1
|
Sax AJ. Osseous Stress Injuries: Treatment Algorithms and Return to Play. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2024; 28:130-138. [PMID: 38484765 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1778030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Osseous stress injuries are common in athletes. Specifically, lower extremity injuries are prevalent in running athletes and upper extremity injuries are prevalent in throwing athletes. Such injuries are suspected when there is focal bone tenderness and increased pain with the inciting activity. In elite athletes, osseous stress injuries are a relatively common culprit in lost play time. Thus rapid diagnosis and treatment is imperative to expedite return to play (RTP). The radiologist's role in these cases is not only for diagnosis, but also to grade the injury, which has implications in determining a treatment regimen. The high sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance imaging is thus the preferred imaging modality. This article discusses common osseous stress injuries, the imaging findings, and how different treatment regimens affect RTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra J Sax
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baert M, Vandekerckhove M, Vanlommel J. Stress Fracture after Arthroscopic Lesser Trochanter Resection: Diagnosis and Therapy. Hip Pelvis 2024; 36:70-75. [PMID: 38420740 DOI: 10.5371/hp.2024.36.1.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We report on the case of a 52-year-old female who presented with a stress fracture after undergoing an endoscopic resection of the lesser trochanter in ischiofemoral impingement, which was resistant to maximal conservative treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this complication has not been previously described. Non-weight-bearing and intravenous alendronic acid were prescribed for management. No additional surgery was required. The patient was pain free with the ability to perform sports on the same level as before and had no complaints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Baert
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, AZ Sint-Lucas, Brugge, Belgium
| | | | - Jan Vanlommel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, AZ Sint-Lucas, Brugge, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rice H, Kurz M, Mai P, Robertz L, Bill K, Derrick TR, Willwacher S. Speed and surface steepness affect internal tibial loading during running. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:118-124. [PMID: 36931595 PMCID: PMC10818105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internal tibial loading is influenced by modifiable factors with implications for the risk of stress injury. Runners encounter varied surface steepness (gradients) when running outdoors and may adapt their speed according to the gradient. This study aimed to quantify tibial bending moments and stress at the anterior and posterior peripheries when running at different speeds on surfaces of different gradients. METHODS Twenty recreational runners ran on a treadmill at 3 different speeds (2.5 m/s, 3.0 m/s, and 3.5 m/s) and gradients (level: 0%; uphill: +5%, +10%, and +15%; downhill: -5%, -10%, and -15%). Force and marker data were collected synchronously throughout. Bending moments were estimated at the distal third centroid of the tibia about the medial-lateral axis by ensuring static equilibrium at each 1% of stance. Stress was derived from bending moments at the anterior and posterior peripheries by modeling the tibia as a hollow ellipse. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance were conducted using both functional and discrete statistical analyses. RESULTS There were significant main effects for running speed and gradient on peak bending moments and peak anterior and posterior stress. Higher running speeds resulted in greater tibial loading. Running uphill at +10% and +15% resulted in greater tibial loading than level running. Running downhill at -10% and -15% resulted in reduced tibial loading compared to level running. There was no difference between +5% or -5% and level running. CONCLUSION Running at faster speeds and uphill on gradients ≥+10% increased internal tibial loading, whereas slower running and downhill running on gradients ≥-10% reduced internal loading. Adapting running speed according to the gradient could be a protective mechanism, providing runners with a strategy to minimize the risk of tibial stress injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rice
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo 0806, Norway.
| | - Markus Kurz
- Sports Tech Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund SE-831 25, Sweden; Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg 77652, Germany
| | - Patrick Mai
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg 77652, Germany; Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Leon Robertz
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Kevin Bill
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Timothy R Derrick
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg 77652, Germany; Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50933, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McDaniel M, Eltman NR, Pan J, Swanson RL. Evaluation of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on Stress Fractures to Reduce the Time to Return to Sport or Activity in the Physically Active Population: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e49129. [PMID: 38024090 PMCID: PMC10659586 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress fractures are a common and significant source of pain and burden that can require long periods of rest from physical activity to allow adequate healing. Specifically in athletes or those with physically demanding occupations, the prolonged period of rest and the potential for requiring surgical intervention in the case of poor or delayed healing can have devastating impacts on these individuals' careers and socioeconomic well-being. In this population, successful healing, in addition to a quicker healing time and a sooner return to activity, are important outcomes when faced with treating stress fractures. The use of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) to accelerate bone healing has been a topic of investigation, though little research has explored the use of LIPUS specifically in the physically active population. The purpose of this study was to review the existing literature on the use of LIPUS for stress fracture healing in the physically active population with the outcome of a quicker return to sport or physical duties. The PubMed and Embase databases were screened for relevant articles using defined Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Two independent researchers screened articles using PICOS criteria for inclusion in the review. Data were independently extracted regarding study and population characteristics as well as outcome measures, including time to healing of fractures and time to return to sport or physical activity. Five studies were ultimately included in the systematic review. One study investigated the use of LIPUS in pediatric athletes with spondylolysis, while four studies investigated lower extremity stress fractures in adult populations. All reported the outcomes of either rate or time to healing and ability to return to sport or activity. One study found a statistically significant improvement in the rate of bone union in the intervention group undergoing LIPUS compared to the control. Two studies found a statistically significant decrease in the time to resolution of symptoms, allowing an earlier return to sport or physical duties. Two studies found no difference in the time to healing or success rate of healing between the LIPUS group and the control group. This review of the literature suggests that the use of LIPUS for the treatment of stress fractures in the athletic or physically active population has the potential to expedite the resolution of symptoms and return to activity. Due to the heterogeneity of the existing studies, more research is needed to definitively determine the most appropriate clinical application of LIPUS and its most effective ultrasound settings. Further research should be directed toward more controlled studies specifically investigating the athletic and physically active population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mackinzie McDaniel
