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Qiu Y, Wu C, Li J, Tang M, Zhang S, Jing T, Liao Y, Wang H. Effect of TTLL6 expression on CDDP sensitivity of EC109/CDDP cells in hypoxia/acidosis microenvironment. J Cancer 2020; 11:6790-6801. [PMID: 33123270 PMCID: PMC7592002 DOI: 10.7150/jca.47694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance is a major obstacle to the effective treatment of esophageal carcinoma. It occurs more readily in hypoxia and acidosis microenvironment. TTLL6 is one of Tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family members. In this study, the effect of TTLL6 on the regulation of cisplatin (CDDP) sensitivity was evaluated in CDDP-resistant esophageal carcinoma (EC) cells both in vitro and in vivo. In hypoxia/acidosis condition, overexpression of TTLL6 in EC109/CDDP cells significantly lowered the IC50 of CDDP and increased the CDDP-induced apoptosis; while knockdown of TTLL6 expression in EC109/CDDP cells exhibited the opposite effects. Further study showed that, mechanistically, TTLL6 was inversely correlated with ERBB2 and TOPOIIA, and positively correlated with apoptosis-associated factor Caspase 9. Furthermore, animal model confirmed that TTLL6 negatively regulated the growth of xenograft tumor after chemotherapy. Alternated expression of TTLL6 also regulated the expression of ERBB2, TOPOIIA and Caspase 9 in EC109/CDDP cells in vivo. In conclusion, our results suggest that TTLL6 could reverse the drug resistant of EC109/CDDP cells, it might provide a potential treatment strategy for the clinical reversing the chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qiu
- Department of thoracic surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of thoracic surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyao Li
- Department of thoracic surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Department of thoracic surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shixin Zhang
- Department of thoracic surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Jing
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of thoracic surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- Department of thoracic surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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2
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Shahverdi M, Amini R, Amri J, Karami H. Gene Therapy with MiRNA-Mediated Targeting of Mcl-1 Promotes the Sensitivity of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells to Treatment with ABT-737. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:675-681. [PMID: 32212793 PMCID: PMC7437340 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.3.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the dramatic efficacy of ABT-737, a large percentage of cancer cells ultimately become resistance to this drug. Evidences show that over-expression of Mcl-1 is linked to ABT-737 resistance in NSCLC cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of miRNA-101 on Mcl-1 expression and sensitivity of the A549 NSCLC cells to ABT-737. METHODS After miRNA-101 transfection, the Mcl-1 mRNA expression levels were quantified by RT-qPCR. Trypan blue staining was used to explore the effect of miRNA-101 on cell growth. The cytotoxic effects of miRNA-101 and ABT-737, alone and in combination, were measured using MTT assay. The effect of drugs combination was determined using the method of Chou-Talalay. Cell death was assessed using cell death detection ELISA assay kit. RESULTS Results showed that miRNA-101 markedly suppressed the expression of Mcl-1 mRNA in a time dependent manner, which led to A549 cell proliferation inhibition and enhancement of apoptosis (p < 0.05, relative to blank control). Pretreatment with miRNA-101 synergistically decreased the cell survival rate and lowered the IC50 value of ABT-737. Furthermore, miRNA-101 dramatically enhanced the apoptotic effect of ABT-737. Negative control miRNA had no remarkable effect on cellular parameters. CONCLUSIONS Our findings propose that suppression of Mcl-1 by miRNA-101 can effectively inhibit the cell growth and sensitize A549 cells to ABT-737. Therefore, miRNA-101 can be considered as a potential therapeutic target in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Shahverdi
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center,
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine,
| | - Razieh Amini
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine,
| | - Jamal Amri
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
| | - Hadi Karami
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center,
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine,
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3
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Al-Keilani MS, Alzoubi KH, Jaradat SA. The effect of combined treatment with sodium phenylbutyrate and cisplatin, erlotinib, or gefitinib on resistant NSCLC cells. Clin Pharmacol 2018; 10:135-140. [PMID: 30349406 PMCID: PMC6186900 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s174074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy resistance is the main cause of the marginal clinical benefit of platinum-based chemotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Thus, the identification of new therapeutic agents that can enhance the sensitivity of these drugs is of clinical importance. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) are emerging as new promising agents with strong antiproliferative effects against different types of cancers. This study investigates the synergistic potential of sodium phenylbutyrate (NaPB) added on top of standard chemotherapy used against NSCLC. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of NaPB to overcome the resistance of NSCLC cell lines to cisplatin, gefitinib, and erlotinib. Methods MTT cell proliferation assay was used to measure the anticancer effects of cisplatin, erlotinib, or gefitinib alone or combined with various concentrations of NaPB against A549, Calu1, and H1650 NSCLC cell lines. Synergism was estimated by measuring synergy value (R), which is equal to the ratio of IC50 of each primary drug alone divided by combination IC50s. Student’s t-test analysis was used to evaluate the potential differences between IC50 values. ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc was used to evaluate the potential differences among monotherapy and combination treatment groups. Analyses were performed using R 3.3.2 software. P-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results NaPB was shown to inhibit the growth of A549, Calu1, and H1650 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 10, 8.53, and 4.53 mM, respectively). Furthermore, the addition of NaPB along with cisplatin, erlotinib, or gefitinib to A549, Calu1, and H1650 cell lines resulted in a synergistic antiproliferative effect against the three NSCLC cell lines (R>1.6, P-value <0.05), thus suggesting that NaPB can potentiate the effect of cisplatin, erlotinib, and gefitinib on A549, Calu1, and H1650 cell lines. Conclusion Current results suggest a potential role of NaPB as a sensitizing agent in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha S Al-Keilani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan,
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan,
| | - Saied A Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.,Princess Haya Center for Biotechnology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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4
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Chow MJ, Babak MV, Tan KW, Cheong MC, Pastorin G, Gaiddon C, Ang WH. Induction of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway by Highly Cytotoxic Organoruthenium Schiff-Base Complexes. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3020-3031. [PMID: 29979603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current anticancer drug discovery efforts focus on the identification of first-in-class compounds with a mode-of-action distinct from conventional DNA-targeting agents for chemotherapy. An emerging trend is the identification of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting compounds that induce ER stress in cancer cells, leading to cell death. However, a limited pool of such compounds has been identified to date, and there are limited studies done on such compounds to allow for the rational design of ER stress-inducing agents. In our present study, we present a series of highly cytotoxic, ER stress-inducing Ru(II)-arene Schiff-Base (RAS) complexes, bearing iminoquinoline chelate ligands. We demonstrate that by structural modification to the iminoquinoline ligand, we could tune its π-acidity and influence reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction, switching between a ROS-mediated ER stress pathway activation and one that is not mediated by ROS induction. Our current study adds to the available ER stress inducers and shows how structural tuning could be used as a means to modulate the mode-of-action of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Juinn Chow
- Centre for Translational Medicine , Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore , MD6 Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive , 117599 Singapore
| | - Maria V Babak
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore
| | - Kwan Wei Tan
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore
| | - Mei Chi Cheong
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , 117456 Singapore
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- U1113 INSERM , 3 Avenue Molière , Strasbourg 67200 , France.,Oncology Section, FMTS , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg 67200 , France
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , 117456 Singapore
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5
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Mozayan A, Khaled A. Elucidation of Therapeutic Peptide Binding Partners from Isolated Mitochondria. Cureus 2018; 10:e2898. [PMID: 30397556 PMCID: PMC6207275 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CT20p is a protein derived from the C-terminus of Bax. It has selective cytotoxicity for cancer cells, such as the sensitive triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cells, but not normal cells like the resistant MCF-10A epithelial breast cells. To understand the reason for the peptide’s selective toxicity, a "pull-down" experiment with biotinylated CT20p (biotin-CT20p) and whole-cell protein lysates from breast cancer and normal cells were performed. These studies revealed that CT20p binds to a cytosolic protein called chaperonin-containing TCP-1 (CCT), a molecular chaperone that folds actin and tubulin. However, this method could not detect possible rare interactions made by CT20p with mitochondrial proteins. To determine whether CT20p is associated with mitochondrial proteins as part of the mechanism by which it induces cell death, mitochondrial protein lysates from MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10A cells were isolated and a streptavidin-agarose pulldown procedure using biotin-CT20p was performed. Protein interactions were visualized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) using silver staining. The results of the experimental procedure showed that biotin-CT20p did not "pull down" any observable mitochondrial proteins from the sensitive MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating that the peptide may not interact with mitochondrial proteins in breast cancer cells. Rather, the interactions observed with biotin-CT20p were with mitochondrial proteins derived from resistant MCF-10A cells, indicating that these interactions were not driving the cancer-selective cell death process. The absence of CT20p-associated proteins from the mitochondrial lysates of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells supports the hypothesis that CT20p, unlike the parent protein, Bax, exerts its cytotoxic effects via a cytosolic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mozayan
