vitro studies demonstrated that the amount of used ethanol did not affect the viability of human chondrocytes and nanocarriers were also able to suitably interact with cells.
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14
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Keret S, Kaly L, Shouval A, Eshed I, Slobodin G. Approach to a patient with monoarticular disease. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102848. [PMID: 33971340 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To reassess the diagnostic approach to a patient with a monoarticular disease in light of the up-to-date medical literature and to examine the practical utility of traditional and newer imaging tools in the setting of monoarthritis. RESULTS The monoarticular disease can represent a medical emergency on the one hand and be a diagnostic conundrum on the other. The management rules of patients with monoarthritis have been established long ago, but various pitfalls still lead physicians off the right diagnosis at times. Septic, pseudoseptic arthritis and hemarthrosis are the most common diagnoses made in patients with an acute presentation, and a decision not to perform a diagnostic arthrocentesis is the most prevalent cause of misdiagnosis in this setting. Many rheumatic and infectious diseases can present with more indolent monoarthritis; careful history and physical examination frequently provide clues to the straightforward diagnosis in some cases, but the extensive investigation is needed in others. Imaging methods become indispensable in individuals with the non-inflammatory monoarticular disease, with magnetic resonance imaging being the gold standard for diagnosing pigmented villonodular synovitis, lipoma arborescence, avascular necrosis, or neuropathic arthropathy. CONCLUSIONS A great variety of medical disorders can present as a monoarticular disease. The disease presentation dictates different diagnostic behavior, while knowing the available imaging methods' diagnostic potential should further shorten the diagnostic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Keret
- Internal Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lisa Kaly
- Rheumatology Unit, Bnai-Zion Medical Center and Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aniela Shouval
- Rheumatology Unit, Bnai-Zion Medical Center and Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Iris Eshed
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Gleb Slobodin
- Rheumatology Unit, Bnai-Zion Medical Center and Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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15
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Sedrak P, Hache P, Horner NS, Ayeni OR, Adili A, Khan M. Differential characteristics and management of pseudoseptic arthritis following hyaluronic acid injection is a rare complication: a systematic review. J ISAKOS 2020; 6:94-101. [PMID: 33832983 DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2020-000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Acute pseudoseptic arthritis is a rare complication of hyaluronic acid (HA) injections that is not well documented in the literature. Practitioners initially suspect the symptoms of this complication to represent septic arthritis, cautiously prescribing antibiotics. This review identifies that time to presentation of symptoms postinjection, negative cell cultures and lack of crystallisation could be used as differentials to suspect pseudoseptic arthritis and to prescribe anti-inflammatory drugs while closely monitoring change of symptoms. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of pseudoseptic arthritis. EVIDENCE REVIEW A systematic review of the literature was conducted for studies reporting the use of HA injections for osteoarthritis resulting in pseudoseptic arthritis using the electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase and PubMed. Pertinent data were abstracted from the search yield. A unique case of a pseudoseptic reaction is also presented. FINDINGS A total of 11 studies (28 cases), all of level IV and V evidence were included in this review. Reported cases of pseudoseptic arthritis in the literature present with severe joint pain (100%), effusion (100%), inability to weight-bear, functional impairment, and occasionally fever (22.2%). C reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate are generally elevated (71.4% and 85.7%, respectively), and leucocytosis above 10 000 was less common (50%). All reported cases in the literature identified aseptic growth on arthrocentesis, despite four cases (15.4%) reporting synovial leucocyte counts above 50 000. The presented case is the highest reported leucocyte count at 1 74 960 cells/mm3. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Acute pseudoseptic arthritis is rare, but a number of cases have been reported in the literature. A high degree of suspicion for pseudoseptic arthritis may be maintained in patients who present under 72 hours following HA injection. Initial antibiotic treatment, along with anti-inflammatory medications until cultures are confirmed to be negative at 5 days, is a cautious approach. However, the strength of this conclusion is limited by the few reported cases. Ultimately, this review is intended to inform practitioners of the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this complication, such that it could be safely differentiated from septic arthritis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phelopater Sedrak
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip Hache
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nolan S Horner
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olufemi R Ayeni
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony Adili
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moin Khan
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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16
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More S, Kotiya A, Kotia A, Ghosh SK, Spyrou LA, Sarris IE. Rheological properties of synovial fluid due to viscosupplements: A review for osteoarthritis remedy. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 196:105644. [PMID: 32645531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The synovial fluid is a transparent electrolyte solution included in joints to provide lubrication helping the proper movement. It exhibits complex rheological properties due to the interaction among its constituents i.e. hyaluronic acid, albumin, lubricin and phospholipids. In degenerative osteoarthritis and inflammatory rheumatoid arthritis diseases, the quantity of synovial fluid and lubrication efficiency significantly deteriorates. In that case, viscosupplementation with intra-articular hyaluronic acid may be prescribed to replenish the concentration, the molecular weight and the rheological properties of natural synovial fluid. The present review concentrates on the recent advancements in viscosupplementation with emphasis into their rheological properties, its effects on the rheological behavior of synovial fluid, and finally its clinical effectiveness. Initially, the properties of synovial fluid are summarized, and then a discussion on commercial viscosupplements, the role of polymeric properties and their rheological properties are reviewed. Moreover, a detailed discussion on the clinical effectiveness and challenges of viscosupplements are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S More
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - A Kotiya
- Central Research Institute (H), Noida, India
| | - A Kotia
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - S K Ghosh
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, India
| | - L A Spyrou
- Institute for Bio-Economy and Agri-Technology, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, 38333 Volos, Greece
| | - I E Sarris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12210 Athens, Greece.
