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Akbay FG, Toprak Z, Eksi M. Comparison of Percutaneous Core Needle Biopsy Results in Patients Who Previously Underwent Open and Robot-Assisted Kidney Transplantation. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4518. [PMID: 39124784 PMCID: PMC11313316 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13154518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous graft biopsy, specifically in patients who have undergone robotic kidney transplantation, a topic that has received limited attention in the existing literature. While percutaneous graft biopsy is well established in patients who have undergone open transplantation, its application in robotic transplantation remains relatively unexplored. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patient records spanning from 2013 to 2024, focusing on those who underwent graft biopsy due to acute graft dysfunction. The cohort was bifurcated into two distinct groups: individuals who underwent open kidney transplantation and those who underwent robotic kidney transplantation. Results: The study encompassed a total of 89 patients, with 64 having undergone open kidney transplantation and 25 having undergone robot-assisted kidney transplantation. The mean age of the patients was 40.61 (±12.26) years, with 60 (67.4%) being male and 29 (32.6%) being female. Comparative analysis revealed no significant disparities in age, gender distribution, body mass index, donor type (cadaveric versus living), or rates of graft loss between the two groups. Furthermore, examination of the total complication rates did not uncover any noteworthy differences between the cohorts. Conclusions: Ultrasound-assisted percutaneous needle biopsy is a reliable method in patients who have undergone robot-assisted kidney transplantation in cases of both indication-based and protocol biopsies. This study underscores the reliability of ultrasound-assisted percutaneous needle biopsy as a viable method for patients who have undergone robot-assisted kidney transplantation. By shedding light on the safety and efficacy of percutaneous graft biopsy in the context of robotic transplantation, this research contributes to the expanding body of knowledge in the field, providing valuable insights for clinical practice and future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Gokhan Akbay
- Department of Nephrology, University of Health Sciences, Bakırkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34147, Turkey;
| | - Zeki Toprak
- Department of Nephrology, University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34760, Turkey
| | - Mithat Eksi
- Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences, Bakırkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34147, Turkey;
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2
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Novacescu D, Latcu SC, Raica M, Baderca F, Dumitru CS, Daminescu L, Bardan R, Dema V, Croitor A, Cut TG, Cumpanas AA. Surgical Strategies for Renal Transplantation: A Pictorial Essay. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4188. [PMID: 39064228 PMCID: PMC11278135 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This pictorial essay aims to navigate through the complexities and challenges of renal transplantation (RT), by weaving together visual imagery with clinical insights within a comprehensive illustrative surgical guide. Herein, we provide a detailed visual exploration of the intricate anatomy and surgical processes necessary for both renal graft retrieval from the donor and also for an adequate implantation in the recipient. Regarding graft retrieval, after reviewing the relevant retroperitoneal surgical anatomy, and donor nephrectomy techniques, graft preservation and optimal backbench graft dissection principles were meticulously analyzed. Thereafter, the recipient surgical strategy for graft implantation was addressed, focusing on preoperative preparations, the site of implantation selection, exposure, operative bed dissection, graft revascularization, and urinary tract reconstruction. Careful donor and recipient selection, meticulous surgical execution, and rigorous postoperative management clearly hold a pivotal role in optimizing patient outcomes. Fostering a deeper understanding of the surgical nuances and clinical management practices that contribute to successful results post-RT, we hope to provide a useful practical tool for clinicians about to embark on the treacherous road of RT surgery. Innovative technologies and surgical practices that have already significantly improved the safety and effectiveness of RT stand testament to the importance of further scientific inquiry, conceptual developments, and clinical integration. Moving forward, it is essential that the medical community continues to refine these strategies and advocate for equitable access to transplantation, ensuring that advancements in the field translate into real-world benefits for all patients grappling with ESRD. The collaborative efforts of multidisciplinary teams are essential in addressing the complex clinical challenges associated with RT, with the ultimate goal of improving patient survival, enhancing graft longevity, and reducing healthcare disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Novacescu
- Department II of Microscopic Morphology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.N.); (M.R.); (F.B.); (C.-S.D.)
- Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Silviu Constantin Latcu
- Doctoral School, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.D.); (A.C.)
- Department of Urology, “Pius Brinzeu” Timisoara County Emergency Hospital, Liviu Rebreanu Boulevard, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (R.B.); (A.A.C.)
- Department XV, Discipline of Urology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Raica
- Department II of Microscopic Morphology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.N.); (M.R.); (F.B.); (C.-S.D.)
- Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Flavia Baderca
- Department II of Microscopic Morphology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.N.); (M.R.); (F.B.); (C.-S.D.)
- Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina-Stefania Dumitru
- Department II of Microscopic Morphology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.N.); (M.R.); (F.B.); (C.-S.D.)
- Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Liviu Daminescu
- Department of Urology, “Pius Brinzeu” Timisoara County Emergency Hospital, Liviu Rebreanu Boulevard, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (R.B.); (A.A.C.)
| | - Razvan Bardan
- Department of Urology, “Pius Brinzeu” Timisoara County Emergency Hospital, Liviu Rebreanu Boulevard, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (R.B.); (A.A.C.)
- Department XV, Discipline of Urology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Vlad Dema
- Doctoral School, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.D.); (A.C.)
- Department of Urology, “Pius Brinzeu” Timisoara County Emergency Hospital, Liviu Rebreanu Boulevard, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (R.B.); (A.A.C.)
- Department XV, Discipline of Urology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexei Croitor
- Doctoral School, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.D.); (A.C.)
- Department of Urology, “Pius Brinzeu” Timisoara County Emergency Hospital, Liviu Rebreanu Boulevard, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (R.B.); (A.A.C.)
- Department XV, Discipline of Urology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Talida Georgiana Cut
- Department XIII, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Center for Ethics in Human Genetic Identifications, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alin Adrian Cumpanas
- Department of Urology, “Pius Brinzeu” Timisoara County Emergency Hospital, Liviu Rebreanu Boulevard, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (R.B.); (A.A.C.)
- Department XV, Discipline of Urology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Zhang H, Zeng J, Fan Y, Ma M, Lin T, Song T. Continuous renal surface cooling technique (CSCT) in robotic-assisted kidney transplantation: technique and outcomes from a high-volume center: a prospective cohort study. Int J Surg 2024; 110:4143-4150. [PMID: 38742842 PMCID: PMC11254218 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000001385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robot-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT) surgery is an advanced minimally invasive technique, albeit with extended surgical and kidney ischemia time. To safeguard kidney function, the authors have devised a continuous surface cooling method (CSCT) for intraoperative kidney cooling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients receiving RAKT were divided into CSCT group and conventional group. The CSCT is a custom-designed apparatus composed of a single-layer plastic bag, featuring an inflow and an outflow that create a closed circuit for the continuous flow of cooling saline. The conventional group utilized ice slush for kidney graft cooling (Vattikuti Urology Institute-Medanta Technique, VUIMT). Patients who underwent open renal transplantation during the same period were also included in the study. All patients were subject to a minimum 2-month follow-up. And 1:3 propensity score matching was used to minimize selection bias. RESULTS A total of 144 patients underwent CSCT, 47 underwent VUIMT, and 196 underwent open surgery were included in the study, while after matching, 129, 43, 129 patients were included in the three groups, respectively. The median follow-up time was 19 months. None of the patients experienced delayed graft function, patient mortality, or graft loss. After introducing the kidney into the abdominal cavity for 20 minutes, the surface temperature of the kidney in the CSCT group was notably lower compared to the VUIMT group (15.42±0.88 vs. 21.74±2.53°C, P =0.001). This temperature disparity became more pronounced at 65 min (19.74±1.61 vs. 29.82±1.63°C, P <0.001). At both 3 and 7 days post-transplantation, creatinine levels in the VUIMT group were significantly higher than those in the CSCT and open surgery groups (at 3 days, 244.13±45.61 vs. 182.51±55.47 in CSCT group, P <0.001, or vs. 182.77±61.32 in the open surgery group, P <0.001; at 7 days, 162.42±54.86 vs. 143.11±44.32 in the CSCT group, P <0.001, or vs. 135.23±45.27 in the open surgery group, P <0.001). No differences were observed in blood creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and perioperative complications between the CSCT and open surgery groups. CONCLUSION The CSCT presents a significant advantage over the traditional VUIMT method in terms of kidney cooling and early postoperative kidney function preservation. Additional research is required to ascertain whether the CSCT can enhance the long-term prognosis of kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Turun Song
