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Gradinariu AI, Racles C, Stoica I, Stelea CG, Simionescu AMA, Jehac AE, Costan VV. Silicones for Maxillofacial Prostheses and Their Modifications in Service. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3297. [PMID: 38998378 PMCID: PMC11243296 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The biomedical applications of silicones are countless due to their outstanding properties. In dentistry, silicone for maxillofacial and plastic surgery has become indispensable, from both physiological and aesthetic points of view. In this mini-review, silicone materials for dentistry and facial prostheses are discussed, focusing on their properties and alterations when exposed for long periods to different environments. A significant number of studies reported in the literature have been conducted in vitro, mimicking some of the main degradative factors which have been identified as triggers for discoloration and deterioration of the mechanical properties. Among these, in artificial aging and accelerated natural aging studies, UV radiation is considered the most important. Other weathering factors, biological contamination, and disinfection agents may have dramatic effects as well. Several general properties of silicones are described at the beginning, with a focus on biocompatibility, cross-linking mechanisms, and applications in dentistry and maxillofacial prosthetics. We discuss the ongoing cross-linking and/or possible exudation after manufacturing, which also affects the stability of the prosthesis over time, and possibly the patient. Next, the main environmental factors that affect the prostheses in service are presented, including the role of cigarettes smoke, which has been discussed very little so far. A few aspects, such as biofilm formation, its negative effects, and proposed solutions to overcome this phenomenon regarding silicones, are also described. We conclude by proposing a set of topics for future research and development based on the gaps that have been identified in the literature. Although silicones are probably irreplaceable in maxillofacial prosthetics, improvements in terms of base materials, additives, surface treatments, and maintenance are possible and necessary for long-lasting and safer prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Irina Gradinariu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700511 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carmen Racles
- Department of Inorganic Polymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Iuliana Stoica
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carmen Gabriela Stelea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700511 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Andreea Simionescu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700511 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alina Elena Jehac
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700511 Iasi, Romania
| | - Victor Vlad Costan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700511 Iasi, Romania
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Quadros LCS, Silva-Lovato CH, Dotto MER, Ribeiro JS, Soto AF, Duque TM, Cuevas-Suárez CE, Coelho SM, Badaró MM. In situ study of the effect of endogenous and exogenous agents on color stability, hardness, and surface roughness of an elastomer for facial prostheses. J Prosthodont 2024. [PMID: 38812246 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate in situ the influence of sweat, oil, sunscreen, and disinfectant solution on the color stability, hardness, and roughness of elastomer for facial prostheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Standardized and intrinsically pigmented specimens remained in contact with human skin from the same person for 30 days, considering exposures (n = 36 per group), absent of exposition (Control, C); sweat and oiliness contact (SO); sweat and oiliness associated with sunscreen (SOS); 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate immersion (CD0.12%); and all agents exposed (SOSCD). The main variables were color change (CIELab and National Standard Bureau system, NBS), Shore A hardness, and surface roughness, measured at baseline and 30 days. Qualitative analyses were performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis tests (color) and two-way ANOVA (hardness and roughness) with Sidak post-test (α = 0.05). RESULTS CD0.12% (1.54 ± 0.49) and SOSCD (2.10 ± 1.03) had similar effects and caused the smallest color changes, considered mild and noticeable (NBS), respectively. SOS promoted the greatest color change (6.99 ± 1.43, NBS: large) and hardness (17.97 ± 0.56); SOS promoted intermediate roughness (3.48 ± 1.05) between SOSCD (2.25 ± 0.53), and two similar groups: C (4.46 ± 0.95), and CD0.12% (4.39 ± 1.26). The qualitative analysis showed an irregular, dense, dry, and whitish layer on the surface of the specimens exposed to sunscreen, which was reduced when in contact with 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous and exogenous factors are capable of altering elastomer properties. The 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate minimized the changes caused by sweat, oil, and sunscreen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cláudia Helena Silva-Lovato
