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Oh SH, Jang JC, Lee CY, Han JH, Park BC. Direct-fed Enterococcus faecium plus bacteriophages as substitutes for pharmacological zinc oxide in weanling pigs: effects on diarrheal score and growth. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:1752-1759. [PMID: 36229021 PMCID: PMC9659466 DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Effects of direct-fed Enterococcus faecium plus bacteriophages (EF-BP) were investigated as potential substitutes for pharmacological ZnO for weanling pigs. METHODS Dietary treatments were supplementations to a basal diet with none (NC), 3,000- ppm ZnO (PC), 1×1010 colony-forming units of E. faecium plus 1×108 plaque-forming units (PFU) of anti-Salmonella typhimurium bacteriophages (ST) or 1×106 PFU of each of anti-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 (F4)-, K99 (F5)-, and F18-type bacteriophages (EC) per kg diet. In Exp 1, twenty-eight 21-day-old crossbred weanling pigs were individually fed one of the experimental diets for 14 days and euthanized for histological examination on intestinal mucosal morphology. In Exp 2, 128 crossbred weanling pigs aged 24 days were group-fed the same experimental diets in 16 pens of 8 piglets on a farm with a high incidence of post-weaning diarrhea. RESULTS None of the diarrheal score or fecal consistency score (FCS), average daily gain (ADG), gain: feed ratio, structural variables of the intestinal villus, and goblet cell density, differed between the EF-BP (ST+EC) and NC groups, between EF-BP and PC, or between ST and EC, with the exception of greater gain: feed for EF-BP than for PC (p<0.05) during days 7 to 14 (Exp 1). In Exp 2, ADG was less for EF-BP vs PC during days 0 to 7 and greater for EF-BP vs NC during days 7 to 14. FCS peaked on day 7 and declined by day 14. Moreover, FCS was less for EF-BP vs NC, did not differ between EF-BP and PC, and tended to be greater for ST vs EC (p = 0.099). Collectively, EF-BP was comparable to or slightly less effective than PC in alleviating diarrhea and growth check of the weanling pigs, with ST almost as effective as PC, when they were group-fed. CONCLUSION The E. faecium-bacteriophage recipe, especially E. faecium-anti-S. typhimurium, is promising as a potential substitute for pharmacological ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyon Oh
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725,
Korea
| | - Jae-Cheol Jang
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725,
Korea
| | - Chul Young Lee
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725,
Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354,
Korea,Corresponding Author: Byung-Chul Park, Tel: +82-33-5792, Fax: +82-33-339-5763, E-mail:
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Chance JA, DeRouchey JM, Amachawadi RG, Ishengoma V, Nagaraja TG, Goodband RD, Woodworth JC, Tokach MD, Kang Q, Loughmiller JA, Hotze B, Gebhardt JT. Influence of yeast-based pre- and probiotics in lactation and nursery diets on nursery pig performance and antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6582258. [PMID: 35524733 PMCID: PMC9167580 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the impact of various combinations of yeast-based direct fed microbials (DFM) in diets fed to nursery pigs weaned from sows fed lactation diets with or without yeast additives. In Exp. 1, 340 weaned pigs, initially 5.1 kg ± 0.02, were used to evaluate previous sow treatment (control vs yeast additives) and nursery diets with or without added yeast-based DFM on growth performance and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of fecal Escherichia coli. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of sow treatment (control vs. yeast-based pre- and probiotic diet; 0.10% ActiSaf Sc 47 HR+ and 0.025% SafMannan, Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) and nursery treatment (control vs. yeast-based pre- and probiotic diet; 0.10% ActiSaf Sc 47 HR+, 0.05% SafMannan, and 0.05% NucleoSaf from d 0 to 7, then concentrations were decreased by 50% from d 7 to 24) with 5 pigs per pen and 17 replications per treatment. Progeny from sows fed yeast additives had increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) from d 0 to 24 and d 0 to 45. However, pigs that were fed yeast additives for the first 24 d in the nursery tended to have decreased d 0 to 45 ADG (P = 0.079). Fecal E. coli isolated from pigs from the sows fed yeast group had increased (P = 0.034) resistance to nalidixic acid and a tendency for increased resistance to ciprofloxacin (P = 0.065) and gentamicin (P = 0.054). Yet, when yeast additives were added in the nursery there was reduced (P < 0.05) fecal E. coli resistance to azithromycin and chloramphenicol. In