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Rawashdeh B, El-Hinnawi A, AlRyalat SA, Oberholzer J. Application of robotics in abdominal organ transplantation: A bibliometric analysis. Int J Med Robot 2023; 19:e2527. [PMID: 37190677 DOI: 10.1002/rcs.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robotic transplant surgery has garnered worldwide attention since 2002. Discussions on this issue have led to more publications over the past decade. This study assessed global robotic organ transplantation studies using bibliometric analysis. METHOD The study sample was robotic technique use in organ transplantation publications from 2002 to 2021 in the Web of Science database. We analysed top-cited authors, countries, institutions, journals, and keywords. Citations were used to visualise and analyse target literature in VOSviewer. RESULTS 160 articles were included in the bibliometric study. Among the nations that are presently involved in the use of robotics in organ transplantation research, the United States of America leads robotic organ transplantation studies. The American Journal of Transplantation published the most articles overall. CONCLUSION Based on publication and citation numbers, robotic organ transplantation techniques are becoming more global attention. This robotic abdominal organ transplant surgery bibliometric analysis review covers research output and hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badi Rawashdeh
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ashraf El-Hinnawi
- Division of Transplant Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Jose Oberholzer
- Division of Transplant Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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5
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Karadag S, Eksi M, Ozdemir O, Kargi T, Haciislamoglu A, Evren I, Polat H, Sokmen D, Ozlu DN, Sahin S, Tugcu V. Comparison of Open and Robot-Assisted Kidney Transplantation in terms of Perioperative and Postoperative Outcomes. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:2663108. [PMID: 35685484 PMCID: PMC9159158 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2663108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gold standard treatment method for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is renal transplantation (RT). RT can be done with open or minimally invasive surgical methods. We aimed to compare the outcomes between patients who underwent robot-assisted renal transplantation (RART) and open renal transplantation (ORT). Methods Data of the patients who underwent ORT or RART in two institutions between June 2015 and February 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who underwent live donor RT were included, and all donor nephrectomy procedures were performed by the laparoscopic technique. Demographic data, ischemia times, anastomosis times, operation times, and postoperative complications were recorded. Results 98 patients were included in the ORT group, while 91 patients were included in the RART group. There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding mean patient age. While total ischemia time was 86.9 ± 7 minutes in the RART group, it was calculated as 71.2 ± 3.3 minutes in the ORT group, with a significant difference. The anastomosis time was significantly shorter in the ORT group than in the RART group. The incision length and duration of hospital stay were significantly shorter, visual analogue scores were significantly lower, and estimated blood loss was less in the RART group than in the ORT group. Conclusion Both ORT and RART are effective and safe methods for treating ESRD. According to our study, RART is associated with relatively longer ischemia times but lower complication rates and higher patient comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Karadag
- Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mithat Eksi
- Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Ozdemir
- Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taner Kargi
- Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Haciislamoglu
- Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Evren
- Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Polat
- Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dogukan Sokmen
- Department of Urology, Bahçelievler Memorial Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Noyan Ozlu
- Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Sahin
- Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Volkan Tugcu
- Department of Urology, Bahçelievler Memorial Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Spiers HVM, Sharma V, Woywodt A, Sivaprakasam R, Augustine T. Robot-assisted kidney transplantation: an update. Clin Kidney J 2021; 15:635-643. [PMID: 35371439 PMCID: PMC8967665 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfab214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal transplantation has become the gold-standard treatment for the majority of patients with established renal failure. Recent decades have seen significant progress in immunosuppressive therapies and advances in post-transplant management of recipients, resulting in improved graft and patient outcomes. However, the open technique of allograft implantation has stood the test of time, remaining largely unchanged. In a world where major advances in surgery have been facilitated by innovations in the fields of biotechnology and medical instrumentation, minimally invasive options have been introduced for the recipient undergoing kidney transplantation. In this review we present the evolution of minimally invasive kidney transplantation, with a specific focus on robot-assisted kidney transplant and the benefits it offers to specific patient groups. We also discuss the ethical concerns that must be addressed by transplant teams considering developing or referring to robotic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry V M Spiers
- Department of Transplantation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Videha Sharma
- Department of Renal and Pancreas Transplantation, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Health Informatics, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alexander Woywodt
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - Rajesh Sivaprakasam
- Department of Transplant and Robotic Surgery, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Titus Augustine
- Department of Renal and Pancreas Transplantation, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Zhang P, Han X, Zhang X, Zhu X, Li T, Li Y, Chen Y, Li G, Han L, Zhang R. A controllable double-cycle cryogenic device inducing hypothermia for laparoscopic orthotopic kidney transplantation in swine. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:3046-3055. [PMID: 34430407 PMCID: PMC8350258 DOI: 10.21037/tau-21-544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is necessity to maintain donor kidneys at a low temperature for laparoscopic orthotopic kidney transplantation (LOKT). We recently designed a controllable double-cycle cryogenic device (DCD) with a safer and more effective cooling setting. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this device in a swine model. Methods A total of 20 pigs were procured for this study. We performed LOKT on 8 pigs using the controllable DCD for hypothermia, on another 8 pigs using the silicon tube cage (STC) for hypothermia, and on 4 pigs as the control group with no hypothermia measures (NH). The LOKTs were performed in autotransplantation mode in which the right kidney vein and artery were end-to-end anastomosed to the left kidney vein and artery in all three groups. The perioperative data, graft temperatures, and surgical complications were recorded, and histological examinations of kidney specimens were performed. Results The average surface temperature in the DCD group (5±3.5 °C) was significantly lower than that in the STC (10±5.5 °C) and NH (28±3.0 °C) groups. In the DCD and STC groups, the temperature between the cooling setting and the adjacent peritoneum was 30±3.0 and 12±5.0 °C, respectively. All pigs survived for 7 days in the DCD group. In the STC group, 2 pigs died from liver lesions and other causes. A single pig had diabetes insipidus. No pigs survived for 7 days in the NH group. The specimens from pigs immediately after revascularization and from the surviving pigs on day 7 following transplantation showed that the morphology of the glomerular and renal tubules was largely normal in the DCD and STC groups. However, in the NH group, there was minimal interstitial and tubular oedema, and endothelial cell swelling occurred in some specimens immediately after revascularization. Pathological examination of the harvested graft specimens showed severe acute tubular necrosis in the NH group. Conclusions The newly designed controllable DCD can achieve the goal of cooling the kidney and warming the patient and may be a reliable, effective, inexpensive, and practical hypothermic maintenance system for LOKT in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuwu Han
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuhui Zhu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yansheng Li
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhao Chen
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gao Li
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Longxi Han