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17
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Goldwire MA, Shea LA. Intra-articular hyaluronic acids for osteoarthritis of the knee. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40267-020-00764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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de Melo Nunes R, Cunha PLR, Pinto ACMD, Girão VCC, de Andrade Feitosa JP, Rocha FAC. Hylan G-F20 and galactomannan joint flares are associated to acute synovitis and release of inflammatory cytokines. Adv Rheumatol 2020; 60:26. [PMID: 32393335 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-020-00127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injection of Hylan G-F20 (HY) into joints may provoke local flares, which mechanisms may involve reaction to protein contaminants. We have previously developed a protein-free saline-soluble galactomannan derived from guar gum (GM) that displays both analgesia and chondroprotection in experimental osteoarthritis (OA). We now demonstrate that both GM and Hylan G-F20 (HY) promote mild synovitis with cytokine release after intra-articular injection. METHODS Mice received 100 μg/25 μL GM or HY or saline into the knees. Joint pain was evaluated using von Frey test; cell influx, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and CXCL-1 (pg/mL) levels were assessed in joint lavage at 6 h. Synovia were excised for histopathology. RESULTS Neither GM nor HY after being given into mice knee joints induced pain albeit promoting mild cell influx into joint washings as well as mild synovitis at histology, with no damage to the underlying cartilage. HY but not GM promoted IL-1 release into mice joints. Both compounds induced IL-6 and CXCL-1 release. CONCLUSION Intra-articular injection of HY or GM promote acute transient synovitis whilst not provoking detectable significant joint damage. Local administration of these polysaccharides induces acute intra-articular release of inflammatory cytokines, which may account for joint flares following viscosupplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo de Melo Nunes
- Departamento de Medicina Interna da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Francisco Airton Castro Rocha
- Departamento de Medicina Interna da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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19
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Silva GMD, Senna KMSE, Sousa EBD, Tura BR. [Budget impact analysis of viscosupplementation for non-surgical treatment of knee osteoarthritis]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2019; 35:e00098618. [PMID: 31596396 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x098618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis affects 3.8% of the world population and manifests as pain, edema, stiffness, and reduced joint function, impacting the patient's quality of life. Treatment consists of the pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and surgical modalities. Viscosupplementation (intraarticular hyaluronate) has been proposed to relieve symptoms and potentially postpone surgery. This study estimated the budget impact of the association of this drug and non-surgical treatment (standard treatment) from the perspective of the Brazilian Unified National Health System. Based on the assumption that 5% of patients proceed to treatment and on the direct costs of the pharmacological and non-pharmacological modalities, the authors calculated the reference and alternative scenarios that compared the different treatment options in a three-year timeline. The principal analysis estimated an incremental budget impact of approximately BRL 126 million (U$ 32 million) for one vial of hyaluronate a year and BRL 252 million (USD 64 million) for two vials a year. Diacerein, an oral chondroprotector, assessed as an alternative, showed a budget impact of BRL 334 million (USD 86 million) in relation to standard treatment, representing a 24% cost increase compared to two vials a year of hyaluronate, making it less economically advantageous. Viscosupplementation can provide better quality of life for patients, reduce costs for the health system, and optimize the flow of care in health services. The estimates presented in this study can assist administrators in the best use of resources and thus in decision-making on the technology's incorporation.
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20
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Iqbal SM, Qadir S, Aslam HM, Qadir MA. Updated Treatment for Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease: An Insight. Cureus 2019; 11:e3840. [PMID: 30891381 PMCID: PMC6411330 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium pyrophosphate disease (CPPD) is caused by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals in the joint tissues, particularly fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage. CPP crystals trigger inflammation, causing local articular tissue damage. Our review article below covers different aspects of CPPD. It discusses how CPPD can manifest as different kinds of arthritis, which may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. The metabolic and endocrine disease associations and routine investigations used in the diagnostic workup are briefly reviewed. Conventional and newer therapies for the treatment of CPPD are outlined. Overall, this extensive review would provide an updated insight to clinicians for evidence-based treatment of CPPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila M Iqbal
- Internal Medicine, University at Buffalo / Sisters of Charity Hospital, Buffalo, USA
| | - Sana Qadir
- Internal Medicine, S & A Pediatrics, Parsippany, USA
| | - Hafiz M Aslam
- Internal Medicine, Seton Hall University / Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Trenton, USA
| | - Madiha A Qadir
- Internal Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
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