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Nicholas R Eltman
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Cpl. Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, USA
| | - Jason Pan
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Randel L Swanson
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Cpl. Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morimoto S, Iseki T, Shimmyo A, Tachibana T. Stress fracture of the lateral talar process in a male basketball player treated by percutaneous screw fixation: A case report. J Orthop Sci 2023; 28:1555-1560. [PMID: 34801344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Morimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Iseki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Airi Shimmyo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Tachibana
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lohrer H. [High-risk stress fractures in competitive athletes]. UNFALLCHIRURGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 126:848-855. [PMID: 37341736 DOI: 10.1007/s00113-023-01339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Bone stress injuries are chronic overload reactions of the bone, which are characterized by the load-dependent occurrence of locally perceived pain and tenderness on palpation at the site of the injury. Structurally normal bone becomes fatigued as a result of repetitive submaximal loading and/or inadequate regeneration. Certain stress fractures of the femoral neck (tension side), patella, anterior tibial cortex, medial malleolus, talus, tarsal navicular bone, proximal fifth metatarsal, and sesamoid bones of the great toe tend to develop complications (complete fractures, delayed union, pseudarthrosis, dislocation, arthrosis). These injuries are classified as high-risk stress fractures. Aggressive diagnostics and treatment are recommended when a high-risk stress fracture is suspected. Treatment is frequently different from low-risk stress fractures, including prolonged non-weight-bearing immobilization. In rare cases, surgery is indicated when conservative treatment fails, when a complete or non-healing fracture develops, or in cases of dislocation. The outcomes of both conservative and operative treatment are described as less successful compared with low-risk stress injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Lohrer
- ESN - European SportsCare Network, Zentrum für Sportorthopädie, Borsigstr. 2, 65205, Wiesbaden-Nordenstadt, Deutschland.
- Institut für Sport und Sportwissenschaft, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Deutschland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang K, Sambandam S, Yan MJ, Huo M. Femoral neck stress fracture return to activity and the effect of metabolic dysfunction on recovery: A systematic review. J Orthop 2023; 43:79-92. [PMID: 37545869 PMCID: PMC10400407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2023.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Femoral neck stress fractures are rare fractures traditionally found in athletes and military personnel. There is limited literature on return to activity. Objectives To report return to activity rates and times, and long-term outcomes for femoral neck stress fractures reported in the literature. To examine the effects of bone metabolic dysfunction and surgical management on return to activity following FNSF. Research design & methods A systematic literature review of case reports and case series on adults with femoral neck stress fracture that were diagnosed by gross fracture line on X-ray or gold-standard diagnosis with MRI was conducted. Initial search was limited to articles published from January 1997 to Jan 2023 listed in Medline, Embase, and Scopus. Additional articles were manually added via search of retained paper sources. Patient demographics, fracture type, return to activity time, and surgical vs non-surgical treatment modality were collected. In addition, long-term outcomes and metabolic effects, if reported, were abstracted. Results A total of 40 case reports or case series were retained. 123 stress fractures of the femoral neck from 103 patients were compiled. Of the 103 patients, data on return to activity at least one year following treatment was available for 53 patients. 71% (37/53) of those with long-term follow-up information returned to full pre-injury activity. 24% (13/53) at long-term follow-up had functional recovery but did not return to pre-injury activity due to residual pain. 4% (3/53) had disabling pain. Metabolic workup information was available for 36 patients. Conclusion Long-term follow-up and return to activity information following FNSF treatment are not commonly reported. Based on the available data, outcomes appear benign with most returning to full activity. There is a clear need for standardization of follow-up periods and hip function measure after FNSF treatment. Additionally, a sizable proportion of FNSF occurred in a new population of low-activity individuals with abnormal bone metabolism, which warrants further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Yang
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States
| | - Senthil Sambandam
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States
- Veteran's Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States
| | - Matthew J. Yan
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, United States
| | - Michael Huo
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Malliaropoulos N, Bikos G, Tsifountoudis I, Alaseirlis D, Christodoulou D, Padhiar N, Maffulli N. Therapeutic ultrasound related pain threshold in elite track & field athletes with tibial bone stress injuries. Surgeon 2023; 21:225-229. [PMID: 35927163 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tibial stress injuries are challenging in terms of early diagnosis, management strategy, and safe return-to-play. In the present study, pain production associated with the application of therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) was used as a primary diagnostic tool to assess tibial bone stress injuries, and the sensitivity of this procedure was compared with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). SUBJECT AND METHODS The study was designed as a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on tibial bone stress injuries in elite Track and field athletes attending the National Track and Field Athletics Centre in Thessaloniki, Greece, in the period 1995-2007. All patients underwent evaluation by TUS, and the sensitivity of the procedure was compared with MRI. RESULTS Four of 29 athletes showed a positive TUS examination for stress injury while MRI showed normal findings. Additionally, 5 athletes evidenced MRI findings typical of a tibial bone stress injury, while TUS evaluation was negative. Using MRI as the standard, TUS displayed a sensitivity of 79.2%. CONCLUSION Therapeutic ultrasound is a reproducible modality with satisfactory reliability and sensitivity related to MRI, and could represent a useful tool for clinicians to primarily assess suspected tibial bone stress injuries in high qualification Track and Field athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Malliaropoulos
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinic, Asklipiou, Thessaloniki, Greece; Sports Clinic, Rheumatology Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK; Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK.