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
| | - Annette Khaled
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
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6
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Yang Q, Wu J, Luo Y, Huang N, Zhen N, Zhou Y, Sun F, Li Z, Pan Q, Li Y. (-)-Guaiol regulates RAD51 stability via autophagy to induce cell apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:62585-62597. [PMID: 27566579 PMCID: PMC5308748 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-Guaiol, generally known as an antibacterial compound, has been found in many medicinal plants. Its roles in tumor suppression are still under investigation. In the study, we mainly focused on exploring its applications in dealing with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the underlying mechanisms. Here, we show that (-)-Guaiol significantly inhibits cell growth of NSCLC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Further high throughput analysis reveals that RAD51, a pivotal factor in homologous recombination repair, is a potential target for it. The following mechanism studies show that (-)-Guaiol is involved in cell autophagy to regulate the expression of RAD51, leading to double-strand breaks triggered cell apoptosis. Moreover, targeting RAD51, which is highly overexpressed in the lung adenocarcinoma tissues, can significantly increase the chemosensitivity of NSCLC cells to (-)-Guaiol both in vitro and in vivo. All in all, our studies provide an attractive insight in applying (-)-Guaiol into NSCLC treatments and further suggest that knockdown of oncogenic RAD51 will greatly enhance the chemosensitivity of patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jianchun Wu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Yingbin Luo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Ni Zhen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Fenyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Yangpu Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Qiuhui Pan
- Central Laboratory, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
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7
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Zhang G, Wang C, Sun M, Li J, Wang B, Jin C, Hua P, Song G, Zhang Y, Nguyen LLH, Cui R, Liu R, Wang L, Zhang X. Cinobufagin inhibits tumor growth by inducing intrinsic apoptosis through AKT signaling pathway in human nonsmall cell lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:28935-46. [PMID: 26959116 PMCID: PMC5045368 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cinobufagin (CB) has a broad spectrum of cytotoxicity to inhibit cell proliferation of various human cancer cell lines, but the molecular mechanisms still remain elusive. Here we observed that CB inhibited the cell proliferation and tumor growth, but induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Treatment with CB significantly increased the reactive oxygen species but decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in NSCLC cells. These effects were markedly blocked when the cells were pretreated with N-acetylcysteine, a specific reactive oxygen species inhibitor. Furthermore, treatment with CB induced the expression of BAX but reduced that of BCL-2, BCL-XL and MCL-1, leading to an activation of caspase-3, chromatin condensation and DNA degradation in order to induce programmed cell death in NSCLC cells. In addition, treatment with CB reduced the expressions of p-AKTT308 and p-AKTS473 and inhibited the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in NSCLC cells in a time-dependent manner. Our results suggest that CB inhibits tumor growth by inducing intrinsic apoptosis through the AKT signaling pathway in NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Integrative Endemic Area, Tongji Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Mei Sun
- Department of Pathology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Jindong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Chengyan Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Peiyan Hua
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Lisa L H Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Runhua Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Lizhong Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Xingyi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
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8