Exp. 2, 330 weaned pigs, initially 5.8 kg ± 0.03, were used to evaluate diets with two different combinations of DFM on growth performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of sow treatment (same as described in Exp. 1) and nursery treatment (control; YCW, 0.05% of SafMannan from d 0 to 38 and NucleoSaf at 0.05% from d 0 to 10 and 0.025% from d 10 to 24; or DFM, 0.10% MicroSaf-S from d 0 to 38 and NucleoSaf at 0.05% from d 0 to 10 and 0.025% from d 10 to 24) with 6 pigs per pen and 8 to 10 replications per treatment. From d 0 to 10 post-weaning, progeny of sows fed yeast additives had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F. In conclusion, feeding sows yeast through lactation improved offspring growth performance in the nursery. While feeding live yeast and yeast extracts reduced nursery pig performance in Exp. 1, feeding DFM improved growth later in the nursery period in Exp. 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna A Chance
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS 66506-0201 USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS 66506-0201 USA
| | - Raghavendra G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS, 66506-0201 USA
| | - Victor Ishengoma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS, 66506-0201 USA
| | - Tiruvoor G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS, 66506-0201 USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS 66506-0201 USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS 66506-0201 USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS 66506-0201 USA
| | - Qing Kang
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS, 66506-0201 USA
| | | | - Brian Hotze
- Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee WI, 53214-1552 USA
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS, 66506-0201 USA
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Andersson DI, Bampidis V, Bengtsson‐Palme J, Bouchard D, Ferran A, Kouba M, López Puente S, López‐Alonso M, Nielsen SS, Pechová A, Petkova M, Girault S, Broglia A, Guerra B, Innocenti ML, Liébana E, López‐Gálvez G, Manini P, Stella P, Peixe L. Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 12: Tetracyclines: tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06864. [PMID: 34729092 PMCID: PMC8546800 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific concentrations of tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and doxycycline in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. The FARSC for these four tetracyclines was estimated. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, whilst for doxycycline no suitable data for the assessment were available. Uncertainties and data gaps associated with the levels reported were addressed. It was recommended to perform further studies to supply more diverse and complete data related to the requirements for calculation of the FARSC for these antimicrobials.
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Allende A, Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Andersson DI, Bampidis V, Bengtsson‐Palme J, Bouchard D, Ferran A, Kouba M, López Puente S, López‐Alonso M, Nielsen SS, Pechová A, Petkova M, Girault S, Broglia A, Guerra B, Innocenti ML, Liébana E, López‐Gálvez G, Manini P, Stella P, Peixe L. Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed.
Part 2: Aminoglycosides/aminocyclitols: apramycin, paromomycin, neomycin and spectinomycin. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06853. [PMID: 34729082 PMCID: PMC8546520 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific concentrations of apramycin, paromomycin, neomycin and spectinomycin in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield, were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC for these antimicrobials, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for apramycin and neomycin, whilst for paromomycin and spectinomycin, no suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these four antimicrobials.
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Andersson DI, Bampidis V, Bengtsson‐Palme J, Bouchard D, Ferran A, Kouba M, López Puente S, López‐Alonso M, Nielsen SS, Pechová A, Petkova M, Girault S, Broglia A, Guerra B, Innocenti ML, Liébana E, López‐Gálvez G, Manini P, Stella P, Peixe L. Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 8: Pleuromutilins: tiamulin and valnemulin. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06860. [PMID: 34729088 PMCID: PMC8546795 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific concentrations of tiamulin and valnemulin in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for tiamulin, while for valnemulin no suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these two antimicrobials.