| | - Georgios Bikos
- Euromedica-Arogi Rehabilitation Clinic, Pylaia, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Dimosthenis Alaseirlis
- General Clinic-Euromedica, Thessaloniki, Greece; First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Nat Padhiar
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK; London Sports Care, BMI London Independent Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK; First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Salerno, Italy; Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University School of Medicine, Stoke on Trent, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Robertson GAJ, Sinha A, Hodkinson T, Koç T. Return to sport following toe phalanx fractures: A systematic review. World J Orthop 2023; 14:471-484. [PMID: 37377988 PMCID: PMC10292062 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v14.i6.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence-based guidance on return to sport following toe phalanx fractures is limited.
AIM To systemically review all studies recording return to sport following toe phalanx fractures (both acute fractures and stress fractures), and to collate information on return rates to sport (RRS) and mean return times (RTS) to the sport.
METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and Google Scholar was performed in December 2022 using the keywords ‘Toe’, ‘Phalanx’, ‘Fracture’, ‘injury’, ‘athletes’, ‘sports’, ‘non-operative’, ‘conservative’, ‘operative’, ‘return to sport’. All studies which recorded RRS and RTS following toe phalanx fractures were included.
RESULTS Thirteen studies were included: one retrospective cohort study and twelve case series. Seven studies reported on acute fractures. Six studies reported on stress fractures. For the acute fractures (n = 156), 63 were treated with primary conservative management (PCM), 6 with primary surgical management (PSM) (all displaced intra-articular (physeal) fractures of the great toe base of the proximal phalanx), 1 with secondary surgical management (SSM) and 87 did not specify treatment modality. For the stress fractures (n = 26), 23 were treated with PCM, 3 with PSM, and 6 with SSM. For acute fractures, RRS with PCM ranged from 0 to 100%, and RTS with PCM ranged from 1.2 to 24 wk. For acute fractures, RRS with PSM were all 100%, and RTS with PSM ranged from 12 to 24 wk. One case of an undisplaced intra-articular (physeal) fracture treated conservatively required conversion to SSM on refracture with a return to sport. For stress fractures, RRS with PCM ranged from 0% to 100%, and RTS with PCM ranged from 5 to 10 wk. For stress fractures, RRS with PSM were all 100%, and RTS with surgical management ranged from 10 to 16 wk. Six cases of conservatively-managed stress fractures required conversion to SSM. Two of these cases were associated with a prolonged delay to diagnosis (1 year, 2 years) and four cases with an underlying deformity [hallux valgus (n = 3), claw toe (n = 1)]. All six cases returned to the sport after SSM.