- Department of Dental Materials, Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta Elisa Rosso Dotto
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva Ribeiro
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Artur Ferronato Soto
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Thais Mageste Duque
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Academic Area of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - Sérgio Murilo Coelho
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Santhaveesuk P, Saenthaveesuk P, Holland JN, Kiat-Amnuay S. Microwave disinfection of facial silicone prostheses, Part 1: Color stability. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:980.e1-980.e8. [PMID: 38448355 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The choice of cleaning method is an important consideration for lengthening the serviceable time of facial prostheses as microbial organisms and biofilms could degrade facial prostheses and cause skin irritation. Whether microwave disinfection is a suitable cleaning method without degradation of the properties of a prosthesis is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to measure the color stability of 6 commonly used facial silicone elastomers after microwave disinfection over a simulated 1.5-year period. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six different facial silicone elastomers: MDX4-4210, MDX4-4210/Type A, M511, A-2186, VST-50, and A-2000 were mixed with intrinsic silicone white opacifier (except for the control group) and subsequently combined with 4 silicone intrinsic pigment color groups: red (R), yellow (Y), burnt sienna (B), and a mixture of R+Y+B (M). The control group was a silicone elastomer without opacifier or pigment. Each of the 30 experimental groups consisted of 5 specimens (N=150). Five specimens were placed in a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask filled with 160 mL of tap water. Seven flasks were then placed in a 660-W microwave oven. An exposure of 6 minutes was used according to the antimicrobial efficacy of microwave disinfection protocol on facial silicone prostheses with a final water temperature of 60 °C for 18 times (simulating 1.5 years of microwave disinfection with one 6-minute exposure monthly). A spectrophotometer was used to measure reflectance color change values (∆E). Color differences were calculated following CIELab (∆E*ab) and CIEDE2000 (∆E00) formulae. ∆E*ab and ∆E00 were statistically analyzed by a linear mixed effects model with 3 factors (silicone type, color shade, and time) using the R Statistical software program (α=.05). RESULTS Both ∆E*ab and ∆E00 of all silicone elastomers studied were less than the visual perceptibility thresholds (∆E*ab<1.1 and E00<0.7) and were considered clinically acceptable (∆E*ab<3.0 and E00<2.1) after the 1.5-year simulation of microwave disinfection. Yellow and blue pigments had more effect on MDX4-4210 and M511, while red pigment had more effect on MDX4-4210, MDX4-4210/Type A, and M511 (P<.05). Nevertheless, the values were still below the perceptibility threshold (∆E*ab≤1.0 and E00<0.6). CONCLUSIONS All 6 facial silicone elastomers maintained clinically acceptable color after 18 months of exposure to microwave disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penchanok Santhaveesuk
- Former Prosthodontic Resident, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; and Former AEGD Preceptor, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas
| | - Pensiri Saenthaveesuk
- Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; and Former AEGD Resident, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas
| | - Julian Nathaniel Holland
- Senior Statistician, Office of Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas
| | - Sudarat Kiat-Amnuay
- Professor and Section Head, Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, Houston Center for Biomaterials and Biomimetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas.