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongjie Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Ekşi M, Şahin S, Evren İ, Arıkan Y, Akbay FG, Karadağ S, Güler AF, Çelik Z, Apaydın S, İhsan Taşçı A, Tuğcu V. Can robot-assisted kidney transplantation provide higher quality of life than open kidney transplantation during the early postoperative period? Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14288. [PMID: 33928721 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Purpose of this study is to investigate the quality of life (QoL) in patients with end-stage renal disease who underwent open or robot-assisted kidney transplantation (OKT and RAKT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients who underwent OKT and RAKT at Bakirkoy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital between June 2016 and December 2018 constituted the target population of this study. The patient group was divided into two groups as per the surgical technique (ie, open vs. robot-assisted). Demographic data, preoperative and postoperative data of all patients were collected prospectively. The QoL of the patients was assessed preoperatively and on the postoperative 30th day. RESULTS Sixty-seven patients who underwent OKT and 60 patients who underwent RAKT were included. The mean patient age and BMI were calculated as 40.9 ± 11.6 years and 24.4 ± 2.9 kg/m2 , respectively. Patients in the RAKT group were significantly younger than the patients in the OKT group (P = .002). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of gender, BMI, ASA and the ratio of premptive patients. The mean preoperative hemoglobin level was significantly higher in the OKT group than the RAKT group (P = .003). While mean total ischemia time was shorter in the "open" group, intraoperative blood loss and incision length were shorter in the RAKT group. Duration of surgical drainage and hospital stay was shorter in the "robot-assisted" group. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of SF-36 subparameters preoperatively. The physical component scores of the QoL questionnaire revealed that postoperative impairment of quality of life in the early postoperative period was more significant in the OKT than the RAKT. CONCLUSION Patients who underwent RAKT have a higher QoL than the patients who were treated with OKT as per their self-reported QoL scores in the early postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithat Ekşi
- Department of Urology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Şahin
- Department of Urology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İsmail Evren
- Department of Urology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Arıkan
- Department of Urology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Gökhan Akbay
- Department of Nephrology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Karadağ
- Department of Urology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Faysal Güler
- Department of Urology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zülal Çelik
- Department of Psychiatry, Karaman Training and Research Hospital, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Süheyla Apaydın
- Department of Nephrology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali İhsan Taşçı
- Department of Urology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Volkan Tuğcu
- Deparment of Urology, Bahçelievler Memorial Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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9
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Territo A, Piana A, Fontana M, Diana P, Gallioli A, Gaya JM, Huguet J, Gavrilov P, Rodríguez-Faba Ó, Facundo C, Guirado L, Palou J, Mottrie A, Breda A. Step-by-step Development of a Cold Ischemia Device for Open and Robotic-assisted Renal Transplantation. Eur Urol 2021; 80:738-745. [PMID: 34059396 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney transplantation (KT) is the best renal replacement treatment. The rewarming time is associated with ischemia/reperfusion damage. In both the open (open KT [OKT]) and the robotic (robotic-assisted KT [RAKT]) approaches, ice slush is used to maintain graft temperature (T°) below 20 °C. This may result in nonhomogeneous graft T° maintenance and, particularly during RAKT where the graft is completely inside the abdominal cavity, rises concerns regarding systemic hypothermia. OBJECTIVE To design a cold ischemia device (CID) to maintain a constant and homogeneous low graft T° during surgery. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In IDEAL phase 0, a CID was developed and tested to determine its cooling effect on the kidney inside a closed system at 37.5 °C, by comparing it with kidney alone versus a gauze-jacket filled with ice slush. The CID was evaluated in pigs undergoing OKT and RAKT, assessing feasibility and adverse reactions. In IDEAL phase 1, the CID was tested in human OKT and RAKT. SURGICAL PROCEDURE OKT and RAKT. MEASUREMENTS In all phases, T° was evaluated at scheduled time points. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS In the preliminary tests of IDEAL phase 0, the CID was able to maintain a low graft T° and superiority to other groups (p = 0.002). In the in vivo animal model, the CID maintained a low and constant graft T° in OKT (n = 3) and RAKT (n = 3), with a mean T° at 50 min of 10.8 °C and 14.9 °C, respectively. IDEAL phase 1 demonstrated feasibility of both approaches (OKT, n = 2 and RAKT, n = 3) using the CID, and graft T° never exceeded 20 °C (mean T°: OKT 15.7 °C vs RAKT 18.3 °C). No complications were recorded. The main limitation consists in the low number of participants. CONCLUSIONS The CID assured a constant low graft T° during rewarming time, in both OKT and RAKT. PATIENT SUMMARY A cold ischemia device (CID) is the first step toward a feasible, safe, and reproducible method to maintain a low graft temperature during surgery. The employment of a CID may optimize the functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Territo
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Piana
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Matteo Fontana
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pietro Diana
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Gallioli
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Gaya
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Huguet
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pavel Gavrilov
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar Rodríguez-Faba
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Facundo
- Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Guirado
- Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Palou
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Breda
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Spain
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Fonseka T. Evolution of techniques in robotic kidney transplantation with perspectives on future developments. LAPAROSCOPIC, ENDOSCOPIC AND ROBOTIC SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lers.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Robotic Kidney Transplantation in an Athlete With End-stage Renal Disease. A Case Report. Transplant Direct 2020; 6:e538. [PMID: 32195329 PMCID: PMC7056281 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Eltemamy M, Garisto J, Miller E, Wee A, Kaouk J. Single Port Robotic Extra-peritoneal Dual Kidney Transplantation: Initial Preclinical Experience and Description of the Technique. Urology 2019; 134:232-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Ganpule A, Patil A, Singh A, Desai M, Gill I, Sabnis R, Desai M. Robotic-assisted kidney transplant: a single center experience with median follow-up of 2.8 years. World J Urol 2019; 38:2651-2660. [PMID: 31489478 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-019-02934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The main aim of the paper is to report a single-centre experience with RAKT, focusing on surgical, perioperative and functional outcomes at a median follow-up of 2.8 years. METHODS Data of 26 RAKT patients was prospectively collected from December 2014 to February 2019 with follow-up of up to 55 months. All donors were done laparoscopically. We followed Vattikuti-Medanta technique with modification of using pfannenstiel incision instead of Gelpoint and patient positioned in steep Trendelenburg position (30°) with leg split position. Hypothermia was maintained using a "modified graft hypothermia jacket". The engrafted kidney is oriented with the vessels being tagged with Prolene sutures. RESULTS The mean BMI was 26.1 ± 4.7. The mean warm, cold and total ischemia times were 4.8 ± 1.1, 113.8 ± 20.9 and 118.7 ± 21.2 min, respectively. Mean rewarming time was 62.5 ± 10 min. The mean post-operative day (POD) 1, 3, 7, 30, 6 months, 1 year and most recent creatinine was 3.4, 2.4, 1.8, 1.4,1.2, 1.2 and 1.69 mg/dl. There was no case of delayed graft dysfunction (DGF) with graft survival of 1.8-55 months. The mean GFR at POD 1, 1 month and 1 year was 24, 53.16 and 64.6. We had two intraoperative complications-one topsy turvy graft placement with anastomosis of donor ureter to native ureter and other had to be converted to open technique after anastomosis to control graft surface bleeding. Three postoperative complications-one patient has graft pyelonephritis which was managed conservatively with antibiotics. Two patients had lymphocele. One patient was managed with just aspiration while the other required laparoscopic de-roofing of the lymphocele. The mean hospital stay was 13.5 ± 3 days. CONCLUSIONS RAKT is feasible and safe only if performed by surgeons with appropriate background in robotic surgery and kidney transplantation after proper surgical training at experienced centres in the mid-term follow-up. Further studies need to confirm the long-term safety of RAKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Ganpule
- Department of Urology, Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Nadiad, India.
