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Arora RK, Mittal RS, Khapre M, Kumar S, Singh B, Aggarwal SP, Arora P. Graduating from Laboratory to Operating Rooms-the Way Forward for Future Surgeons! Indian J Surg Oncol 2023; 14:445-451. [PMID: 37324286 PMCID: PMC10267084 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-021-01360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Changing healthcare and social scenarios are reducing the learning opportunities of surgical postgraduates in our country. Majority of surgical training centers in the developed world use laboratory training as an integral part of their curricula. However, in India, most of surgical residents are still trained by traditional apprenticeship model. Aims To describe the role of laboratory training in improving the competency of surgical postgraduates. Settings and Design Laboratory dissection was used as an educational intervention for postgraduates in tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods and Material Thirty-five (35) trainees from various surgical subspecialties performed cadaveric dissection led by senior faculty members. The perceived knowledge and operative confidence of trainees were assessed before and three weeks after the course using a five-point Likert scale. A structured questionnaire was administered to explore the experience of training. Results were tabulated in percentage and proportion. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to find any difference between pre and post perception of knowledge and operative competence of participants. Results Thirty four (34/35; 96%) were males; 65.7% (23/35) trainees demonstrated improvement in knowledge level after dissection (p < 0.0001) and 74.3% (26/35) in operative confidence (p < 0.0001). Majority believe that cadaveric dissection helps to improve knowledge of procedural anatomy (33/35; 94.3%) and enhances technical skill (25/35; 71.4%). Thirty participants (86%) rated cadaveric dissection as the best tool for surgical training of postgraduates better than operative manuals, surgical videos, and virtual simulators. Conclusions Laboratory training including cadaveric dissection is feasible, relevant, effective, and acceptable to postgraduate surgical trainees with few disadvantages, which can be taken care of. Trainees felt it should be made part of curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish K. Arora
- Department of Neurosurgery, AIIMS Rishikesh, 249203 Rishikesh, India
| | - Radhey S. Mittal
- Department of Neurosurgery, AIIMS Rishikesh, 249203 Rishikesh, India
| | - Meenakshi Khapre
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS Rishikesh, Rishikesh, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS Rishikesh, Rishikesh, India
| | | | | | - Poonam Arora
- Department of Trauma and Emergency, AIIMS Rishikesh, Rishikesh, India
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2
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Koppes DM, Triepels CPR, Notten KJB, Smeets CFA, Kruitwagen RFPM, Van Gorp T, Scheele F, Van Kuijk SMJ. The Level of Anatomical Knowledge, Hard to Establish: a Systematic Narrative Review. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2022; 32:569-581. [PMID: 35528299 PMCID: PMC9054958 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-022-01509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This literature review aimed to gain more insight into the level of anatomical knowledge based on published measurements among medical students, residents, fellows, and specialists. METHODS We performed an extensive literature search in three online databases: Medline (using PubMed), Web of Science, and Education Resources Information Centre (ERIC). RESULTS A total of 30 relevant studies were found. In these studies, participants took different anatomy tests, and their mean/median scaled scores range from 22.5 to 82.4% on a 0 to 100% scale. CONCLUSION This review provides an overview of what is known about measured anatomical knowledge. After critically reviewing the literature, we have to conclude that the existing literature confirms that anatomical knowledge is hard to establish, mainly due to the lack of standardisation.Further research should focus on ways to define and assess 'desired anatomical knowledge' in different contexts. In a next phase, we can discuss if anatomical knowledge is lacking and if interventions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Maria Koppes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Present Address: GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Petronella Robertus Triepels
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Present Address: GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carlijn Franscisca Anna Smeets
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rutgerus Franciscus Petrus Maria Kruitwagen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Present Address: GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Toon Van Gorp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Leuven University Medical Centre, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fedde Scheele
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology/Medical Education, OLVG Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Education, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Athena Institute for Trans-Disciplinary Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Martijn Job Van Kuijk
