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Wang Q, Stoakes IM, Moshirfar M, Harvey DH, Hoopes PC. Assessment of Pupil Size and Angle Kappa in Refractive Surgery: A Population-Based Epidemiological Study in Predominantly American Caucasians. Cureus 2023; 15:e43998. [PMID: 37638275 PMCID: PMC10447998 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This retrospective study aims to establish normative values for pupil size, angle kappa, higher-order aberration, and astigmatism type in a largely Caucasian population in Utah, United States, utilizing the NIDEK OPD-Scan III system (Gamagori, Japan). Methods This study included 716 patients (1432 eyes) grouped based on spherical equivalence and age. Measurements were conducted under mesopic and photopic conditions. Statistical analysis involved Pearson's correlation and linear regression using the generalized estimating equation. NIDEK OPD-Scan III measured mesopic and photopic pupil size and angle kappa. The subjects were then grouped based on their spherical equivalence in diopters (D) and age in decades. The spherical equivalence groups were defined: >-6 D, -5.99 to -3 D, -2.99 to -0.25 D, -0.24 to 0.24 D, and >0.25 D (range 0.25-5.75 D). The higher-order aberration groups were based on the reason for the visit: laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis, photorefractive keratectomy, and small incision lenticule extraction as one group; cataract evaluation; and keratoconus. Astigmatism measurements were grouped into with-the-rule (WRT), against-the-rule (ATR), and oblique astigmatism, with further subgrouping into a young cohort (20-40 years) and an old cohort (>65 years). Results Among 716 participants, 49.2% were men; the mean age was 42.1±15.5 (range 7-88 years). The average spherical equivalence for myopia eyes was -3.28±2.34 D, and 1.51±1.46 D for hyperopia eyes. The mean mesopic pupil size was 5.68 ± 1.09 mm; the photopic pupil size was 4.65±1.09 mm. Pearson's correlation coefficient for mesopic pupil size versus age was -0.551, and -0.42 for photopic pupil (p < 0.001); sphere vs mesopic pupil size was -0.200, and -0.173 for photopic pupil (p < 0.001). The regression analysis for mesopic pupil size versus age revealed a 0.39 mm decrease in average pupil size per decade increase in age, and 0.25 mm decrease per decade for photopic pupil. The regression analysis for mesopic pupil size versus sphere revealed a 0.22 mm decrease in average pupil size per 3D increase in sphere, and a 0.16 mm decrease 3 D increase in sphere for the photopic pupil. The mean mesopic angle kappa was 0.33 ± 0.15 mm; photopic angle kappa was 0.31±0.15 mm. Pearson's correlation coefficient for mesopic angle kappa vs spherical equivalence was 0.32, and 0.296 for photopic angle kappa (p <0.001 for both). Regression analysis for mesopic angle kappa vs spherical equivalence demonstrated a 0.051 mm increase in angle kappa per 3 D increase in spherical equivalence, and a 0.048 mm increase for photopic angle kappa (p < 0.001 for both). Among the higher-order aberration groups, the keratoconus group exhibited the highest levels. In terms of astigmatism type, WRT astigmatism was the most common in the young cohort, while ATR astigmatism was most prevalent in the older cohort. Conclusions The results of this study reveal significant associations between pupil size and increasing age, as well as between pupil size and increasingly positive refractive errors. These findings hold particular clinical relevance to older patients and individuals with hyperopia, as they undergo photoablative corneal refractive surgery or multifocal intraocular lens implantation. Understanding the established normative values for pupil size, angle kappa, higher-order aberration, and astigmatism type can aid clinicians in making more informed decisions and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella M Stoakes
- Osteopathic Medicine, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, USA
| | - Majid Moshirfar
- Corneal and Refractive Surgery, Hoopes Vision Research Center, Draper, USA
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Eye Banking and Corneal Transplantation, Utah Lions Eye Bank, Murray, USA
| | - Devon H Harvey
- Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, USA
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Asroui L, Arba-Mosquera S, Torbey J, Ahmed MA, Fattah MA, Koaik M, Awwad ST. Long-term results of hyperopic ablations using alcohol-assisted PRK and FS-LASIK: comparative study. J Cataract Refract Surg 2023; 49:716-723. [PMID: 36913543 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the long-term visual and refractive outcomes of hyperopic excimer ablation using alcohol-assisted photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK). SETTING American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon. DESIGN Retrospective, matched comparative study. METHODS Eyes that underwent alcohol-assisted PRK were compared to matched eyes that underwent FS-LASIK. All patients were followed up for at least 3 years after surgery. The refractive and visual outcomes of each group were compared at different postoperative time points. The main outcome measures were spherical equivalent deviation from target (SEDT), manifest refraction, and visual acuity. RESULTS 83 eyes underwent alcohol-assisted PRK and 83 matched eyes underwent FS-LASIK. Preoperative manifest refraction spherical equivalent was 2.44 ± 1.18 diopters (D) and 2.20 ± 0.87 D ( P = .133) in the PRK and FS-LASIK groups, respectively. Preoperative manifest cylinder was -0.77 ± 0.89 D and -0.61 ± 0.59 D ( P = .175) for the PRK and LASIK groups, respectively. 