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Romagnoli S, Krekeler N, de Cramer K, Kutzler M, McCarthy R, Schaefer-Somi S. WSAVA guidelines for the control of reproduction in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2024. [PMID: 38804079 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- S Romagnoli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Viale dell'Università 16, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - N Krekeler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - K de Cramer
- Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Kutzler
- Dept of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, 112 Withycombe Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - R McCarthy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, United States
| | - S Schaefer-Somi
- Center for Reproduction, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
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Kendall A, Byron JK, Westropp JL, Coates JR, Vaden S, Adin C, Oetelaar G, Bartges JW, Foster JD, Adams LG, Olby N, Berent A. ACVIM consensus statement on diagnosis and management of urinary incontinence in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:878-903. [PMID: 38217372 PMCID: PMC10937496 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Urinary incontinence (UI) is a disorder of micturition that can occur in dogs of any age, sex, and breed depending on the underlying cause and time of onset. Diagnosis and treatment for various causes of UI in dogs have been described by multiple comprehensive single author review articles, but large prospective clinical trials comparing treatment outcomes in veterinary medicine are lacking. The objectives of this consensus statement therefore are to provide guidelines on both recommended diagnostic testing and treatment for various causes of UI in dogs. Specifically, pathophysiology directly related to the canine urinary system will be reviewed and diagnostic and therapeutic challenges will be addressed. A panel of 12 experts in the field (8 small animal internists [L. Adams, J. Bartges, A. Berent, J. Byron, J. Foster, A. Kendall, S. Vaden, J. Westropp], 2 neurologists [J. Coates, N. Olby], 1 radiologist [G. Oetelaar], and 1 surgeon [C. Adin]) was formed to assess and summarize evidence in the peer-reviewed literature and to complement it with consensus recommendations using the Delphi method. Some statements were not voted on by all panelists. This consensus statement aims to provide guidance for management of both male and female dogs with underlying storage or voiding disorders resulting in UI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kendall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesNC State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Julie K. Byron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jodi L. Westropp
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of CADavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joan R. Coates
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Missouri College of Veterinary MedicineColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Shelly Vaden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesNC State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Chris Adin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Garrett Oetelaar
- VCA Canada Calgary Animal Referral and Emergency (CARE) CentreCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Joe W. Bartges
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | | | - Larry G. Adams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesPurdue University College of Veterinary MedicineWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Natasha Olby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesNC State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Allyson Berent
- Service of Interventional Radiology and Interventional EndoscopyAnimal Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
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Bohlen M, Nickel R. Artificial urethral sphincter in male dogs with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence: 19 cases (2010-2017). J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:397-402. [PMID: 35015298 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the outcome and safety of surgically placed artificial urethral sphincters in male dogs with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included dogs with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence treated by placing an artificial urethral sphincter from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2017. The continence score (scale 1 to 5, with 5 indicating complete continence) was evaluated before and after implantation. Follow-up information was obtained from the institution's medical records (short-term up to 12 months) and questionnaires were completed by telephone (long-term ≥12 months) for evaluation. RESULTS Nineteen Medical therapy was unsuccessful in 18 dogs and unknown in one dog before the artificial urethral sphincter placement. Short-term continence improved in 16 of the 19 (84%) dogs. Four patients were lost to follow-up. Nine of 15 (60%) dogs showed long-term continence improvement, eight of 15 (53%) remained completely continent. The median follow-up was 1785 (range 2 to 3234) days. The complication rate was 56% (9/16). Minor complications, including haematoma, stranguria/temporary dyssynergia and mild inflammation at the port, were reported in four of 16 (25%) dogs. Five of 16 (31%) experienced major complications, including stranguria/mechanical urethral obstruction, persistent dyssynergia, fistula at the port and port rotation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Artificial urethral sphincter placement is a valid option for treating incontinent male dogs that show an insufficient response or become refractory to medical or other prior surgical management. A high-complication rate is associated with this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bohlen
- Evidensia Small Animal Hospital Norderstedt, Kabels Stieg 41, Norderstedt, Germany
| | - R Nickel
- Evidensia Small Animal Hospital Norderstedt, Kabels Stieg 41, Norderstedt, Germany
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Restoration of Reproductive Hormone Concentrations in a Male Neutered Dog Improves Health: A Case Study. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 45:100565. [PMID: 34332118 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This case study reports on the use of hormone therapy to treat a dog with a range of physical and behavioral signs that began after gonadectomy. A male mixed breed dog neutered at 7 months of age presented at 1 year with health issues impacting quality of life. Reduced mobility, limping, rapid weight gain, and fear of unfamiliar people were treated over the next 3 years with trials of pain medication, joint supplements, thyroxine, antidepressant, and significant diet restrictions. Frequent carprofen administration and daily joint supplements reduced limping, but mobility was still poor. Weight stabilized on a strict diet but fear and anxiety responses to strangers continued to worsen. Hormone restoration therapy was initiated when the dog was almost 4 years of age. Weekly subcutaneous administration of testosterone cypionate (0.5 mg/kg) significantly reduced pain and increased muscle mass, thereby improving mobility. However, supraphysiologic concentrations of luteinizing hormone were not reduced with testosterone therapy so a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist was implanted. After hormone restoration, appetite was reduced, and anxiety and fear behaviors became manageable. The testosterone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment was easily administered, had no known side effects, and the owners were pleased with the outcome.