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Asante EA, Maalman RS, Ali MA, Donkor YO, Korpisah JK. Perception and Attitude of Medical Students towards Cadaveric Dissection in Anatomical Science Education. Ethiop J Health Sci 2021; 31:867-874. [PMID: 34703187 PMCID: PMC8512940 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v31i4.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cadaveric dissection is essential and effective teaching method of anatomy in medical schools. In cadaveric dissection, the learner plays the central role of the teaching process and to view structures in their natural location. Cadaveric dissection is however perceived as tedious and time consuming by most students which influence their perception and attitude towards the teaching method. This study was therefore designed to evaluate UHAS medical students' perception and attitude toward dissection in the teaching and learning of human anatomy. Method This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study. A Likert-style questionnaire, comprising 26 items was sent to study population via online using google form. Ethical issues were duly dealt with approval and consent. Result Majority of the students (84.5%) perceived dissection more interesting, and the better way to really learn and understand the human body. About 87% of students also indicated that it assists in retention of what they learnt in theory. Majority of the students (74.5%) felt dissection should not be replaced by other forms of learning. Conclusion There is a strong positive perception and attitude towards the use of cadaveric dissection as a teaching and learning method of anatomy. Cadaveric dissection brings about the skills, courageous and the ability to confidently work on the human body without any fear for future practice. It is therefore, recommended that more time should be allocated to cadaveric dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Atta Asante
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Raymond S Maalman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Mahamudu Ayamba Ali
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Yaw Otchere Donkor
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Joseph K Korpisah
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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Mantica G, Leonardi R, Pini G, Esperto F, Proietti S, van Deventer H, Giusti G, Gaboardi F, van der Merwe A, Terrone C. The current use of human cadaveric models in urology: a systematic review. MINERVA UROL NEFROL 2020; 72:313-320. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-2249.19.03558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Al-Jabir A, Aydin A, Al-Jabir H, Khan MS, Dasgupta P, Ahmed K. Current status of wet lab and cadaveric simulation in urological training: A systematic review. Can Urol Assoc J 2020; 14:E594-E600. [PMID: 32520706 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.6520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We undertook a systematic review of the use of wet lab (animal and cadaveric) simulation models in urological training, with an aim to establishing a level of evidence (LoE) for studies and level of recommendation (LoR) for models, as well as evaluating types of validation. METHODS Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for English-language studies using search terms including a combination of "surgery," "surgical training," and "medical education." These results were combined with "wet lab," "animal model," "cadaveric," and "in-vivo." Studies were then assigned a LoE and LoR if appropriate as per the education-modified Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine classification. RESULTS A total of 43 articles met the inclusion criteria. There was a mean of 23.1 (±19.2) participants per study with a median of 20. Overall, the studies were largely of low quality, with 90.7% of studies being lower than LoE 2a (n=26 for LoE 2b and n=13 for LoE 3). The majority (72.1%, n=31) of studies were in animal models and 27.9% (n=12) were in cadaveric models. CONCLUSIONS Simulation in urological education is becoming more prevalent in the literature, however, there is a focus on animal rather than cadaveric simulation, possibly due to cost and ethical considerations. Studies are also predominately of a low LoE; higher LoEs, especially randomized controlled studies, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Jabir
- GKT School of Medical Education, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullatif Aydin
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hussain Al-Jabir
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Shamim Khan
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Urology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Urology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kamran Ahmed
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Urology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Selçuk İ, Tatar İ, Huri E. The effect of cadaveric hands-on training model on surgical skills and confidence for transobturator tape surgery. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2019; 20:243-246. [PMID: 30396877 PMCID: PMC6883757 DOI: 10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2018.2018.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To demonstrate the role of cadaveric hands-on training model on surgical skills and confidence levels of surgeons during transobturator tape (TOT) surgery. Material and Methods: A pre-test and post-test evaluation to measure skills during the practice of the steps of TOT surgery was performed on a total of 15 postgraduate urologists and gynecologists during a urogynecologic cadaveric dissection course. The course was shaped with regard to theoretical lessons, full pelvic cadaveric dissection and TOT surgery on cadavers. Results: Good handling of the TOT needle, identifying the right place for groin incision, adequate size of groin incision, identifying the right place for incision at the anterior vagina, dissection of bladder pillars from the vagina, identifying the right place at the vaginal foramina for TOT needle exit, and good placement of mesh were reviewed. The post-test scores were statistically significant for all parameters and also for self confidence level (p<0.001). Conclusion: Cadaveric workshops are important landmarks of surgical education to improve surgical skills, and gain experience and confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlker Selçuk