CONCLUSION The majority of sport-related toe phalanx fractures (acute and stress) are managed conservatively with overall satisfactory RRS and RTS. For acute fractures, surgical management is indicated for displaced, intra-articular (physeal) fractures, which offers satisfactory RRS and RTS. For stress fractures, surgical management is indicated for cases with delayed diagnosis and established non-union at presentation, or with significant underlying deformity: both can expect satisfactory RRS and RTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greg A J Robertson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth PO6 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Sinha
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Wales Deanery, Cardiff CF15 7QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Hodkinson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull HU3 2JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Togay Koç
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lavigne A, Chicoine D, Esculier JF, Desmeules F, Frémont P, Dubois B. The Role of Footwear, Foot Orthosis, and Training-Related Strategies in the Prevention of Bone Stress Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2023; 16:721-743. [PMID: 37649463 PMCID: PMC10464778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of footwear, foot orthoses and training-related strategies to prevent lower extremity bone stress injury (BSI). Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Four bibliographic databases (from inception until November 2021): Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL. Eligibility criteria Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the risk of developing a BSI when using particular footwear, foot orthoses or training-related strategies such as muscle strengthening, stretching, and mechanical loading exercises. Results Eleven studies were included in this systematic review. When wearing foot orthoses, the risk ratio of developing a BSI on any lower extremity bone is 0.47 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.87; p = 0.02). When doing pre-exercise dynamic stretching, the risk ratio of suffering a tibial BSI is 1.06 (95% CI 0.67 to 1.68; p = 0.79). No meta-analyses could be performed for footwear or training-related strategies. The quality of evidence for all these results is low considering the high risk of bias in each study, the low number of studies and the low number of cases in each study. Conclusion This systematic review reveals the lack of high-quality studies in BSI prevention. Based on studies at high risk of bias, foot orthoses could potentially help prevent BSIs in the military setting. It is still unknown whether footwear and training-related strategies have any benefits. It is crucial to further investigate potential BSI prevention strategies in women and athletes. Research is also needed to assess the influence of running shoes and loading management on BSI incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lavigne
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, CANADA
| | | | - Jean-François Esculier
- The Running Clinic, Lac Beauport, QC, CANADA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, QC, CANADA
| | - François Desmeules
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, CANADA
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC, CANADA
| | - Pierre Frémont
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CANADA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tarsal Navicular Stress Fractures: A Rare Soccer Injury Twelve-Year Follow-Up of the First Reported Case in a Professional Player and Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC THERAPY AND TRAINING 2023. [DOI: 10.1123/ijatt.2022-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Tarsal navicular stress fractures are rare injuries, mostly occurring in long-distance runners, jumpers, and occasionally affecting athletes in high-contact sports such as rugby or American/Australian football. This condition generally represents a clinical challenge, resulting in considerable diagnostic delays. While the ideal treatment is still controversial, surgical treatment seems to provide good results in recovering function and return to play. Tarsal navicular stress fractures have been extremely rare in soccer players; only seven published cases have been located to date. This article is a paradigmatic report on a professional player with this injury and a successful outcome after a 12-year follow-up.
Collapse
|
12
|
Costa TMDRL, Borba VZC, Correa RGP, Moreira CA. Stress fractures. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2022; 66:765-773. [PMID: 36382766 PMCID: PMC10118812 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stress fractures (SF) represent 10%-20% of all injuries in sport medicine. An SF occurs when abnormal and repetitive loading is applied on normal bone: The body cannot adapt quickly enough, leading to microdamage and fracture. The etiology is multifactorial with numerous risk factors involved. Diagnosis of SF can be achieved by identifying intrinsic and extrinsic factors, obtaining a good history, performing a physical exam, and ordering laboratory and imaging studies (magnetic resonance imaging is the current gold standard). Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) is a known risk factor. In addition, for women, it is very important know the menstrual status to identify long periods of amenorrhea in the past and the present. Early detection is important to improve the chance of symptom resolution with conservative treatment. Common presentation involves complaints of localized pain, with or without swelling, and tenderness on palpation of bony structures that begins earlier in training and progressively worsens with activity over a 2- to 3-week period. Appropriate classification of SF based on type, location, grading, and low or high risk is critical in guiding treatment strategies and influencing the time to return to sport. Stress injuries at low-risk sites are typically managed conservatively. Studies have suggested that calcium and vitamin D supplementation might be helpful. Moreover, other treatment regimens are not well established. Understanding better the pathophysiology of SFs and the potential utility of current and future bone-active therapeutics may well yield approaches that could treat SFs more effectively.