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Kumari K, Keshari S, Sengupta D, Sabat SC, Mishra SK. Transcriptome analysis of genes associated with breast cancer cell motility in response to Artemisinin treatment. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:858. [PMID: 29246124 PMCID: PMC5732364 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Well-known anti-malarial drug artemisinin exhibits potent anti-cancerous activities. In-vivo and in-vitro studies showed its anti-tumor and immunomodulatory properties signifying it as a potent drug candidate for study. The studies of mechanisms of cell movement are relevant which can be understood by knowing the involvement of genes in an effect of a drug. Although cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative activity of artemisinin is evident, the genes participating in its anti-migratory and reduced invasive effect are not well studied. The present study reports the alteration in the expression of 84 genes involved in cell motility upon artemisinin treatment in MCF-7 breast cancer cells using pathway focused gene expression PCR array. In addition, the effect of artemisinin on epigenetic modifier HDACs is studied. Methods We checked the functional stimulus of artemisinin on cell viability, migration, invasion and apoptosis in breast cancerous cell lines. Using qRT-PCR and western blot, we validated the altered expression of relevant genes associated with proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis and mammary gland development. Results Artemisinin inhibited cell proliferation of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cells with fewer efficacies in comparison to estrogen receptor positive ones. At the same time, cell viability and proliferation of normal breast epithelial MCF10A cells was un-affected. Artemisinin strongly inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion. Along with orphan nuclear receptors (ERRα, ERRβ and ERRγ), artemisinin altered the ERα/ERβ/PR/Her expression status of MCF-7 cells. The expression of genes involved in the signaling pathways associated with proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis was significantly altered which cooperatively resulted into reduced growth promoting activities of breast cancer cells. Interestingly, artemisinin exhibited inhibitory effect on histone deacetylases (HDACs). Conclusions Upregulated expression of tumor suppressor genes along with reduced expression of oncogenes significantly associated with growth stimulating signaling pathways in response to artemisinin treatment suggests its efficacy as an effective drug in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Kumari
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (Government of India), Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | | | | | - Surendra C Sabat
- Molecular biology of abiotic stress, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Sandip K Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (Government of India), Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India.
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9
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Zang H, Peng J, Wang W, Fan S. Roles of microRNAs in the resistance to platinum based chemotherapy in the non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer 2017; 8:3856-3861. [PMID: 29151973 PMCID: PMC5688939 DOI: 10.7150/jca.21267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival among patients with lung tumors, in particular non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). But the predicament of drug resistance in NSCLC patients is frustrating us. The profiles of microRNAs are different between platinum chemotherapy resistant and sensitive NSCLC cells. Researches regarding microRNAs and their targets, in platinum drug resistant cases, illuminate novel ideals for platinum-based chemotherapy for NSCLC patients. Therefore, in this review we will focus on three aspects: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell proliferation and apoptosis, and the roles of microRNAs in cisplatin (CDDP) and carboplatin (CBP) resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjing Zang
- Department of Pathology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Jianlun Peng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Weiyuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Songqing Fan
- Department of Pathology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
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10
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Yamagata K, Izawa Y, Onodera D, Tagami M. Chlorogenic acid regulates apoptosis and stem cell marker-related gene expression in A549 human lung cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 441:9-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Yamagata K, Fujiwara A, Onodera D, Motoki T. Lutein Regulates the Expression of Apoptosis-related Genes and Stem Cell Markers in A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The BCL2 family has both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic functions. Furthermore, stem cell markers such as Oct4, SOX2, and NANOG enhance cancer cells’ self-renewal, resistance to anti-cancer drugs and clonal growth. Therefore, selective inhibition of BCL2 genes and downregulated expression of stem cell markers should reduce the survival of cancer cells. Previous studies have reported that lutein, a carotenoid pigment present in fruits and vegetables, can inhibit cancer cells. However, the inhibitory effects of lutein on cancer cells have not been investigated sufficiently. In this study, we used gene expression analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting to show that lutein regulates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis and several stem cell marker genes in a human lung cancer cell line, A549. Lutein induced gene expression of pro-apoptotic BAX and CAS3 and reduced the level of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2. Furthermore, protein expression of BCL2 and BAX was regulated by treatment with lutein. Lutein also inhibited SOX2 and NANOG gene expression in A549, but not POU5F1. In addition, lutein reduced gene expression of SLCA11, but induced CD44 and CD133 gene expression. These results indicated that lutein inhibits several events associated with apoptosis regulation in a BCL2 family-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University (NUBS), 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayame Fujiwara