3 years postoperatively, SEDT was 0.28 ± 0.66 D and 0.40 ± 0.56 D for the PRK and LASIK groups, respectively ( P = .222), whereas manifest cylinder was -0.55 ± 0.49 D and -0.30 ± 0.34 D for PRK and LASIK, respectively ( P < .001). The mean difference vector was 0.59 ± 0.46 for PRK and 0.38 ± 0.32 for LASIK ( P < .001). 13.3% of PRK eyes and 0% of LASIK eyes had >1 D of manifest cylinder ( P = .003). CONCLUSIONS Both alcohol-assisted PRK and FS-LASIK are safe and effective for the treatment of hyperopia. PRK induces slightly more postoperative astigmatism than LASIK. Larger optical zones and recently introduced ablation profiles that lead to a smoother ablation surface might improve the clinical results of hyperopic PRK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Asroui
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon (Asroui, Torbey, Ahmed, Fattah, Koaik, Awwad); Department of Research and Development, SCHWIND eye-tech-solutions GmbH & Co. KG, Kleinostheim, Germany (Arba-Mosquera)
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Alió Del Barrio JL, Milán-Castillo R, Canto-Cerdan M, Molina-Lespron A, Alió JL. FS-LASIK for the treatment of moderate-to-high hyperopia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2023; 49:558-564. [PMID: 36745850 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report modern outcomes of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FS-LASIK) for the correction of moderate-to-high hyperopia (≥3.50 diopters [D] and ≤6.50 D), excluding low or very high hyperopia. SETTING Vissum, Alicante, Spain. DESIGN Monocentric retrospective case series study. METHODS Visumax-500 kHz femtosecond laser and Amaris-750 excimer-laser were used. Eyes with at least 6 months of follow-up were included. 36-month data was collected when available. Primary outcome measure was short term efficacy and safety. Secondary outcome measure was long term stability. RESULTS 6-month data of 92 eyes was collected (68 eyes at 36 months). Mean age was 34.6 ± 10.4 years. Mean treated sphere was 4.69 ± 0.87. Efficacy index was 0.91 and 0.90 at 6 months and 36 months respectively. Safety index was 1.00. Uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 72%, postoperative spherical equivalent within 0.5 D in 80% (93% within 1 D), and loss of 1 line of corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) occurred in 13% (2 or more lines in 0%). Gain of 1 or more CDVA lines occurred in 17%. A slight but significant regression was observed at 36 months. Postoperatively, 21.73% required flap lift for laser enhancement, and 11.95% an orthoptic visual rehabilitation due to accommodative disorders. CONCLUSIONS Modern LASIK provides good efficacy and safety levels for the management of moderate to high hyperopia (up to +6.5 D), with levels close to those previously reported with refractive lens exchange for young hyperopia patients without presbyopia, where we defend the maintenance of LASIK as first line therapy. Risk of requiring a refractive enhancement or an orthoptic visual rehabilitation remains relevant and needs to be discussed with patients preoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Alió Del Barrio
- From the Cornea, Cataract and Refractive Surgery Unit, Vissum (Miranza Group), Alicante, Spain (Alió del Barrio, Milán-Castillo, Canto-Cerdan, Molina-Lespron, Alió); Division of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain (Alió del Barrio, Alió)
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de Ortueta D, von Rüden D, Arba Mosquera S. Symmetric offset versus asymmetric offset ablation with transepithelial refractive keratectomy. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:219. [PMID: 37198622 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-02971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In eyes with hyperopia, astigmatism, and mixed astigmatism Transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (TransPRK) is a modality of surface ablation surgery. We center on the corneal vertex for all our treatments (all have an offset to the center of the pupil) and wanted to compare the visual results of symmetrical profile treatments versus asymmetrical profile treatments (the center of the treatment on the vertex and the boundaries with the pupil center) using TransPRK as corneal refractive surgery. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed two consecutive groups of eyes treated with TransPRK in the Aurelios Augenlaserzentrum Recklinghausen: 47 eyes treated with symmetrical offset and 51 eyes treated with asymmetrical offset. The intergroup comparisons were assessed using unpaired Student's T-tests, whereas preoperative to postoperative changes were assessed using paired Student's T-tests. RESULTS Refractive outcomes were good for both groups. 83 and 88% of eyes were within the spherical equivalent of 0.5 D from the target in the symmetric and asymmetric offset groups, respectively. 85 and 84% of eyes had a postoperative astigmatism of 0.5 D or lower in the symmetric and asymmetric offset groups, respectively. CONCLUSION We have not found a significant difference in the refractive outcomes between the symmetric group and the asymmetric group of eyes treated both with TransPRK for preoperatively hyperopic or mixed astigmatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego de Ortueta
- Aurelios Augenlaserzentrum Recklinghausen, Erlbruch 34-36, 45657, Recklinghausen, Germany.