Collapse
|
13
|
Syrop I, Fukushima Y, Mullins K, Raiser S, Lawley R, Bosshardt L, Finlay A, Ray J, Fredericson M. Comparison of Ultrasonography to MRI in the Diagnosis of Lower Extremity Bone Stress Injuries: A Prospective Cohort Study. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2022; 41:2885-2896. [PMID: 35316862 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound imaging (USI) compared to the reference-standard of MRI in the diagnosis of bone stress injury (BSI). METHODS A prospective blinded cohort study was conducted. Thirty seven patients who presented to an academic sports medicine clinic from 2016 to 2020 with suspected lower-extremity BSI on clinical exam underwent both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and USI. Participant characteristics were collected including age, gender and sport. Exclusion criteria included contraindication for dedicated MRI, traumatic fracture, or severe tendon or ligamentous injury. The primary outcome measure was BSI diagnosis by USI. An 8-point assessment system was utilized on USI for diagnosis of BSI, and the Fredericson and Nattiv22 criteria were applied to classify MRI findings. RESULTS Thirty seven participants who met study criteria were consented to participate. All participants completed baseline measures. Using MRI, there were 30 (81%) athletes with a positive and seven participants with a negative BSI diagnosis. The most common BSIs in the study were in the metatarsal (54%) and tibia (32%). Compared to MRI, USI demonstrated 0.80 sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.92) and 0.71 specificity (95% CI, 0.29-0.96) in detecting BSI, with a positive predictive value of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.75-0.99) and negative predictive value of 0.45 (95% CI, 0.17-0.77). CONCLUSIONS USI is a potentially useful point-of-care tool for practicing sports medicine providers to combine with their clinical evaluation in the diagnosis of BSIs. Further research is ongoing to determine the role of USI in follow-up care and return-to-play protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Syrop
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaeko Fukushima
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kevin Mullins
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sara Raiser
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard Lawley
- Sports Medicine, Orthopedic Centers of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Andrea Finlay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael Fredericson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Le HM, Stracciolini A, Stein CJ, Quinn BJ, Jackson SS. Platelet rich plasma for hallux sesamoid injuries: a case series. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 50:181-184. [PMID: 34346850 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2021.1964006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hallux sesamoid injuries are well described and can be debilitating and chronically disabling. The role of orthobiologics such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in sesamoid injuries has not been reported. This study describes three cases of recalcitrant hallux sesamoid injuries in teenage athletes who returned to impact activities, pain free, following one treatment of PRP. METHODS This is a case-series study describing three teenage athletes presenting to a tertiary level pediatric sports medicine practice with chronic hallux sesamoid injuries. RESULTS The three patients (two female, one male) described in this case series were 13-, 16-, and 17-year-old athletes. Their primary sports were ballet, basketball, and Irish step dance, respectively. All three athletes received PRP: two received unilateral treatment (one tibial sesamoid, one fibular sesamoid) and one received treatment to bilateral tibial sesamoids. The average duration of symptoms prior to PRP was 52.5 weeks (14-128 weeks). The average time out of their primary sport was 48.7 weeks (20-78 weeks). Three of the 4 sesamoids treated with PRP were tibial sesamoids. Each site of injury was treated with one treatment of leukocyte-rich PRP. All three athletes were cleared to return to impact activities such as running and jumping at 6-9 weeks following PRP, specifically 9 weeks after the final PRP injection for the patient who underwent bilateral treatments. CONCLUSION In the three cases provided of sesamoid injuries treated with PRP, the time to return to impact activities was less than reported for athletes not treated with PRP. Acknowledging that other management factors likely contributed to return to impact activities, this case series sets the groundwork for future research investigating the role of PRP with needle fenestration in the treatment of sesamoid injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung M Le
- Division of Sports Medicine, Orthopedics Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Stracciolini
- Division of Sports Medicine, Orthopedics Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia J Stein
- Division of Sports Medicine, Orthopedics Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bridget J Quinn
- Division of Sports Medicine, Orthopedics Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah S Jackson
- Division of Sports Medicine, Orthopedics Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Uncommon Bone Injuries in Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2021; 80:125-138. [PMID: 34868423 PMCID: PMC8607781 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soccer is the most common team sport in the world. A significant number of players are associated with a large number of injuries. Injuries occur in a variety of contexts regardless of the age or performance level of players. The vast majority of injuries involve soft tissues. Bone injuries are less common, but usually result in long-term exclusion from the game. Three different types of fractures related to soccer are classified as acute types, stress fractures and avulsion. This manuscript outlines the diagnostic procedures and treatments for stress fractures, avulsion fractures and bone cyst. The common feature of the described injuries includes frequent difficulties associated with the correct diagnosis and treatment direction. In therapeutic treatment, the doctor and the patient often have to choose between conservative treatment and surgical treatment, which in many cases is not simple. We suggest that in the event of injuries to soccer players, surgical treatment should be used, shortening the time to return to full sports activity. A very important element of the therapeutic process is proper rehabilitation, which should be individually tailored to the patient in order to optimize the treatment process. Some of the rehabilitation protocols should be permanently incorporated into the warm-up protocols for training. Such a procedure has a preventive effect.
Collapse
|
16
|
A Current Update on Pelvifemoral Conditions That Should be in the Differential Diagnosis for Patients With Lower Extremity Radiculopathy. Clin Spine Surg 2021; 34:206-215. [PMID: 34121075 DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0000000000001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients presenting to an outpatient spine clinic frequently report symptoms of low back pain with associated buttock, groin, and lower extremity pain. While many of these individuals suffer from lumbar spine radiculopathy, a number of different orthopedic pathologies can mimic these symptoms. Management depends substantially on a detailed history and physical examination, in addition to working from a broad list of differential diagnoses when evaluating these patients. It is imperative that spine practitioners have a comprehensive understanding of the differential diagnoses that may mimic those originating from the lumbar spine, especially when a patient's symptoms are atypical from classic radicular pain. Misdiagnosis can lead to unnecessary testing and treatment, while delaying an accurate clinical assessment and treatment plan. This review highlights common orthopedic diagnoses that may present similar to lumbar spine pathologies and the evidence-based evaluation of these conditions.