- Clinic of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Zekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İlkan Tatar
- Department of Anatomy, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Huri
- Department of Urology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Selcuk İ, Tatar I, Huri E. Cadaveric anatomy and dissection in surgical training. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 16:72-75. [PMID: 31019843 PMCID: PMC6463429 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.galenos.2018.15931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of anatomy is an essential part of surgical practice. However, there are many drawbacks in anatomy education that make many residents feel inadequate when they start performing surgeries. Cadaveric dissection courses aim to close the gap between the anatomic knowledge and surgical practice. This review focuses on the role of cadaveric dissection on surgical education, and additionally states the panel decision of the Surgical Anatomy and Technologies Association on the proper use of cadavers.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlker Selcuk
- University of Health Sciences, Zekai Tahir Burak Woman's Health Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Gynecologic Oncology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilkan Tatar
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Huri
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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Gürses İA, Coşkun O, Öztürk A. Current status of cadaver sources in Turkey and a wake-up call for Turkish anatomists. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2018; 11:155-165. [PMID: 28657659 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Persisting difficulties in body procurement in Turkey led to the acquisition of donated, unclaimed, autopsied, and imported bodies regulated under current legislature. Yet, no study had investigated the extent of the on-going cadaver problem. This study was aimed to outline cadaver sources in anatomy departments and their effectiveness by means of an online survey. Additionally, official websites of each department were investigated regarding any information on body donation. Unclaimed cadavers (84.8%) were the major source for anatomy departments, followed by donated (50%) and imported cadavers (39.1%). Foundation-based medical faculties were more likely to import cadavers (P = 0.008). There was a moderate increase (rs = 0.567; P = 0.018) in donation registrations to our department after 2000. The departments in cities with significantly higher City-Based Gross Domestic Product measures (US$9,900 vs. US$16,772, P = 0.041), frequencies for mid- or high-school graduates (30.4% vs. 31.3%, P = 0.041), and frequencies for under- or post-graduates (13.1% vs. 15.8%, P = 0.24) had managed to use donated cadavers. Anatomy departments' major reasons for using unclaimed cadavers were education (45.9%), unclaimed cadavers being the only source (24.3%), and receiving inadequate donations (21.6%). Nine out of seventy-four departments (12.2%) provided information regarding body donation on their websites. Body procurement remains as a serious problem in Turkey and it is apparent that current legislature does not provide a sufficient cadaver inflow. Similarly, anatomy departments' effectiveness in public awareness of body donation and support in the National Body Donation Campaign seems questionable. Anat Sci Educ 11: 155-165. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
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MESH Headings
- Anatomists
- Anatomy/education
- Awareness
- Cadaver
- Dissection
- Education, Medical, Undergraduate/economics
- Education, Medical, Undergraduate/methods
- Education, Medical, Undergraduate/organization & administration
- Faculty, Medical
- Female
- Human Body
- Humans
- Legislation, Medical
- Schools, Medical/economics
- Schools, Medical/organization & administration
- Surveys and Questionnaires
- Time Factors
- Tissue and Organ Procurement/economics
- Tissue and Organ Procurement/legislation & jurisprudence
- Tissue and Organ Procurement/methods
- Tissue and Organ Procurement/statistics & numerical data
- Turkey
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Affiliation(s)
- İlke Ali Gürses
- Department of Anatomy, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Coşkun
- Department of Anatomy, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adnan Öztürk
- Department of Anatomy, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Hu M, Wattchow D, de Fontgalland D. From ancient to avant-garde: a review of traditional and modern multimodal approaches to surgical anatomy education. ANZ J Surg 2017; 88:146-151. [PMID: 28922705 DOI: 10.1111/ans.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The landscape of surgical anatomy education is progressively changing. Traditional methods, such as cadaveric dissection and didacticism are being increasingly phased out in undergraduate courses for multimodal approaches incorporating problem-based learning, radiology and computer-based simulations. Although effective at clinically contextualizing and integrating anatomical information, these approaches may be a poor substitute for fostering a grasp of foundational 'pure' anatomy. Dissection is ideal for this purpose and hence remains the cornerstone of anatomical education. However, novel methods and technological advancements continually give way to adjuncts such as cadaveric surgery, three-dimensional printing, virtual simulation and live surgical streaming, which have demonstrated significant efficacy alone or alongside dissection. Therefore, although divergent paradigms of 'new versus old' approaches have engulfed and divided the community, educators should seek to integrate the ancient and avant-garde to comprehensively satisfy all of the modern anatomy learner's educational needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhao Hu