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Nishi R, Motegi T, Maeda S, Tamahara S, Momoi Y, Matsuki N, Yonezawa T. Clinical assessment of testosterone analogues for urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in ten spayed female dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:274-279. [PMID: 33441521 PMCID: PMC7972894 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is a common cause of urinary
incontinence in dogs. Although estrogen is often prescribed for the medical therapy of
USMI for spayed female dogs, they are known to have limited effectiveness and potential
adverse effects. In castrated male dogs with USMI, testosterone reagents have been
attempted besides estrogen. In this study, the effect of testosterone drugs, mainly
methyltestosterone, on spayed female dogs with USMI was retrospectively evaluated. Ten
spayed female dogs with USMI were included. Diagnosis of USMI was based on the results of
the dogs’ medical history, clinical signs, and no abnormalities in physical examinations,
urinalysis, ultrasonography, X-ray imaging, and neurological examinations.
Methyltestosterone was administered at doses of 0.32–1.27 mg/kg BW p.o. semel in
die (sid.) to twice a week. Nine of the ten dogs had good or
excellent responses 2 to 4 weeks after the start of treatment. The minimum effective dose
was 0.32 mg/kg/day. Although no severe adverse symptoms occurred in any dog, a mild
increase in alanine aminotransferase was temporally observed at doses of 1.0 and 1.1
mg/kg/day in the two dogs. After dose reduction or withdrawal, two of eight dogs had
recurrence of urinary incontinence. Resumption of testosterone treatment clearly improved
the symptoms in the two dogs. These results indicate that testosterone reagents might be
an option for treating USMI in spayed female dogs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reo Nishi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Tomoki Motegi
- Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tamahara
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Momoi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Naoaki Matsuki
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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Abstract
Incontinence is a frustrating condition for both pet owners and their veterinarians. Fortunately, most causes are easily diagnosed and most dogs respond to appropriate therapy. This article reviews normal urine storage and voiding, causes of incontinence, typical clinical presentation, diagnostics, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Acierno
- Department of Medicine, Midwestern University, 5715 West Utopia Road, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Mary Anna Labato
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
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Hall JL, Owen L, Riddell A, Church DB, Brodbelt DC, O'Neill DG. Urinary incontinence in male dogs under primary veterinary care in England: prevalence and risk factors. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 60:86-95. [PMID: 30387152 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate prevalence and identify demographic risk factors for urinary incontinence in male dogs. METHODS AND METHODS The study population included all dogs within the VetCompass database from September 1, 2009 to July 7, 2013. Electronic patient records were searched for urinary incontinence cases; demographic and clinical information were extracted and analysed. RESULTS Of 109,428 male dogs attending 119 clinics in England, there were an estimated 1027 dogs diagnosed with urinary incontinence, giving a prevalence of 0.94% (95% confidence interval: 0.88 to 1.00). Breeds with highest odds of incontinence in male dogs (compared with mixed breed dogs) included the bull mastiff (odds ratio: 17.21, 95% confidence interval: 6.65 to 44.56, case=5, non-case=314, P<0.001), Irish red setter (odds ratio: 12.79, 95% confidence interval: 4.83 to 33.84, case=5, non-case=142, P<0.001), fox terrier (odds ratio: 9.60, 95% confidence interval: 3.68 to 25.05, case=5, non-case=176, P < 0.001), bulldog (odds ratio: 5.72, 95% confidence interval: 2.24 to 14.59, case=5, non-case=929, P<0.001) and boxer (odds ratio: 3.65, 95% confidence interval: 1.84 to 7.25, case=10, non-case=1470, P<0.001). Increased odds of urinary incontinence were associated with greater age (age 9 to 12 years, odds ratio: 10.46, 95% confidence interval: 6.59 to 16.62, n=12,348, P<0.001) and being insured (odds ratio: 1.96, 95% confidence interval: 1.53 to 2.51, n=26,202, P<0.001). There was no association with castration or bodyweight using multi-variable analysis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The overall prevalence of urinary incontinence in male dogs is approximately 1%, which may be higher than expected given the sparsity of reports describing this problem. In contrast to bitches, neutering and bodyweight were not associated with greater odds of urinary incontinence, which is important when giving neutering advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Hall
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - L Owen
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30ES, UK
| | - A Riddell
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30ES, UK
| | - D B Church
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D C Brodbelt
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D G O'Neill
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
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Owen LJ. Ureteral ectopia and urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence: an update on diagnosis and management options. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 60:3-17. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Owen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB3 0ES UK
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