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Han JH, Song MH, Kim HN, Jang I, Lee CY, Park BC. Effects of the lipid-coated zinc oxide dietary supplement on intestinal mucosal morphology and gene expression associated with the gut health in weanling pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Effects of a lipid-coated zinc oxide (ZnO) Shield Zn® (SZ) vs. ZnO were evaluated. Forty 25-d-old weanling pigs were fed a nursery diet supplemented with 100 mg kg−1 Zn with ZnO (ZnO-100), ZnO-2500, SZ-100, -200, or -400. All piglets were challenged orally with 5 × 108 colony-forming units of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 on day 7 and euthanized on day 14. The fecal consistency score (FCS) was less for the SZ group vs. ZnO-100 (P < 0.05). The intestinal villus height:crypt depth ratio and goblet cell density were greater for the SZ group vs. ZnO-100. By regression analyses, SZ-100 to -200 and SZ-300 to -400 were comparable to ZnO-2500 in the FCS and intestinal variables, respectively. The jejunal mucosal mRNA level did not differ between the SZ group and either ZnO group in insulin-like growth factor-I and multiple structural proteins and cytokines including zonula occludens protein (ZO) 1 and interleukin (IL) 10 except for lower ZO-1 and IL-10 mRNA levels for the SZ group than for ZnO-2500 and ZnO-100, respectively. The ZO-1 mRNA level regressed positively on the supplemental SZ concentration. Results suggest that SZ play a role in epithelial barrier function and inflammation by modulating the expression of ZO-1 and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hee Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Min Hye Song
- Regional Animal Industry Centre, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, South Korea
| | - Ha Na Kim
- Regional Animal Industry Centre, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, South Korea
| | - Insurk Jang
- Regional Animal Industry Centre, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, South Korea
| | - C. Young Lee
- Regional Animal Industry Centre, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, South Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Park
- Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, and Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, South Korea
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Kohl KD, Brun A, Bordenstein SR, Caviedes-Vidal E, Karasov WH. Gut microbes limit growth in house sparrow nestlings (Passer domesticus) but not through limitations in digestive capacity. Integr Zool 2018; 13:139-151. [PMID: 29168619 PMCID: PMC5873389 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent research often lauds the services and beneficial effects of host‐associated microbes on animals. However, hosting these microbes may come at a cost. For example, germ‐free and antibiotic‐treated birds generally grow faster than their conventional counterparts. In the wild, juvenile body size is correlated with survival, so hosting a microbiota may incur a fitness cost. Avian altricial nestlings represent an interesting study system in which to investigate these interactions, given that they exhibit the fastest growth rates among vertebrates, and growth is limited by their digestive capacity. We investigated whether reduction and restructuring of the microbiota by antibiotic treatment would: (i) increase growth and food conversion efficiency in nestling house sparrows (Passer domesticus); (ii) alter aspects of gut anatomy or function (particularly activities of digestive carbohydrases and their regulation in response to dietary change); and (iii) whether there were correlations between relative abundances of microbial taxa, digestive function and nestling growth. Antibiotic treatment significantly increased growth and food conversion efficiency in nestlings. Antibiotics did not alter aspects of gut anatomy that we considered but depressed intestinal maltase activity. There were no significant correlations between abundances of microbial taxa and aspects of host physiology. Overall, we conclude that microbial‐induced growth limitation in developing birds is not driven by interactions with digestive capacity. Rather, decreased energetic and material costs of immune function or beneficial effects from microbes enriched under antibiotic treatment may underlie these effects. Understanding the costs and tradeoffs of hosting gut microbial communities represents an avenue of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Antonio Brun
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Seth R Bordenstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Enrique Caviedes-Vidal
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Biology of San Luis, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, San Luis, Argentina.,Department of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - William H Karasov