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Wattchow
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dayan de Fontgalland
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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10
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Kumar N, Rahman E. Effectiveness of teaching facial anatomy through cadaver dissection on aesthetic physicians' knowledge. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2017; 8:475-480. [PMID: 28761386 PMCID: PMC5522661 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s139893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadaver dissection for anatomy training provides an opportunity to understand the precise nature of human tissues with their clinical and structural relationships. This study assessed the effectiveness of this practical educational intervention for teaching applied facial anatomy on the knowledge and confidence of aesthetic physicians. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 168 aesthetic physicians underwent facial applied anatomy training for 2 days at The Academia, Singapore. The 2-day course encompassed detailed facial anatomy of neurovasculature, fat compartments, ligaments, and muscles followed by simulated practice of safer injection techniques. To enable quality interaction between the participants and the faculties, the delegates were divided into four groups. Academic impact of the program was evaluated by a pre-course and post-course multiple choice question (MCQ) test. Participants, also completed a paper-based feedback on their knowledge, skills, and confidence in performing nonsurgical facial aesthetic procedures. Different sets of MCQs were utilized for pre-course post-course test to avoid any recall bias. RESULTS All 168 participants completed the test and were included in the analysis. Mean pre-course and post-course test scores were 4.8 (standard deviation [SD] 1.9) and 7.6 (SD 1.7), respectively (p<0.001 vs pre-course test). All the four groups showed improvement in their facial anatomy knowledge based on the comparison of pre-course and post-course test results (p<0.001). The average post-course test score in all the groups from baseline significantly improved. However, there was no statistical difference in pre-course and post-course test evaluation between the groups (p=0.32). CONCLUSION Our results showed that cadaver anatomy training improved applied facial anatomy knowledge for most of the aesthetic practitioners, which may enhance their confidence in performing nonsurgical facial aesthetic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Eqram Rahman
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
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Ghosh SK. Cadaveric dissection as an educational tool for anatomical sciences in the 21st century. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2017; 10:286-299. [PMID: 27574911 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anatomical education has been undergoing reforms in line with the demands of medical profession. The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of a traditional method like cadaveric dissection in teaching/learning anatomy at present times when medical schools are inclining towards student-centered, integrated, clinical application models. The article undertakes a review of literature and analyzes the observations made therein reflecting on the relevance of cadaveric dissection in anatomical education of 21st century. Despite the advent of modern technology and evolved teaching methods, dissection continues to remain a cornerstone of anatomy curriculum. Medical professionals of all levels believe that dissection enables learning anatomy with relevant clinical correlates. Moreover dissection helps to build discipline independent skills which are essential requirements of modern health care setup. It has been supplemented by other teaching/learning methods due to limited availability of cadavers in some countries. However, in the developing world due to good access to cadavers, dissection based teaching is central to anatomy education till date. Its utility is also reflected in the perception of students who are of the opinion that dissection provides them with a foundation critical to development of clinical skills. Researchers have even suggested that time has come to reinstate dissection as the core method of teaching gross anatomy to ensure safe medical practice. Nevertheless, as dissection alone cannot provide uniform learning experience hence needs to be complemented with other innovative learning methods in the future education model of anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 10: 286-299. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy, Employees' State Insurance, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (ESI-PGIMSR), Employees' State Insurance Corporation Medical College, Joka, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Bilge O, Celik S. Cadaver embalming fluid for surgical training courses: modified Larssen solution. Surg Radiol Anat 2017; 39:1263-1272. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-017-1865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Simulation of RIRS in soft cadavers: a novel training model by the Cadaveric Research On Endourology Training (CRET) Study Group. World J Urol 2015; 34:741-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-015-1676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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