Collapse
|
17
|
Grant MJ, Molloy AP, Mason LW. The Use of Percutaneous Screw Fixation Without Fracture Site Preparation in the Treatment of Fifth Metatarsal Base Nonunion. J Foot Ankle Surg 2021; 59:753-757. [PMID: 32171444 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2019.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonunion after a proximal fifth metatarsal fracture can cause considerable pain, with high morbidity and loss of work. Although many authors advocate early surgical management of zone 3 injuries (Jones fractures), zone 1 and 2 fractures are generally expected to heal with conservative management. Uncommonly, zone 1 and 2 fractures can develop nonunions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of closed intramedullary screw fixation for nonunions of the fifth metatarsal base. We performed a prospective study involving all fifth metatarsal base nonunions treated in our department over 2 years. Only minimally displaced adult fractures were considered for this study. The fracture pattern was categorized using the Dameron classification (zone 1, styloid process; zone 2, metadiaphyseal area; zone 3, proximal diaphysis). All nonunions were fixed percutaneously under radiographic guidance, without fracture site preparation. Zone 1 injuries were fixed using a 3-mm headless compression screw, and those of zones 2 and 3, with an intramedullary 4-mm screw. Of 30 patients included in this study, a minimum 6-month clinical follow-up was obtained. The average time from injury to treatment was 5.9 months (range 3 to 36). There were no smokers in this patient cohort. There were 12 zone 1 injuries, 9 zone 2 injuries, and 9 zone 3 injuries. All patients achieved union by 3 months after screw fixation, with 29 of 30 achieving union by 6 weeks. All patients had resolution of symptoms. There were no complications. We conclude that percutaneous fixation of fifth metatarsal base nonunions, without fracture site preparation, achieves excellent results. We believe that the screw alters the strain of the fracture, thus promoting fibrous-to-osseous conversion and therefore union.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Grant
- Specialty Trainee, University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Specialty Trainee, Health Education North West (Mersey) Regatta Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Andy P Molloy
- Consultant Foot & Ankle Surgeon, University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lyndon W Mason
- Consultant Foot & Ankle Surgeon, University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rice HM, Kenny M, Ellison MA, Fulford J, Meardon SA, Derrick TR, Hamill J. Tibial stress during running following a repeated calf-raise protocol. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2382-2389. [PMID: 32757284 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tibial stress fractures are a problematic injury among runners. Increased loading of the tibia has been observed following prolonged weight-bearing activity and is suggested to be the result of reduced activity of the plantar flexor muscles. The musculature that spans the tibia contributes to bending of the bone and influences the magnitude of stress on the tibia during running. Participant-specific models of the tibia can be used as a non-invasive estimate of tibial stress. This study aimed to quantify tibial stress during running using participant-specific bone geometry and to compare tibial stress before and after a protocol of repeated muscular contractions of the plantar flexor muscle group. Fourteen participants who run recreationally were included in the final analysis of the study. Synchronized force and kinematic data were collected during overground running before and after an exhaustive, weighted calf-raise protocol. Bending moments and stress at the distal third of the tibia were estimated using beam theory combined with inverse dynamics and musculoskeletal modeling. Bone geometry was obtained from magnetic resonance images. There was no difference in stress at the anterior, posterior, medial, or lateral peripheries of the tibia after the calf-raise protocol compared with before. These findings suggest that an exhaustive, repeated calf-raise protocol did not alter tibial stress during running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Rice
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Megan Kenny
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Jon Fulford
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Stacey A Meardon
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | | | - Joseph Hamill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rice H, Weir G, Trudeau MB, Meardon S, Derrick T, Hamill J. Estimating Tibial Stress throughout the Duration of a Treadmill Run. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2257-2264. [PMID: 31634292 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stress fractures of the tibia are a problematic injury among runners of all levels. Quantifying tibial stress using a modeling approach provides an alternative to invasive assessments that may be used to detect changes in tibial stress during running. This study aimed to assess the repeatability of a tibial stress model and to use this model to quantify changes in tibial stress that occur throughout the course of a 40-min prolonged treadmill run. METHODS Synchronized force and kinematic data were collected during prolonged treadmill running from 14 recreational male rearfoot runners on two separate occasions. During each session, participants ran at their preferred speed for two consecutive 20-min runs, separated by a 2-min pause. The tibia was modeled as a hollow ellipse and bending moments and stresses at the distal third of the tibia were estimated using beam theory combined with inverse dynamics and musculoskeletal modeling. RESULTS Intraclass correlation coefficients indicated good-to-excellent repeatability for peak stress values between sessions. Peak anterior and posterior stresses increased after 20 min of prolonged treadmill running and were 15% and 12% greater, respectively, after 40 min of running compared with the start of the run. CONCLUSION The hollow elliptical tibial model presented is a repeatable tool that can be utilized to assess within-participant changes in peak tibial stress during running. The increased stresses observed during a prolonged treadmill run may have implications for the development of tibial stress fracture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rice