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Byun YJ, Lee CY, Kim MH, Jung DY, Han JH, Jang I, Song YM, Park BC. Effects of dietary supplementation of a lipid-coated zinc oxide product on the fecal consistency, growth, and morphology of the intestinal mucosa of weanling pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29541479 PMCID: PMC5842370 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-017-0159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Dietary supplementation of zinc oxide (ZnO) to 2000 to 4000 mg/kg is known to be effective for the prevention and treatment of post-weaning diarrhea in the pig. Such a 'pharmacological' supplementation, however, can potentially result in environmental pollution of the heavy metal, because dietary ZnO is mostly excreted unabsorbed. Two experiments (Exp.) were performed in the present study to determine the effects of a lipid-coated ZnO supplement Shield Zn (SZ) compared with those of ZnO. Methods In Exp. 1, a total of 240 21-day-old weanling pigs were fed a diet supplemented with 100 mg Zn/kg as ZnO (ZnO-100), ZnO-2500, SZ-100, or SZ-200 in 24 pens for 14 days on a farm with its post-weaning pigs exhibiting a low incidence of diarrhea. Exp. 2 was performed using 192 24-day-old piglets as in Exp. 1 on a different farm, which exhibited a high incidence of diarrhea. Results In Exp. 1, fecal consistency (diarrhea) score (FCS) was less for the ZnO-2500 and SZ-200 groups than for the SZ-100 group (P < 0.05), with no difference between the SZ-100 and ZnO-100 groups. Both average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed ratio were less for the SZ-200 group than for the ZnO-2500 group, with no difference between the ZnO-100 group and SZ-100 or SZ-200 group. The villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and VH:CD ratio of the intestinal mucosa were not influenced by the treatment. In Exp. 2, FCS was lowest for the ZnO-2500 group, with no difference among the other groups. However, neither the ADG nor gain:feed ratio was influenced by the treatment. Conclusion Results suggest that physiological SZ supplementation has less beneficial effects than pharmacological ZnO for the alleviation of diarrhea irrespective of its severity and for promoting growth without influencing their integrity of the intestinal mucosal structures with little advantage over physiological ZnO in weanling pigs with a small pen size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Byun
- 1Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 52725 South Korea
| | - Chul Young Lee
- 1Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 52725 South Korea
| | - Myeong Hyeon Kim
- 1Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 52725 South Korea
| | - Dae Yun Jung
- 1Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 52725 South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Han
- 2College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341 South Korea
| | - Insurk Jang
- 3Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 52725 South Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- 1Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 52725 South Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Park
- 4Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354 South Korea
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Song YM, Kim MH, Kim HN, Jang I, Han JH, Fontamillas GA, Lee CY, Park BC. Effects of dietary supplementation of lipid-coated zinc oxide on intestinal mucosal morphology and expression of the genes associated with growth and immune function in weanling pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 31:403-409. [PMID: 29268571 PMCID: PMC5838346 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of a lipid-coated zinc oxide (ZnO) supplement Shield Zn (SZ) at the sub-pharmacological concentration on intestinal morphology and gene expression in weanling pigs, with an aim to gain insights into the mechanism of actions for SZ. Methods Forty 22-day-old weanling pigs were fed a nursery diet supplemented with 100 or 2,500 mg Zn/kg with uncoated ZnO (negative control [NC] or positive control [PC], respectively), 100, 200, or 400 mg Zn/kg with SZ for 14 days and their intestinal tissues were taken for histological and molecular biological examinations. The villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) of the intestinal mucosa were measured microscopically following preparation of the tissue specimen; expression of the genes associated with growth and immune function was determined using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results There was no difference in daily gain, gain:feed, and diarrhea score between the SZ group and either of NC and PC. The VH and VH:CD ratio were less for the SZ group vs NC in the jejunum and duodenum, respectively (p<0.05). The jejunal mucosal mRNA levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and interleukin (IL)-10 regressed and tended to regress (p = 0.053) on the SZ concentration with a positive coefficient, respectively, whereas the IL-6 mRNA level regressed on the SZ concentration with a negative coefficient. The mRNA levels of IGF-I, zonula occludens protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and IL-10 did not differ between the SZ group and either of NC and PC; the occludin and transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA levels were lower for the SZ group than for PC. Conclusion The present results are interpreted to suggest that dietary ZnO provided by SZ may play a role in intestinal mucosal growth and immune function by modulating the expression of IGF-I, IL-6, and IL-10 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Song
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea
| | - Myeong Hyeon Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea
| | - Ha Na Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea
| | - Insurk Jang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Giselle Ann Fontamillas
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, and Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Chul Young Lee
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, and Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