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University (NUBS), 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daiki Onodera
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University (NUBS), 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tagami Motoki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanraku Hospital, Kanda-Surugadai 2–5, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Chow MJ, Alfiean M, Pastorin G, Gaiddon C, Ang WH. Apoptosis-independent organoruthenium anticancer complexes that overcome multidrug resistance: self-assembly and phenotypic screening strategies. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3641-3649. [PMID: 30155208 PMCID: PMC6094174 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00497d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance is a major impediment to chemotherapy and limits the efficacies of conventional anticancer drugs. A strategy to bypass multidrug resistance is to develop new drug candidates capable of inducing apoptosis-independent programmed cell death. However, cellular pathways implicated in alternative programmed cell death are not well-elucidated and multifactorial, making a target-based discovery approach a challenge. Here, we show that a coordination-directed three-component assembly and phenotypic screening strategy could be employed as a viable alternative for the identification of apoptosis-independent organoruthenium anticancer agents. Through an on-plate synthesis and screening of 195 organoruthenium complexes against apoptosis-sensitive and -resistant cancers, we identified two apoptosis-independent hits. Subsequent validation of the two hits showed a lack of induction of apoptotic biomarkers, a caspase-independent activity and an equal efficacy in both apoptosis-sensitive and -resistant colorectal cancers. This validated their apoptosis-independent modes-of-action, paving the way as potential candidates for the treatment of highly-refractory cancer phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Juinn Chow
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore .
| | - Mohammad Alfiean
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences , Nanyang Polytechnic , Singapore
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , Singapore . ; Tel: +65 6516 5131
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
- U1113 INSERM , 3 Avenue Molière , Strasbourg 67200 , France
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 Singapore .
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , Singapore . ; Tel: +65 6516 5131
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13
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Yakisich JS, Venkatadri R, Azad N, Iyer AKV. Chemoresistance of Lung and Breast Cancer Cells Growing Under Prolonged Periods of Serum Starvation. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2033-2043. [PMID: 27504932 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of chemotherapy is hindered by both tumor heterogeneity and acquired or intrinsic multi-drug resistance caused by the contribution of multidrug resistance proteins and stemness-associated prosurvival markers. Therefore, targeting multi-drug resistant cells would be much more effective against cancer. In this study, we characterized the chemoresistance properties of adherent (anchorage-dependent) lung H460 and breast MCF-7 cancer cells growing under prolonged periods of serum starvation (PPSS). We found that under PPSS, both cell lines were highly resistant to Paclitaxel, Colchicine, Hydroxyurea, Obatoclax, Wortmannin, and LY294002. Levels of several proteins associated with increased stemness such as Sox2, MDR1, ABCG2, and Bcl-2 were found to be elevated in H460 cells but not in MCF-7 cells. While pharmacological inhibition of either MDR1, ABCG2, Bcl-2 with Verapamil, Sorafenib, or Obatoclax, respectively decreased the levels of their target proteins under routine culture conditions as expected, such inhibition did not reverse PX resistance in PPSS conditions. Paradoxically, treatment with inhibitors in serum-starved conditions produced an elevation of their respective target proteins. In addition, we found that Digitoxin, an FDA approved drug that decrease the viability of cancer cells growing under PPSS, downregulates the expression of Sox2, MDR1, phospho- AKT, Wnt5a/b, and β-catenin. Our data suggest that PPSS-induced chemoresistance is the result of extensive rewiring of intracellular signaling networks and that multi-resistance can be effectively overcome by simultaneously targeting multiple targets of the rewired network. Furthermore, our PPSS model provides a simple and useful tool to screen drugs for their ability to target multiple pathways of cancer resistance. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2033-2043, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sebastian Yakisich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Rajkumar Venkatadri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Neelam Azad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Anand Krishnan V Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia
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14
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CHEN SHI, WANG QIAN, ZHOU XIANMEI, ZHU JIPING, LI TIAN, HUANG MAO. MicroRNA-27b reverses docetaxel resistance of non-small cell lung carcinoma cells via targeting epithelial growth factor receptor. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:949-54. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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15