| | - Abhijit Patil
- Department of Urology, Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Nadiad, India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Urology, Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Nadiad, India
| | - Mihir Desai
- Department of Urology, Keck Hospital of USC, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Inderbir Gill
- Department of Urology, Keck Hospital of USC, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ravindra Sabnis
- Department of Urology, Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Nadiad, India
| | - Mahesh Desai
- Department of Urology, Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Nadiad, India
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The Evolution of Kidney Transplantation Surgery Into the Robotic Era and Its Prospects for Obese Recipients. Transplantation 2019; 102:1650-1665. [PMID: 29916987 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Robotic-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT) represents the most recent innovation in the evolution of kidney transplantation surgery. Vascular techniques enabling kidney transplantation have existed since the early 20th century and contributed to the first successful open kidney transplant procedure in 1954. Technical advances have since facilitated minimally invasive laparoscopic and robotic techniques in live-donor surgery, and subsequently for the recipient procedure. This review follows the development of surgical techniques for kidney transplantation, with a special focus on the advent of robotic-assisted transplantation because of its potential to facilitate transplantation of those deemed previously too obese to transplant by standard means. The different techniques, indications, advantages, disadvantages, and future directions of this approach will be explored in detail. Robot-assisted kidney transplantation may become the preferred means of transplanting morbidly obese recipients, although its availability to such recipients remains extremely limited and strategies targeting weight loss pretransplantation should never be abandoned in favor of a "RAKT-first" approach.
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15
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Ahlawat RK, Tugcu V, Arora S, Wong P, Sood A, Jeong W, Bhandari M, Menon M. Learning Curves and Timing of Surgical Trials: Robotic Kidney Transplantation with Regional Hypothermia. J Endourol 2018; 32:1160-1165. [PMID: 29587531 DOI: 10.1089/end.2017.0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Outcomes of surgical procedures can be affected by multiple factors including surgical skill and learning curve (LC). These factors need to be considered for optimal timing of surgical trials. We used the LC cumulative summation (CUSUM) method to describe the number of cases associated with competency of a single surgeon learning the technique of robotic kidney transplantation (RKT). METHODS Thirty-three patients underwent Vattikuti Urology Institute technique of RKT at a center that recently adopted this procedure (study group). Anastomoses times and short-term functional outcomes were compared with an established RKT program (reference group). LCs were evaluated using CUSUM analysis using target values from the reference group. RESULTS Mean ± standard deviation for console time, rewarming time (RWT), arterial anastomosis, venous anastomosis, and ureterovesical anastomosis times for the study group was 187 ± 34.6 minutes, 58.03 ± 17.81 minutes, 19.36 ± 5.91 minutes, 21.97 ± 6.78 minutes, and 22.55 ± 4.24 minutes, respectively, significantly longer than reference group (p < 0.001 for all). Mean ± standard deviation for serum creatinine at discharge and 1 month in the study group was 1.43 ± 0.57 mg/dL and 1.23 ± 0.35 mg/dL, respectively, similar to the reference group (p = 0.074 at discharge and p = 0.163 at 1 month). The LC was short, with competence achieved for RWT within 9, proficiency within 16, and mastery within 21 cases. Longer anastomosis times during the LC did not affect graft function. CONCLUSIONS The LC of RKT is short, with improving skill up to 20-25 cases. The procedure is reproducible by surgeons experienced with open transplant and robotic surgery for other procedures, with comparable outcomes and low complication rates at a new center during adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Ahlawat
- 1 Fortis Escorts Kidney and Urology Institute , Okhla Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Volkan Tugcu
- 2 Sadi Konuk Bakırköy Education and Training Hospital , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sohrab Arora
- 3 Vattikuti Urology Institute , Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Philip Wong
- 3 Vattikuti Urology Institute , Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Akshay Sood
- 3 Vattikuti Urology Institute , Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Wooju Jeong
- 3 Vattikuti Urology Institute , Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Mahendra Bhandari
- 3 Vattikuti Urology Institute , Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Mani Menon
- 3 Vattikuti Urology Institute , Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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16
