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Sykes CA, Uzal FA, Mete A, Ochoa J, Filigenzi M, Poppenga RH, Asin J. Renal Lesions in Horses with Oleander (Nerium oleander) Poisoning. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111443. [PMID: 35681907 PMCID: PMC9179870 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A presumptive postmortem diagnosis of oleander (Nerium oleander) poisoning is made based on the histological observation of cardiomyocyte degeneration and necrosis, which is considered to be a reliable diagnostic marker, and can be confirmed via the detection of oleandrin in tissues or fluids. However, cardiac lesions may not be present in every case, and autolysis can often preclude the identification of subtle changes in the cardiomyocytes. Several studies of experimental oleander poisoning have noted the presence of renal lesions in multiple mammalian species, and case studies of accidental exposure have found similar, although more variably severe, renal abnormalities. Kidney pathology in horses with oleander poisoning has been only briefly mentioned. In this study, we reviewed 21 cases of spontaneous oleander poisoning in horses, evaluated the kidneys microscopically, and compared the renal microscopic lesions with those detected in 10 horses that died or were euthanized due to other causes to assess if histological renal changes could serve as an additional diagnostic marker for oleander poisoning in horses. We found that microscopic renal lesions, principally mild to moderate tubular changes such as hyaline cast formation, neutrophilic casts, epithelial attenuation and necrosis, as well as mineralization and congestion, occur in horses with oleander poisoning. Most of these changes match the descriptions of lesions previously noted in other species, although with less frequency and severity. Similar lesions were found in horses that died spontaneously due to different causes or were euthanized. We concluded that microscopic renal lesions may be detected in horses with oleander poisoning but they cannot be used as a diagnostic marker that allows differentiation from other disease processes or causes of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A. Sykes
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS Davis Branch, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS San Bernardino Branch, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA
| | - Aslı Mete
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS Davis Branch, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jennine Ochoa
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS Tulare Branch, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - Michael Filigenzi
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS Davis Branch, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Robert H. Poppenga
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS Davis Branch, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Javier Asin
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS San Bernardino Branch, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(909)-751-3314
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Ceci L, Girolami F, Capucchio MT, Colombino E, Nebbia C, Gosetti F, Marengo E, Iarussi F, Carelli G. Outbreak of Oleander ( Nerium oleander) Poisoning in Dairy Cattle: Clinical and Food Safety Implications. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080471. [PMID: 32722138 PMCID: PMC7472096 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleander is a spontaneous shrub widely occurring in Mediterranean regions. Poisoning is sporadically reported in livestock, mainly due to the ingestion of leaves containing toxic cardiac glycosides (primarily oleandrin). In this study, 50 lactating Fleckvieh cows were affected after being offered a diet containing dry oleander pruning wastes accidentally mixed with fodder. Clinical examination, electrocardiogram, and blood sampling were conducted. Dead animals were necropsied, and heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and intestine were submitted to histological investigation. Oleandrin detection was performed through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in blood, serum, liver, heart, milk, and cheese samples. Severe depression, anorexia, ruminal atony, diarrhea, serous nasal discharge, tachycardia, and irregular heartbeat were the most common clinical signs. The first animal died within 48 h, and a total of 13 cows died in 4 days. Disseminated hyperemia and hemorrhages, multifocal coagulative necrosis of the cardiac muscle fibers, and severe and diffuse enteritis were suggestive of oleander poisoning. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of oleandrin in serum, liver, heart, milk, and cheese. Our results confirm the high toxicity of oleander in cattle and report for the first time the transfer into milk and dairy products, suggesting a potential risk for the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Ceci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (L.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Flavia Girolami
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Carlo Nebbia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Fabio Gosetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy;
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Iarussi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Grazia Carelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (L.C.); (G.C.)
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A Probable Fatal Case of Oleander (Nerium oleander) Poisoning on a Cattle Farm: A New Method of Detection and Quantification of the Oleandrin Toxin in Rumen. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080442. [PMID: 31349685 PMCID: PMC6723884 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleander (Nerium oleander) is an ornamental plant common in tropical and sub-tropical regions that is becoming increasingly widespread, even in temperate regions. Oleander poisoning may occur in animals and humans. The main active components contained in the plant are cardiac glycosides belonging to the class of cardenolides that are toxic to many species, from human to insects. This work describes a case of oleander poisoning that occurred on a small cattle farm and resulted in the fatality of all six resident animals. Furthermore, the investigation of the poisonous agent is described, with particular focus on the characterization of the oleandrin toxin that was recovered from the forage and rumen contents. The innovation of this study is the first description of the detection and quantification of the oleandrin toxin by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) in rumen.
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