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Wang X, Liu H, Zhao C, Li W, Xu H, Chen Y. The DEAD-box RNA helicase 51 controls non-small cell lung cancer proliferation by regulating cell cycle progression via multiple pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26108. [PMID: 27198888 PMCID: PMC4873746 DOI: 10.1038/srep26108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic regulation of cell cycle progression and cell proliferation plays a role in the growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), one of the most common causes of cancer-related mortality. Although DEAD-box RNA helicases are known to play a role in cancer development, including lung cancer, the potential involvement of the novel family member DDX51 has not yet been investigated. In the current study we assessed the role of DDX51 in NSCLC using a siRNA-based approach. DDX51 siRNA-expressing cells exhibited a slower cell proliferation rate and underwent arrest in S-phase of the cell cycle compared with control cells. Microarray analyses revealed that DDX51siRNA expression resulted in the dysregulation of a number of cell signalling pathways. Moreover, injection of DDX51 siRNA into an animal model resulted in the formation of smaller tumours compared with the control group. We also assessed the expression of DDX51 in patients with NSCLC, and the data revealed that the expression was correlated with patient age but no other risk factors. Overall, our data suggest for the first time that DDX51 aids cell cancer proliferation by regulating multiple signalling pathways, and that this protein might be a therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Respiration; Anhui Clinical and Preclinical Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases; First Affiliated Hospital; Bengbu Medical College; Bengbu 233000, Anhui China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital; Bengbu Medical College; Bengbu 233000, Anhui China
| | - Chengling Zhao
- Department of Respiration; Anhui Clinical and Preclinical Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases; First Affiliated Hospital; Bengbu Medical College; Bengbu 233000, Anhui China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Respiration; Anhui Clinical and Preclinical Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases; First Affiliated Hospital; Bengbu Medical College; Bengbu 233000, Anhui China
| | - Huanbai Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Respiration; Anhui Clinical and Preclinical Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases; First Affiliated Hospital; Bengbu Medical College; Bengbu 233000, Anhui China
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16
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Lin CH, Chang CY, Lee KR, Lin HJ, Lin WC, Chen TH, Wan L. Cold-water extracts of Grifola frondosa and its purified active fraction inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1374-85. [PMID: 27013543 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216640149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms are used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a variety of diseases. Grifola frondosa (GF) is an edible mushroom indigenous to many Asian countries with a large fruiting body characterized by overlapping caps. In particular, GF is known for its anti-tumor activity, which has been targeted by scientific and clinical research. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the cold-water extract of GF (GFW) and its active fraction (GFW-GF) on autophagy and apoptosis, and the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo Our results revealed that GFW and GFW-GF inhibited phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and stimulated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways, thereby inducing autophagy. We also demonstrated that GFW and GFW-GF inhibited proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in Hep3B hepatoma cells. GFW and GFW-GF markedly arrested cells in S phase and promoted cleavage of caspase-3 and -9. In addition, GFW and GFW-GF decreased the expression levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. We also found that GFW significantly inhibited tumor growth in nude mice implanted with Hep3B cells. Our work demonstrates that GF and its active fraction inhibit hepatoma growth by inducing autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Rong Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chou Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan Department of Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ter-Hsin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Lei Wan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan Department of Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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17
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Zhong G, Chen X, Fang X, Wang D, Xie M, Chen Q. Fra-1 is upregulated in lung cancer tissues and inhibits the apoptosis of lung cancer cells by the P53 signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:447-53. [PMID: 26549498 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fos-related antigen-1 (Fra-1) is a member of the activator protein-1 transcription factor superfamily. It plays important roles in oncogenesis in various types of malignancies. Herein, we investigated the expression of Fra-1 in lung cancer tissues by qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blot technologies. The results showed that Fra-1 was overexpressed in the lung cancer tissues when compared with the level in the adjacent non-cancerous tissues. To explore the possible mechanism of Fra-1 in lung cancer, we elucidated the effect of Fra-1 on the apoptosis of lung cancer H460 cells, and found that the rate of cell apoptosis was decreased in the H460/Fra-1 cells compared with the H460 or H460/vector cells. Cell apoptosis is closely related with