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Santhaveesuk P, Serichetaphongse P, Kiat-Amnuay S. Microwave disinfection of facial silicone prostheses, part 2: Mechanical properties. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:340.e1-340.e6. [PMID: 38212157 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Part 1 of this 2-part study determined that microwave disinfection did not degrade the color stability of facial silicone prostheses. However, investigations on the effects of microwave disinfection on the mechanical properties of different silicone elastomers are lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to examine the mechanical properties of commonly used colored facial silicone elastomers before and after microwave disinfection over a simulated 1.5-year period. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six commonly used facial silicone elastomers: MDX4-4210, MDX4-4210/Type A, M511, A-2186, VST-50, and A-2000 were combined with functional intrinsic silicone pigments and opacifier (red, yellow, blue, and white). A total of 288 specimens were fabricated (n=12). Half of the specimens were tested for mechanical properties as the baseline, while the other specimens were tested after microwave disinfection. Microwave disinfection was performed with 660 W, 6 minutes of exposure time, and microwaved for 18 cycles to simulate 1.5 years of usage (one 6-minute exposure monthly). For mechanical property testing, all specimens were tested for tensile strength and percentage elongation (ASTM D412), tear strength (ASTM D624), and hardness (ASTM D2240). For each property, a 2-way ANOVA (silicone type and microwave disinfection factors) and Tukey multiple comparison test were performed using the R statistical software program (α=.05). RESULTS Following microwave disinfection, tensile strength and percentage elongation of A-2000 increased significantly (P<.05). MDX4-4210, MDX4-4210/Type A, and A-2000 showed significant increases in their hardness (P<.001). Tear strength also increased significantly for MDX4-4210 and VST-50 (P<.05). Among the materials tested (ranked from highest to lowest value,=not statistically significant different), for tensile strength, VST-50>A-2186=A-2000>MDX4-4210/Type A=M511=MDX4-4210 (P<.05). For percentage elongation, VST-50>MDX4-4210/Type A>A-2186>M511=A-2000=MDX4-4210=M511 (P<.05). For hardness, A-2000=A-2186>M511=VST-50>MDX4-4210>MDX4-4210/Type A (P<.05). For tear strength, VST-50>A-2186>A-2000>M511>MDX4-4210/Type A=MDX4-4210 (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the mechanical properties of all the silicones tested were not adversely affected by microwave disinfection. VST-50 showed the best mechanical properties among the materials tested both before and after microwave disinfection. Microwave energy is a safe method of disinfecting the silicone elastomers tested in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penchanok Santhaveesuk
- Former Prosthodontic Resident, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; and Former AEGD Preceptor, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas
| | - Pravej Serichetaphongse
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sudarat Kiat-Amnuay
- Professor and Section Head, Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, Houston Center for Biomaterials and Biomimetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas.
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Peter M, Kanathila H, Bembalagi M, Santhosh VN, Vas R, Patil S, Roy TR, Monsy M, Gopu BN, Chindak S. An In Vitro Comparative Evaluation of Conventional and Novel Thymus vulgaris Derived Herbal Disinfectant Solutions against Pathogenic Biofilm on Maxillofacial Silicones and Its Impact on Color Stability. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023; 24:967-973. [PMID: 38317394 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to assess the antimicrobial efficacy and impact on color stability of Thymus (T.) vulgaris solution compared to conventional disinfectants on maxillofacial silicones. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various solutions were evaluated, including T. vulgaris solutions at 5 and 10%, saline (control), chlorhexidine (4%), and soap water. The substrates were MDX4-4210 silicone elastomers, and the microorganisms tested were Candida (C.) albicans and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. The viability of microorganisms was determined through an 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay, and color stability was measured using a spectrophotometer with X-Rite Europe software. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U post hoc test, and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. RESULTS Soap water demonstrated superior disinfectant action against both microorganisms, while T. vulgaris solutions at 5 and 10% exhibited comparable antimicrobial efficacy. Chlorhexidine and 10% T. vulgaris solution showed minimal color changes in the silicone material. In contrast, soap water and the 5% T. vulgaris solution resulted in clinically unacceptable color alterations. CONCLUSION This study underscores the potential of T. vulgaris as an herbal disinfectant for combating microbial biofilms on maxillofacial silicones, particularly at concentrations of 5 and 10%. The importance of maintaining color stability is emphasized, with Chlorhexidine and the 10% T. vulgaris solution demonstrating effective preservation of esthetics. These findings suggest the viability of considering T. vulgaris as an alternative disinfectant in clinical settings for maxillofacial silicone prostheses. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Maxillofacial silicones are vital in restoring aesthetic features for individuals with facial trauma, congenital deformities, or post-surgical interventions. Yet, biofilm-related infections jeopardize their durability and visual integrity. Clinically, T. vulgaris signifies a potential advance in prosthodontic care, offering valuable insights for improving antimicrobial performance and aesthetic durability in maxillofacial prostheses. How to cite this article: Peter M, Kanathila H, Bembalagi M, et al. An In Vitro Comparative Evaluation of Conventional and Novel Thymus vulgaris Derived Herbal Disinfectant Solutions against Pathogenic Biofilm on Maxillofacial Silicones and Its Impact on Color Stability. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023;24(12):967-973.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meekha Peter
- Department of Prosthodontics, KLE Vishwanath Katti Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KLE University), Belagavi, Karnataka, India, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7509-4070
| | - Hema Kanathila
- Department of Prosthodontics, KLE Vishwanath Katti Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KLE University), Belagavi, Karnataka, India, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5876-1377
| | - Mahantesh Bembalagi
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, KLE Vishwanath Katti Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KLE University), Belagavi, Karnataka, India, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2809-7313
| | - Varkey Nadakkavukaran Santhosh
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, KLE Vishwanath Katti Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KLE University), Belagavi, Karnataka, India, Phone: +91 9108858449, e-mail: , Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9197-2646
| | - Rhea Vas
- Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4401-5696
| | - Suvidha Patil
- Department of Prosthodontics, KLE Vishwanath Katti Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KLE University), Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Treasa Richa Roy
- Department of Prosthodontics, KLE Vishwanath Katti Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KLE University), Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Mibin Monsy
- JSS Dental College and Hospital, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Shreya Chindak
- Department of Prosthodontics, KLE Vishwanath Katti Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KLE University), Belagavi, Karnataka, India
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Al-Kadi FK, Abdulkareem JF, Azhdar BA. Hybrid Chitosan-TiO 2 Nanocomposite Impregnated in Type A-2186 Maxillofacial Silicone Subjected to Different Accelerated Aging Conditions: An Evaluation of Color Stability. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2379. [PMID: 37630964 PMCID: PMC10460059 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the impact of the incorporation of a chitosan-TiO2 nanocomposite on the color stability of pigmented room-temperature vulcanization maxillofacial silicone under various accelerated aging conditions. Five hundred disk-shaped specimens were formed with type A-2186 silicone elastomer, and they were distributed into groups based on pigment types and nanoparticle treatments. The color difference (ΔE) was assessed using a colorimeter in the CIELAB color system before and after exposure to aging conditions, including UV-accelerated aging and outdoor weathering. ANOVA, Dennett's T3, and Tukey HSD tests revealed significant color alterations across all silicone types, with the most pronounced being in the red-colored 3% chitosan specimens and the least pronounced being in the 2% TiO2 specimens that underwent UV-accelerated aging. Outdoor weathering consistently increased the ΔE values across all categories. This study suggests that while nanoparticles may offer some resistance against accelerated aging, they fall short in adequately defending against UV radiation during outdoor weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten K. Al-Kadi
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq;
| | - Jwan F. Abdulkareem
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq;
| | - Bruska A. Azhdar
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq;