| | - Dennis von Rüden
- Aurelios Augenlaserzentrum Recklinghausen, Erlbruch 34-36, 45657, Recklinghausen, Germany
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[Regression and ablation profiles in corneal refractive surgery]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2021; 44:1059-1075. [PMID: 34148702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regression after corneal refractive surgery is a complex phenomenon which seems inevitable. The choice of surgical technique has very little influence on regression for low myopia or myopic astigmatism. However, LASIK and SMILE are the two techniques of choice in the correction of high myopia. LASIK is also better for the correction of hyperopia, hyperopic astigmatism and mixed astigmatism. Intraoperatively, the choice of a wide optical zone and adherence to a thick residual stromal bed provide stability. Regression may also be reduced by modulating anti-inflammatory therapy, treating dry eye, and using mitomycin C in PKR. In all cases, obtaining keratometry during patient follow-up helps to identify the cause of the regression. The objective of this review is to synthesize recent data from the literature on regression in refractive surgery as a function of the ablation profiles used.
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Six-Month Outcomes After High Hyperopia Correction Using Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis With a Large Ablation Zone. Cornea 2019; 38:1147-1153. [PMID: 31169605 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate refractive and visual outcomes of laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) to treat high hyperopia using an aberration-neutral profile and large ablation zone. METHODS This was a retrospective, consecutive observational case series at Helios Ophtalmologie, St. Jean-de-Luz, France. One hundred forty-six consecutive eyes of 77 patients who underwent LASIK with mechanical microkeratome to correct hyperopia with correction in the maximum hyperopic meridian strictly higher than +5 D (mean + 6.6 ± 1.0 D) were included. Procedures were performed with an Amaris 750S excimer laser (Schwind eye-tech-solutions GmbH, Kleinostheim, Germany) using an aberration-neutral profile, a 6.7 ± 0.1 mm optical zone, and a 9.2 ± 0.1 mm total ablation zone. Refractive results, predictability, safety, and efficacy were evaluated at 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS At 6 months postsurgery, the mean manifest refraction spherical equivalent was -0.06 ± 0.83 D and the mean cylinder was 0.42 ± 0.35 D. Sixty-six percent of eyes were within ±0.50 D of the attempted spherical equivalent correction. Six months postoperatively, 60% of eyes achieved an uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/20 or better. Ten percent of eyes lost 1 line of corrected distance visual acuity and 4% gained a line. No eyes lost more than 2 Snellen lines of corrected distance visual acuity at any follow-up. CONCLUSIONS High hyperopia correction with LASIK using an aberration-neutral profile and large ablation zone provides good efficacy, safety, predictability, and visual outcomes.
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Pradhan KR, Reinstein DZ, Carp GI, Archer TJ, Dhungana P. Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) for Hyperopia: 12-Month Refractive and Visual Outcomes. J Refract Surg 2019; 35:442-450. [DOI: 10.3928/1081597x-20190529-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Reinstein DZ, Pradhan KR, Carp GI, Archer TJ, Day AC, Sekundo W, Dhungana P. Small Incision Lenticule Extraction for Hyperopia: 3-Month Refractive and Visual Outcomes. J Refract Surg 2019; 35:24-30. [PMID: 30633784 DOI: 10.3928/1081597x-20181025-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate visual and refractive outcomes of small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) for hyperopia. METHODS This prospective study of vertex-centered hyperopic SMILE used the VisuMax femtosecond laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). Inclusion criteria were maximum attempted hyperopic meridian of between +1.00 and +7.00 diopters (D) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) of 20/40 or better. Lenticule parameters were 6.3- to 6.7-mm diameter, 2-mm transition zone, 30-µm minimum thickness, and 120-µm cap thickness. Standard outcomes analysis was performed for the 3-month data, including contrast sensitivity using the Functional Vision Analyzer. RESULTS For 93 eyes treated, 3-month data were available for 82 (88%). Attempted spherical equivalent refraction was +5.62 ± 1.20 D (range: +1.00 to +6.90 D) and cylinder was -0.91 ± 0.68 D (range: 0.00 to -3.50 D). For eyes targeted for emmetropia (n = 36), uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 89%. Spherical equivalent refraction relative to target was -0.17 ± 0.85 D (range: -2.20 to +3.00 D), with 59% within ±0.50 D and 76% within ±1.00 D. There was one line loss of CDVA in 17% of eyes, and one eye lost three lines (1.2%) but recovered to one line lost at 9 months. There was no clinically significant change in contrast sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Refractive and visual outcomes 3 months after SMILE for hyperopia were promising, given the high degree of hyperopia corrected and relatively reduced CDVA in this population. Undercorrection of more than 1.00 D in 5 eyes might be partly explained by latent hyperopia in these young patients. [J Refract Surg. 2019;35(1):24-30.].