a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium ion (Ca2+) concentrations. Our results showed that overexpression of Fra-1 in the lung cancer H460 cells, led to an increase in ΔΨm and and a decrease in intracellular ROS and Ca2+ concentrations. Furthermore, we found that Fra-1 was correlated with dysregulation of the P53 signaling pathway in lung cancer tissues in vitro. At the same time, we found that Fra-1 overexpression affected the expression of MDM2 and P53 in vivo. In summary, our results suggest that Fra-1 is upregulated in lung cancer tissues and functions by affecting the P53 signaling pathway in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Zhong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xia Fang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Mingxuan Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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18
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Proteomic Analysis of Anticancer TCMs Targeted at Mitochondria. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:539260. [PMID: 26568766 PMCID: PMC4629060 DOI: 10.1155/2015/539260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a rich resource of anticancer drugs. Increasing bioactive natural compounds extracted from TCMs are known to exert significant antitumor effects, but the action mechanisms of TCMs are far from clear. Proteomics, a powerful platform to comprehensively profile drug-regulated proteins, has been widely applied to the mechanistic investigation of TCMs and the identification of drug targets. In this paper, we discuss several bioactive TCM products including terpenoids, flavonoids, and glycosides that were extensively investigated by proteomics to illustrate their antitumor mechanisms in various cancers. Interestingly, many of these natural compounds isolated from TCMs mostly exert their tumor-suppressing functions by specifically targeting mitochondria in cancer cells. These TCM components induce the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of cytochrome c, and the accumulation of ROS, initiating apoptosis cascade signaling. Proteomics provides systematic views that help to understand the molecular mechanisms of the TCM in tumor cells; it bears the inherent limitations in uncovering the drug-protein interactions, however. Subcellular fractionation may be coupled with proteomics to capture and identify target proteins in mitochondria-enriched lysates. Furthermore, translating mRNA analysis, a new technology profiling the drug-regulated genes in translatome level, may be integrated into the systematic investigation, revealing global information valuable for understanding the action mechanism of TCMs.
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19
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Zhu GC, Gao L, He J, Long Y, Liao S, Wang H, Li X, Yi W, Pei Z, Wu M, Xiang J, Peng S, Ma J, Zhou M, Zeng Z, Xiang B, Xiong W, Tang K, Cao L, Li X, Li G, Zhou Y. CD90 is upregulated in gastric cancer tissues and inhibits gastric cancer cell apoptosis by modulating the expression level of SPARC protein. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2497-506. [PMID: 26329007 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 90 (CD90) (Thy-1) plays important roles in the oncogenesis in various types of malignancies. In the present study, we investigated the expression of CD90 in gastric cancer (GC) tissues by q-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and western blot technologies. The results showed that CD90 was overexpressed in gastric cancer tissues compared with the level in the adjacent non‑cancerous tissues. To explore the possible mechanism of CD90 in GC, we elucidated the effect of CD90 on the apoptosis of AGS gastric cancer cells, and found that a considerable decrease in apoptotic cells was observed for AGS cells with CD90 overexpression. Meanwhile, the rate of apoptotic cells was increased in the AGS cells with CD90 interference (siCD90) compared with that in the AGS cells. Cell apoptosis is closely related to a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium ion (Ca2+) concentrations. Our results showed that overexpression of CD90 in the AGS gastric cancer cells led to an increase in ΔΨm and a decrease in intracellular ROS and Ca2+ concentrations. At the same time, siCD90 reduced ΔΨm and the increase in intracellular ROS and Ca2+ concentrations. Furthermore, we identified and confirmed that CD90 functions by modulating the expression level of secreted protein, acidic, cysteine‑rich (osteonectin) (SPARC) in vitro through LC‑MS/MS analyses and western blot technology. In summary, our results suggest that CD90 is upregulated in gastric cancer and inhibits gastric cancer cell apoptosis by modulating the expression level of SPARC protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chao Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Lu Gao
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Junyu He
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yuehua Long
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Shan Liao
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Haiyun Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Xujuan Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yi
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Pei
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Juanjuan Xiang
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Shuping Peng
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ma
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Bo Xiang
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Ke Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Li Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
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