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Adiyat KT, Vinod KK, Vishnu R, Ramaprasad MK, Unni VN, John RP. Robotic-assisted renal transplantation with total extraperitonealization of the graft: experience of 34 cases. J Robot Surg 2018; 12:535-540. [DOI: 10.1007/s11701-018-0781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Breda A, Territo A, Gausa L, Tuğcu V, Alcaraz A, Musquera M, Decaestecker K, Desender L, Stockle M, Janssen M, Fornara P, Mohammed N, Siena G, Serni S, Guirado L, Facundo C, Doumerc N. Robot-assisted Kidney Transplantation: The European Experience. Eur Urol 2018; 73:273-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Tuğcu V, Şener NC, Şahin S, Yavuzsan AH, Akbay FG, Apaydın S. Robot-assisted kidney transplantation: comparison of the first 40 cases of open vs robot-assisted transplantations by a single surgeon. BJU Int 2017; 121:275-280. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Tuğcu
- Department of Urology; Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Teaching and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Nevzat Can Şener
- Department of Urology; Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Teaching and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Selçuk Şahin
- Department of Urology; Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Teaching and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Abdullah H. Yavuzsan
- Department of Urology; Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Teaching and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Fatih G. Akbay
- Department of Nephrology; Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Teaching and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Süheyla Apaydın
- Department of Nephrology; Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Teaching and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
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Uwechue R, Chandak P, Ahmed Z, Gogalniceanu P, Kessaris N, Mamode N. Minimally invasive surgical techniques for kidney transplantation. Hippokratia 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Uwechue
- Department of Transplantation; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Pankaj Chandak
- Department of Transplant Surgery; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Zubir Ahmed
- General and Transplant Surgery; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Petrut Gogalniceanu
- Department of Transplantation; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Nicos Kessaris
- Department of Transplantation; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Nizam Mamode
- Department of Transplantation; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
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21
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Wagenaar S, Nederhoed JH, Hoksbergen AWJ, Bonjer HJ, Wisselink W, van Ramshorst GH. Minimally Invasive, Laparoscopic, and Robotic-assisted Techniques Versus Open Techniques for Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol 2017; 72:205-217. [PMID: 28262412 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Literature on conventional and minimally invasive operative techniques has not been systematically reviewed for kidney transplant recipients. OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate, summarize, and review evidence supporting operating technique and postoperative outcome for kidney transplant recipients. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic review was conducted in PubMed-Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library between 1966 up to September 1, 2016, according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis guidelines. Articles were included and scored by two independent reviewers using Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE), Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS), and Oxford guidelines for level of evidence. Main outcomes were graft survival, surgical site infection, incisional hernia, and cosmetic result. In total, 18 out of 1954 identified publications were included in this analysis. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Included reports described conventional open, minimally invasive open, laparoscopic, and robotic-assisted techniques. General level of evidence of included studies was low (GRADE: 1-3; NOS: 0-4; and Oxford level of evidence: 4-2). No differences in graft or patient survival were found. For open techniques, Gibson incision showed better results than the hockey-stick incision for incisional hernia (4% vs 16%), abdominal wall relaxation (8% vs 24%), and cosmesis. Minimally invasive operative recipient techniques showed lowest surgical site infection (range 0-8%) and incisional hernia rates (range 0-6%) with improved cosmetic result and postoperative recovery. Disadvantages included prolonged cold ischemia time, warm ischemia time, and total operation time. CONCLUSIONS Although the level of evidence was generally low, minimally invasive techniques showed promising results with regard to complications and recovery, and could be considered for use. For open surgery, the smallest possible Gibson incision appeared to yield favorable results. PATIENT SUMMARY In this paper, the available evidence for minimally invasive operation techniques for kidney transplantation was reviewed. The quality of the reviewed research was generally low but suggested possible advantages for minimally invasive, laparoscopic, and robot-assisted techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Wagenaar
- Department of Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Urology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - H Jaap Bonjer
- Department of Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Wisselink
- Department of Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabrielle H van Ramshorst
- Department of Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Dutch Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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