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Cevik P. Coloring Effects of Disinfectants on Pure or Nano-TiO 2-Incorporated Maxillofacial Silicone Prostheses. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5580. [PMID: 37629870 PMCID: PMC10456622 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Silicone elastomers play a crucial role in the field of maxillofacial prosthodontics. To maintain optimal hygiene, various disinfectants have been reported to clean silicone prostheses. Nevertheless, when selecting a disinfectant, it is important to consider not only its antimicrobial efficacy, but also its compatibility with the materials, to minimize any potential impact on the physical properties of the material surfaces. The coloring effect of such disinfectants on different types of silicone is of interest. A total of 144 silicone specimens (72 pure silicones, 72 nano-TiO2-incorporated silicones, from A-2000 and A-2006 silicones) were fabricated in this study. The spectrophotometric analysis was carried out, and the initial CIE L*a*b* color values were measured prior to disinfection. Specimens in each silicone group (with or without nano-TiO2) were subjected to a 30-h disinfection period simulating 1 year of disinfection with the following disinfectants: Control (tap water), 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, 1% NaOCl, neutral soap, and effervescent. After the second color values were recorded, the color change (∆E*) was calculated. Significant differences were observed among the disinfectants for both the A-2000 and A-2006 silicone groups. Nano-TiO2 did not show a color protection effect in A-2000 silicone. In contrast, nano-TiO2 incorporation provided color protection against CHG 0.2%, CHG 4%, and NaOCl in A-2006 silicone. Most of the disinfectants did not show acceptable color stability over time. In pure A-2000 silicone, except for 0.2% chlorhexidine, all disinfectant groups demonstrated a color change within the acceptability threshold of 50:50% (∆E* = 3.0). On the other hand, in nano-TiO2-incorporated A-2006 silicone, only 0.2% and 4% chlorhexidine demonstrated an acceptable color change. Overall, chlorhexidine could be used as a suitable disinfectant in maxillofacial silicone prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Cevik
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, 06490 Ankara, Türkiye; or
- Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Houston Center for Biomaterials and Biomimetics, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Cevik P, Akca G, Asar NV, Avci E, Kiat-Amnuay S, Yilmaz B. Antimicrobial effects of nano titanium dioxide and disinfectants on maxillofacial silicones. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00135-X. [PMID: 37012133 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Deficient hygiene of maxillofacial prostheses can be a source of infection, and various disinfectants, including nano-oxides, have been suggested for the disinfection of silicone prostheses. While maxillofacial silicones involving nano-oxides at different sizes and concentrations have been evaluated in terms of their mechanical and physical properties, reports are lacking on the antimicrobial effect of nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) incorporated into maxillofacial silicones contaminated by different biofilms. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of 6 different disinfectants and nano TiO2 incorporation into maxillofacial silicone contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans biofilms. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 258 silicone specimens (129 pure silicones and 129 nano TiO2-incorporated silicones) were fabricated. Specimens in each silicone group (with or without nano TiO2) were divided into 7 disinfectant groups (control, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, 1% sodium hypochlorite, neutral soap, 100% white vinegar, and effervescent) in each biofilm group. Contaminated specimens were disinfected, and the suspension of each specimen was incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Proliferated colonies were recorded in colony-forming units per mL (CFU/mL). The differences in microbial levels among specimens were evaluated to test the effect of the type of silicone and the disinfectant (α=.05). RESULTS Significant difference was found among disinfectants regardless of the silicone type (P<.05). Nano TiO2 incorporation showed an antimicrobial effect on S aureus, E coli, and C albicans biofilms. Nano TiO2 incorporated silicone cleaned with 4% chlorhexidine gluconate had statistically less C albicans than pure silicone. Using white vinegar or 4% chlorhexidine gluconate led to no E coli on either silicone. Nano TiO2 incorporated silicone cleaned with effervescent had fewer S aureus or C albicans biofilms. CONCLUSIONS The tested disinfectants and nano TiO2 incorporation into silicone were effective against most of the microorganisms used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Cevik
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey; and Research Scholar, Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
| | - Gulcin Akca
- Professor, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Basic Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neset Volkan Asar
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Avci
- Epidemiologist, General Directorate of Public Health, Turkish Ministry of Health, Turkey