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Medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) and/or probiotic Enterococcus faecium as a feed supplement for piglets. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lee CY, Kim SJ, Park BC, Han JH. Effects of dietary supplementation of bacteriophages against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 on clinical symptoms of post-weaning pigs challenged with the ETEC pathogen. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:88-95. [PMID: 27271838 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of bacteriophages (phages) against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 as a therapy against the ETEC infection in post-weaning pigs. Two groups of post-weaning pigs aged 35 days, eight animals per group, were challenged with 3.0 × 1010 colony forming units of ETEC K88, a third group given the vehicle. The unchallenged group and one challenged group were fed a basal nursery diet for 14 days while the remaining challenged group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 1.0 × 107 plaque forming units of the phage per kg. Average daily gain (ADG), goblet cell density and villous height:crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio in the intestine were less in the challenged group than in the unchallenged group within the animals fed the basal diet (p < 0.05); the reverse was true for rectal temperature, faecal consistency score (FCS), E. coli adhesion score (EAS) in the intestine, serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations and digesta pH in the stomach, caecum and colon. The ETEC infection symptom within the challenged animals was alleviated by the dietary phage supplementation (p < 0.05) in ADG, FCS, EAS in the jejunum, serum TNF-α concentration, digesta pH in the colon, goblet cell density in the ileum and colon and VH:CD ratio in the ileum. Moreover, the infection symptom tended to be alleviated (p < 0.10) by the phage supplementation in rectal temperature, EAS in the ileum and caecum, and VH:CD ratio in the duodenum and jejunum. However, EAS in the colon, digesta pH in the stomach and caecum, and goblet cell density in the jejunum did not change due to the dietary phage. Overall, results indicate that the phage therapy is effective for alleviation of acute ETEC K88 infection in post-weaning pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Lee
- Regional Animal Industry Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Korea
| | - S J Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - B C Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Korea
| | - J H Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Park B, Jung D, Kang S, Ko Y, Ha D, Kwon C, Park M, Han J, Jang I, Lee C. Effects of dietary supplementation of a zinc oxide product encapsulated with lipid on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activities in weanling pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kim SJ, Kwon CH, Park BC, Lee CY, Han JH. Effects of a lipid-encapsulated zinc oxide dietary supplement, on growth parameters and intestinal morphology in weanling pigs artificially infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 57:4. [PMID: 26290724 PMCID: PMC4540299 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-014-0038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of a lipid-encapsulated Zinc oxide on growth parameters and intestinal mucosal morphology piglets born to Duroc-sired Landrace × Yorkshire dams. Twenty-four 30-day-old piglets weaned at 25 days of age were orally challenged with 5 × 10(8) colony forming units of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 and fed one of the four diets for 7 days: (i) a nursery basal diet containing 100-ppm ZnO (referred to as BASAL), (ii) BASAL supplemented with 120-ppm apramycin (referred to as ANTIBIO), (iii) BASAL with 2,400-ppm ZnO (referred to as HIGH), and BASAL containing 100-ppm lipid-encapsulated ZnO (referred to as LE). All piglets were killed at the end of the experiment for histological examination on the intestine. The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG), the villus height: crypt depth (CD) ratio in the ileum, and the goblet cell density of the villus and crypt in the duodenum, jejunum, and colon were greater in the LE-fed group that those of the BASAL (p < 0.05). Fecal consistency score (FCS) and the CD ratio in the ileum were less in the LE-fed group, compared to the BASAL-fed one (p < 0.05). The effects observed in the LE-fed group were almost equal to those of the HIGH-fed group as well as even superior to those of the ANTIBIO-fed group. Taken together, our results imply that dietary supplementation of 100-ppm lipid-encapsulated ZnO is as effective as that of 2,400-ppm ZnO for promoting growth diarrhea and intestinal morphology caused by ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, National University, Chuncheon, 200-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, National University, Chuncheon, 200-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Park
- R & D Institute, Sunjin Co., Ltd, 517-3 Doonchon-dong, Kangdong-gu, Seoul, 134-060 Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Young Lee
- The Regional Animal Industry Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 660-758 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, National University, Chuncheon, 200-701 Republic of Korea