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM.,Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Gillian Weir
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | | | - Stacey Meardon
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, NC
| | | | - Joseph Hamill
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Song SH, Koo JH. Bone Stress Injuries in Runners: a Review for Raising Interest in Stress Fractures in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e38. [PMID: 32103643 PMCID: PMC7049623 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A bone stress injury (BSI) means that the bones cannot tolerate repeated mechanical loads, resulting in structural fatigue and local bone pain. A delay in BSI diagnosis can lead to more serious injuries, such as stress fractures that require longer treatment periods. Therefore, early detection of BSI is an essential part of management. Risk factors for BSI development include biological and biomechanical factors. Medical history and physical examination are the basics for a BSI diagnosis, and magnetic resonance imaging is helpful for confirming and grading. In this paper, the authors review the overall content of BSI and stress fractures which are common in runners. Through this review, we hope that interest in stress fractures will be raised in Korea and that active researches will be conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hong Song
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Jung Hoi Koo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abbott A, Bird M, Brown SM, Wild E, Stewart G, Mulcahey MK. Part II: presentation, diagnosis, classification, treatment, and prevention of stress fractures in female athletes. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2020; 48:25-32. [PMID: 31295036 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2019.1636546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Stress fractures (SFx) occur as the result of repetitive loads over short periods of time, which leads to micro-damage of the bone through cortical resorption, ultimately leading to fracture. They are a common injury in female athletes and often cause significant morbidity. The goal of this study is to review the presentation, diagnosis, classification, treatment, and prevention of SFx in female athletes.Results: A thorough history, physical exam, and appropriate imaging can facilitate early diagnosis of stress fracture (SFx) and faster resolution of symptoms with more conservative management. The female athlete triad is an especially important factor that contributes to the increased risk of SFx in females. The continuum of stress injuries ranges from mild microfailure to complete fracture, which has resulted in the development of newer grading schemas through MRI and radiographic findings. Stress fractures are also classified as low- or high-risk according to anatomic location, as blood supply and applied forces at different locations affect the likelihood of fracture propagation, displacement, delayed union, or non-union.Conclusions: The ability to screen for at-risk athletes is paramount in preventing SFx. Recognition and prompt treatment of the female athlete triad requires a multidisciplinary approach in order to restore energy balance, correct menstrual irregularities, and improve bone health. This review provides a basis for understanding how to identify and treat stress fractures, which may allow treating physicians to diagnose this condition earlier and minimize any associated morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Abbott
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mackenzie Bird
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Symone M Brown
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Emily Wild
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Greg Stewart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Mary K Mulcahey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Miller D, Marsland D, Jones M, Calder J. Early return to playing professional football following fixation of 5th metatarsal stress fractures may lead to delayed union but does not increase the risk of long-term non-union. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2019; 27:2796-2801. [PMID: 30167755 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-018-5104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 5th metatarsal stress fractures are frequently encountered in professional football. There is concern that early return to play following intra-medullary screw fixation may lead to an increased risk of delayed union. The purpose of the study was to assess whether an early return to play after surgical fixation of 5th metatarsal fractures in professional football players is a risk factor for delayed union and the effect of this on the ultimate clinical outcome. METHODS Retrospective review of prospectively collected data of a series of 37 professional football players following intramedullary screw fixation of 5th metatarsal stress fractures. End points included time of return to play and to radiological union of the fracture. RESULTS At a minimum follow-up of 24 months the mean return to play was 10.5 weeks and mean time to complete radiological union was 12.7 weeks. Return to play at 8 weeks or less resulted in a higher risk of delayed radiological union (24% at 3 months), but this neither prevented the athlete from continuing to play football nor did it affect the ultimate risk of non-union (3% overall). A re-fracture occurred in 1 patient (3%) at 10 months who previously had complete radiographic union at 9 weeks. CONCLUSION Intramedullary screw fixation of 5th metatarsal stress fractures leads to a predictable time of return to play and a low rate of non-union. If players return to play at 8 weeks or less a persistent line may be expected in up to a quarter of patients. However, if asymptomatic this radiological finding does not mean that athletes must avoid playing football as ultimately a good outcome is expected with low rates of non-union and refracture. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Case series, Level IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Miller
- Fortius Clinic, 17 Fitzhardinge St, London, W1H 6EQ, UK.