| | - Sudarat Kiat-Amnuay
- Professor and Section Head, Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, Houston Center for Biomaterials and Biomimetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Associate Professor, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, and Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and Adjunct Professor, Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio
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Mystkowska J, Powojska A, Łysik D, Niewęgłowska J, Bermúdez GSC, Mystkowski A, Makarov D. The Effect of Physiological Incubation on the Properties of Elastic Magnetic Composites for Soft Biomedical Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:7122. [PMID: 34770427 PMCID: PMC8588498 DOI: 10.3390/s21217122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic micro- and nanoparticles (MPs)-based composite materials are widely used in various applications in electronics, biotechnology, and medicine. This group of silicone composites have advantageous magnetic and mechanical properties as well as sufficient flexibility and biocompatibility. These composites can be applied in medicine for biological sensing, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and as remote-controlled microrobots operating in vivo. In this work, the properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based composites with different percentages (30 wt.%, 50 wt.%, 70 wt.%) of NdFeB microparticles as a filler were characterized. The novelty of the work was to determine the influence of the percentage of MP content and physiological conditioning on the properties of the PDMS-MP composites after in vitro incubation. An important essence of the work was a comprehensive study of the properties of materials important from the point of view of medical applications. Materials were tested before and after conditioning in 0.9 wt.% NaCl solution at a temperature of 37 °C. Several studies were carried out, including thermal, physicochemical, and rheological tests. The results show that with an increase of the incubation time, most of the measured thermal and physicochemical parameters decreased. The presence of the magnetic filler, especially at a concentration of 70 wt.%, has a positive effect on thermal stability and physicochemical and rheological properties. The performed tests provided important results, which can lead to further research for a broader application of magnetic composites in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mystkowska
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (A.P.); (D.Ł.); (J.N.)
| | - Anna Powojska
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (A.P.); (D.Ł.); (J.N.)
| | - Dawid Łysik
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (A.P.); (D.Ł.); (J.N.)
| | - Joanna Niewęgłowska
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (A.P.); (D.Ł.); (J.N.)
| | - Gilbert Santiago Cañón Bermúdez
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (G.S.C.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Arkadiusz Mystkowski
- Department of Automatic Control and Robotics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45D, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (G.S.C.B.); (D.M.)
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10
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Nobrega AS, de Moraes Melo Neto CL, de Magalhães Bertoz AP, de Melo Moreno AL, Goiato MC. Influence of Different Pigment Incorporation Methods on the Sorption and Solubility of Medical Silicones. Eur J Dent 2020; 16:521-527. [PMID: 33003238 PMCID: PMC9507615 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study is to verify the influence of three pigment incorporation methods (conventional, mechanical, and industrial) on the sorption and solubility of the MDX4-4210 and A-2186 silicones.
Materials and Methods
The groups formed were based on the silicones used (A-2186 and MDX4-4210), intrinsic pigments (pink, bronze, and black), and pigment incorporation methods (conventional, mechanical, and industrial). The dimensions of all samples were 45-mm diameter (ø) × 1-mm thickness. Readings were taken initially and after 1,008 hours of aging.
Statistical Analysis
Three-way analysis of variance and the Tukey's test were performed (α = 0.05).
Results
For sorption and solubility, there was no difference between the incorporation methods for the A-2186 silicone, regardless of the pigment used (
p
> 0.05). For pink MDX4-4210, the industrial and mechanical methods showed higher values of sorption compared with the conventional method (
p
< 0.05). For bronze MDX4-4210, the industrial method showed a higher sorption value compared with the conventional and mechanical methods (
p
< 0.05). For black MDX4-4210, there was no difference between incorporation methods based on sorption (
p
> 0.05). For pink MDX4-4210, the mechanical method showed a higher solubility value compared with the industrial and conventional methods (
p
< 0.05). For black MDX4-4210 and bronze MDX4-4210, there was no statistically significant difference between incorporation methods based on solubility (p > 0.05).