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Jang I, Kwon CH, Ha DM, Jung DY, Kang SY, Park MJ, Han JH, Park BC, Lee CY. Effects of a lipid-encapsulated zinc oxide supplement on growth performance and intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activities in weanling pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 56:29. [PMID: 26290718 PMCID: PMC4540302 DOI: 10.1186/2055-0391-56-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of varying lipid content and dietary concentration of a lipid-encapsulated (LE) ZnO product to those of native ZnO and thereby to find insights into optimal lipid coating and dosage of the Zn supplement. A total of 192 21-d-old weanling pigs were allotted to 48 pens, after which each six pens received a ZnO-free basal diet supplemented with 125 ppm ZnO (100 ppm Zn; BASAL), 2,500 ppm Zn as native ZnO (HIGH), or 100 or 200 ppm Zn as LE ZnO (LE-100 or LE-250) containing 8%, 10%, or 12% lipid [LE-8%, LE-10%, or LE-12%, respectively; 2 × 3 factorial arrangement within the LE-ZnO diets (LE-ALL)] for 14 d. Forty pigs were killed at the end for histological and biochemical examinations. None of ADG, ADFI, gain:feed, and fecal consistency score differed between the LE-ALL and either of the BASAL and HIGH groups. Hepatic and serum Zn concentrations were greater (p <0.05) in the HIGH vs. LE-ALL group, but did not differ between LE-ALL and BASAL, between LE-100 and -250, or among LE-8%, -10%, and -12% groups. Villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and the VH:CD ratio in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum did not differ between the LE-ALL and either of the BASAL and HIGH groups, except for a greater CD in the duodenum in the LE-ALL vs. HIGH group. Additionally, VH and CD in the duodenum and VH:CD in the jejunum were greater in the LE-250 vs. LE-100 group. Specific activities of sucrase, maltase, and leucine aminopeptidase in these intestinal regions and those of amylase and trypsin in the pancreas were not influenced by the lipid content or dietary concentration of LE ZnO and also did not differ between the LE-ALL and either of the BASAL and HIGH groups, except for a greater pancreatic amylase activity in the former vs. HIGH group. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the LE ZnO, regardless of its lipid percentage or supplementation level examined in this study, has no significant effect on growth performance, fecal consistency, or digestive enzyme activities of weanling pigs under the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insurk Jang
- The Regional Animal Industry Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 660-758 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Duck Min Ha
- The Regional Animal Industry Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 660-758 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yun Jung
- The Regional Animal Industry Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 660-758 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kang
- The Regional Animal Industry Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 660-758 Republic of Korea
| | - Man Jong Park
- The Regional Animal Industry Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 660-758 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Park
- R & D Institute, Sunjin Co., Ltd, 517-3 Doonchon-dong, Kangdong-gu, Seoul, 134-060 Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Young Lee
- The Regional Animal Industry Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 660-758 Republic of Korea
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Sharma A, Trivedi S. Evaluation ofin vitroprobiotic potential of phytase-producing bacterial strain as a new probiotic candidate. Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Sharma
- Bacteriology Laboratory; Department of P. G. Studies and Research in Biological Science; Rani Durgavati University; Pachpedi Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh 482001 India
| | - Shraddha Trivedi
- Bacteriology Laboratory; Department of P. G. Studies and Research in Biological Science; Rani Durgavati University; Pachpedi Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh 482001 India
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Kwon CH, Lee CY, Han SJ, Kim SJ, Park BC, Jang I, Han JH. Effects of dietary supplementation of lipid-encapsulated zinc oxide on colibacillosis, growth and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Anim Sci J 2014; 85:805-13. [PMID: 24799095 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of lipid-encapsulated (coated) zinc oxide ZnO on post-weaning diarrhea (colibacillosis) in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Thirty-two 35-day-old weaned piglets were orally challenged with 3 × 10(10) colony forming units of ETEC K88 while eight piglets received no challenge (control). Each eight challenged piglets received a diet containing 100 ppm ZnO (low ZnO), 2500 ppm ZnO (high ZnO) or 100 ppm of lipid (10%)-coated ZnO (coated ZnO) for 7 days; control pigs received the low ZnO diet. Daily gain, goblet cell density in the villi of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and villus height in the jejunum and ileum, which decreased due to the challenge, were equally greater in the coated ZnO and high ZnO groups versus low ZnO group. Fecal consistency score, serum interleukin-8 concentration, subjective score of fecal E. coli shedding, and digesta pH in the stomach, jejunum and ileum, which increased due to the challenge, were equally low in the coated ZnO and high ZnO groups versus low ZnO. Results suggest that a low level of coated ZnO might well substitute for a pharmacological level of native ZnO in dietary supplementation to alleviate colibacillosis of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hoon Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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