| | - Daniel Marsland
- Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Romsey Rd, Winchester, SO22 5DG, UK
| | - Mary Jones
- Fortius Clinic, 17 Fitzhardinge St, London, W1H 6EQ, UK
| | - James Calder
- Fortius Clinic, 17 Fitzhardinge St, London, W1H 6EQ, UK.,FORCE Sports Research Centre, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jasqui-Remba S, Jasqui-Bucay A, Jasqui-Bucay A, Fernández-De-Lara-Barrera Y. Bilateral femoral neck stress fractures in a high-performance young female runner. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/8/e230900. [PMID: 31451476 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-230900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A 16-year-old female patient showed up at the orthopaedics unit complaining of intolerable pain on her left hip. While being questioned and her clinical history written down, she shared that as part of her daily exercise routine, she ran 10 miles (16 km) daily at a speed of 9.5-10.5 mph (15-17 km/hour). MRI was consequently ordered, confirming the presence of a stress fracture. Therefore, immediate suspension of physical activity was indicated, followed by the prescription of crutches as well as restricted weight bearing. Gradually, she recovered complete functionality and approximately a month after she had entirely healed. While on a skiing trip, again she abruptly developed an acute pain on her right hip. Another MRI was ordered; its result confirmed a new stress fracture. Her previous treatment has proved so successful, a conservative approach was once again prescribed for her, showing optimum results 6 months later.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salomon Jasqui-Remba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, American British Cowdray Medical Center, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Alan Jasqui-Bucay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Ángeles Lomas, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | - Ariel Jasqui-Bucay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Ángeles Lomas, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
[Stress fracture of athletes as a cause of groin pain]. Radiologe 2019; 59:204-211. [PMID: 30701303 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-019-0493-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
CLINICAL/METHODICAL ISSUE In this article, suitable imaging of stress reactions and stress fractures in athletes will be examined. STANDARD RADIOLOGICAL METHODS Diagnostic procedures include X‑ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and bone scintigraphy. METHODICAL INNOVATIONS MRI represents the gold standard for these types of injuries. PERFORMANCE Of all imaging techniques, MRI shows the highest sensitivity in terms of diagnostic and prognostic aspects in stress reactions and stress fractures. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS Early performance of MRI to evaluate the staging, therapy and prognosis of the healing process is recommended.
Collapse
|
25
|
Lohrer H, Malliaropoulos N, Korakakis V, Padhiar N. Exercise-induced leg pain in athletes: diagnostic, assessment, and management strategies. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2019; 47:47-59. [PMID: 30345867 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2018.1537861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to describe and critically evaluate current knowledge regarding diagnosis, assessment, and management of chronic overload leg injuries which are often non-specific and misleadingly referred to as 'shin splints'. We aimed to review clinical entities that come under the umbrella term 'Exercise-induced leg pain' (EILP) based on current literature and systematically searched the literature. Specifically, systematic reviews were included. Our analyses demonstrated that current knowledge on EILP is based on a low level of evidence. EILP has to be subdivided into those with pain from bone stress injuries, pain of osteo-fascial origin, pain of muscular origin, pain due to nerve compression and pain due to a temporary vascular compromise. The history is most important. Questions include the onset of symptoms, whether worse with activity, at rest or at night? What exacerbates it and what relieves it? Is the sleep disturbed? Investigations merely confirm the clinical diagnosis and/or differential diagnosis; they should not be solely relied upon. The mainstay of diagnosing bone stress injury is MRI scan. Treatment is based on unloading strategies. A standard for confirming chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is the dynamic intra-compartmental pressure study performed with specific exercises that provoke the symptoms. Surgery provides the best outcome. Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) presents a challenge in both diagnosis and treatment especially where there is a substantial overlap of symptoms with deep posterior CECS. Conservative therapy should initially aim to correct functional, gait, and biomechanical overload factors. Surgery should be considered in recalcitrant cases. MRI and MR angiography are the primary investigative tools for functional popliteal artery entrapment syndrome and when confirmed, surgery provides the most satisfactory outcome. Nerve compression is induced by various factors, e.g., localized fascial entrapment, unstable proximal tibiofibular joint (intrinsic) or secondary by external compromise of the nerve, e.g., tight hosiery (extrinsic). Conservative is the treatment of choice. The localized fasciotomy is reserved for recalcitrant cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Lohrer
- a European SportsCare Network (ESN) - Zentrum für Sportorthopädie , Wiesbaden-Nordenstadt , Germany
| | | | - Vasileios Korakakis
- c Department of Rehabilitation , Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar
| | - Nat Padhiar
- d William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Sports & Exercise Medicine , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chung JS, Sabatino MJ, Fletcher AL, Ellis HB. Concurrent Bilateral Anterior Tibial Stress Fractures and Vitamin D Deficiency in an Adolescent Female Athlete: Treatment With Early Surgical Intervention. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:397. [PMID: 31637224 PMCID: PMC6787143 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Case: A 16-year-old African American multi-sport female athlete presents with bilateral worsening activity-related leg pain for 5 months. Multiple bilateral anterior tibial diaphyseal stress fractures and significant vitamin D deficiency were identified. She was treated with a combination of vitamin D supplements and static intramedullary nailing of the bilateral tibias resulting in clinical and radiographic healing and return to sports. Discussion: Vitamin D deficiency and high level of activity in a young athlete may be the etiology to atypical multiple stress fractures. In athletes who may want to return to sport rapidly, early operative intervention and correction of vitamin D deficiency may be treatment options. Level of Evidence: Level V- case report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane S Chung
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, United States.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Meagan J Sabatino
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Amanda L Fletcher
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Henry Bone Ellis
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, United States.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Stress and Insufficiency Fractures. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-017-9239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|