Conclusion
Based on sorption and solubility, for the A-2186 silicone, the conventional, mechanical, and industrial methods of pigment incorporation were equivalent. For the MDX4-4210 silicone, its results of sorption and solubility were varied, and further studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhara Smith Nobrega
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - André Pinheiro de Magalhães Bertoz
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Luiz de Melo Moreno
- Department of Pediatric and Social Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Coelho Goiato
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Nobrega AS, Malavazi EM, Melo Neto CLDM, Ervolino ICDS, Bannwart LC, Bertoz APDM, Goiato MC. Influence of Different Pigment Incorporation Methods on Color, Dimensional Stability, and Detail Reproduction of Silicones. Eur J Dent 2019; 13:399-404. [PMID: 31795004 PMCID: PMC6890512 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1700768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
To analyze the influence of three pigment incorporation methods on color change, dimensional stability, and detail reproduction of the MDX4–4210 and A-2186 silicones.
Materials and Methods
The A-2186 and MDX4–4210 silicones were used for preparation of samples, with the incorporation of bronze, black and pink pigments, usingconventional, mechanical, and industrial incorporation methods. Samples were submitted to the initial readings of color (
n
= 10; 22-mm diameter × 2-mm thickness), detail reproduction, and dimensional stability (
n
= 10; 30-mm diameter × 3-mm thickness). Readings were also taken at the end of 252, 504 and 1,008 hours of aging cycles.
Results
Quantitative data were evaluated by ANOVA and Tukey test, with a level of significance of 5%. The mechanical and industrial methods caused smaller color changes of all samples compared with the conventional method (
p
< 0.05). In most cases, the mechanical and industrial methods caused less samples’ contraction than the conventional method after aging (
p
< 0.05). The color change values increased progressively in each aging period for all samples (
p
< 0.05). The contraction values increased progressively in each aging period for all samples (
p
< 0.05). In the qualitative analysis of detail reproduction, all samples presented full reproduction of the three grooves, with accurate angles, initially and after the aging periods.
Conclusions
The industrial and mechanical methods showed the best results for color and dimensional stability. Despite the statistical differences, all pigment incorporation methods generated acceptable dimensional and color changes of the MDX4-4210 and A-2186 silicones, regardless of the pigment and aging. In addition, the detail reproduction was satisfactory after aging periods in all cases of this study, showing the excellent quality of the A-2186 and MDX4–4210 silicones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhara Smith Nobrega
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Estefania Marrega Malavazi
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Caroline de Sousa Ervolino
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lisiane Cristina Bannwart
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Coelho Goiato
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Cevik P, Kocacikli M. Three-dimensional printing technologies in the fabrication of maxillofacial prosthesis: A case report. Int J Artif Organs 2019; 43:343-347. [DOI: 10.1177/0391398819887401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Patients with maxillofacial deformities always seek for aesthetic prosthesis. Recently, three-dimensional printing technologies have been used for dental treatments on such patients. Case report: A 24-year-old man reported to the Department of Prosthodontics for replacement of his missing right ear induced by a trauma. A magnet-retained auricular prosthesis was planned for the patient. Three-dimensional scanning was performed on the healthy side by using a three-dimensional optical scanner and the data were mirrored. The mirrored image was then imported to a software and a virtual model of the future prosthesis was obtained for the defect side. A three-dimensional printer was used to fabricate a negative mold for the mirrored image by using additive manufacturing. Initially, an impression of the defect side was made; then, the cast model was obtained in a dental flask. Magnets of the prosthesis were inserted to the acrylic resin framework on the cast model. Room temperature vulcanized silicone elastomer was mixed and poured into the three-dimensionally fabricated mold. Then, the flask was placed over the negative mold firmly. After polymerization of the silicone, the auricular prosthesis was delivered to the patient and the patient was instructed to clean the prosthesis daily. Conclusions: Three-dimensional printing technology was used for the fabrication of the patient’s missing ear. This method eliminated the conventional laboratory steps and reduced the number of stages of the fabrication of a silicone prosthesis. The negative mold of the defect side allowed us a direct fabrication of the silicone prosthesis without a need for waxing or flasking procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Cevik
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kocacikli
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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