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Reinstein DZ, Carp GI, Archer TJ, Day AC, Vida RS. Outcomes for Hyperopic LASIK With the MEL 90 ® Excimer Laser. J Refract Surg 2019; 34:799-808. [PMID: 30540362 DOI: 10.3928/1081597x-20181019-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the outcomes of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for hyperopia using the Triple-A ablation profile with the MEL 90 excimer laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). METHODS This retrospective analysis included 1,383 eyes treated by LASIK for hyperopia using the Triple-A ablation profile with the MEL 90 at London Vision Clinic, London, United Kingdom, between September 2013 and December 2016. Inclusion criteria were attempted hyperopic correction of +0.25 diopters (D) or higher and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) of 20/40 or better. Patients were observed for 1 year after surgery. Standard outcomes analysis was performed. RESULTS One-year data were available for 1,350 (97%) eyes. Mean attempted spherical equivalent refraction (SEQ) was +2.77 ± 1.34 D (range: +0.13 to +6.50 D) and mean cylinder was -0.67 ± 0.66 D (range: 0.00 to -5.00 D). Mean age was 54 ± 11 years (range: 21 to 75 years), and 57% were female. Postoperative spherical equivalent was ±0.50 D in 73% and ±1.00 D in 93% of eyes. Uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 75% of eyes, relative to 93% with preoperative CDVA of 20/20 or better. One line of CDVA was lost in 17% of eyes and two lines were lost in 0.6% of eyes. There was a clinically insignificant but statistically significant increase (P < .01) in contrast sensitivity at 3 and 6 cycles per degree (cpd) and no change for 12 and 18 cpd. CONCLUSIONS LASIK for hyperopia with the MEL 90 excimer laser was found to satisfy accepted criteria for safety, efficacy, and stability. [J Refract Surg. 2018;34(12):799-808.].
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Kim WK, Ryu IH, Kim JS, Jeon GH, Lee IS, Kim HS, Kim JK. Clinical Outcomes of One Day Small-incision Lenticule Extraction Compared with Scheduled Methods for Myopic Patients. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2019.60.3.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sun MS, Zhang L, Guo N, Song YZ, Zhang FJ. Consistent comparison of angle Kappa adjustment between Oculyzer and Topolyzer Vario topography guided LASIK for myopia by EX500 excimer laser. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:662-667. [PMID: 29675388 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.04.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate and compare the uniformity of angle Kappa adjustment between Oculyzer and Topolyzer Vario topography guided ablation of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) by EX500 excimer laser for myopia. METHODS Totally 145 cases (290 consecutive eyes )with myopia received LASIK with a target of emmetropia. The ablation for 86 cases (172 eyes) was guided manually based on Oculyzer topography (study group), while the ablation for 59 cases (118 eyes) was guided automatically by Topolyzer Vario topography (control group). Measurement of adjustment values included data respectively in horizontal and vertical direction of cornea. RESULTS Horizontally, synclastic adjustment between manually actual values (dxmanu) and Oculyzer topography guided data (dxocu) accounts 35.5% in study group, with mean dxmanu/dxocu of 0.78±0.48; while in control group, synclastic adjustment between automatically actual values (dxauto) and Oculyzer topography data (dxocu) accounts 54.2%, with mean dxauto/dxocu of 0.79±0.66. Vertically, synclastic adjustment between dymanu and dyocu accounts 55.2% in study group, with mean dymanu/dyocu of 0.61±0.42; while in control group, synclastic adjustment between dyauto and dyocu accounts 66.1%, with mean dyauto/dyocu of 0.66±0.65. There was no statistically significant difference in ratio of actual values/Oculyzer topography guided data in horizontal and vertical direction between two groups (P=0.951, 0.621). CONCLUSION There is high consistency in angle Kappa adjustment guided manually by Oculyzer and guided automatically by Topolyzer Vario topography during corneal refractive surgery by WaveLight EX500 excimer laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shen Sun
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ning Guo
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yan-Zheng Song
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Feng-Ju Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing 100730, China
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Kim WK, Ryu IH, Lee IS, Kim HS, Kim JS, Kim JK. Comparison of Postoperative Results of One Day Laser-assisted in-situKeratomileusis, Laser-assisted Sub-epithelial Keratectomy Surgery, and Conventional Surgery. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2018.59.5.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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