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Davies LN, Biswas S, Bullimore M, Cruickshank F, Estevez JJ, Khanal S, Kollbaum P, Marcotte-Collard R, Montani G, Plainis S, Richdale K, Simard P, Wolffsohn JS. BCLA CLEAR presbyopia: Mechanism and optics. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2024; 47:102185. [PMID: 38796331 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
With over a billion adults worldwide currently affected, presbyopia remains a ubiquitous, global problem. Despite over a century of study, the precise mechanism of ocular accommodation and presbyopia progression remains a topic of debate. Accordingly, this narrative review outlines the lenticular and extralenticular components of accommodation together with the impact of age on the accommodative apparatus, neural control of accommodation, models of accommodation, the impact of presbyopia on retinal image quality, and both historic and contemporary theories of presbyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon N Davies
- School of Optometry, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Sayantan Biswas
- School of Optometry, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Fiona Cruickshank
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Jose J Estevez
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Optometry and Vision Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Safal Khanal
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sotiris Plainis
- School of Optometry, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK; Laboratory of Optics and Vision, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | | | - Patrick Simard
- School of Optometry, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James S Wolffsohn
- School of Optometry, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Kaida T, Ono T, Tokunaga T, Takada K, Tokuda S, Kuwabara N, Kawamorita T, Kamiya K, Shoji N, Miyata K. Prevalence of Accommodative Microfluctuations in Eyes after Cataract Surgery. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5135. [PMID: 37568536 PMCID: PMC10419933 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12155135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate the existence of accommodative microfluctuations in eyes after cataract surgery. METHODS This retrospective observational cohort study included 1160 eyes of 713 patients (mean age: 72.5 ± 8.3 years) who underwent phacoemulsification, intraocular lens insertion, and an evaluation of accommodative microfluctuations with an autorefractometer. Patients with posterior segment disorders resulting in visual acuity impairment and those with unavailable medical information were excluded. High-frequency components (HFCs), between 1.0-2.3 Hz, based on fast Fourier transform analysis of the accommodative microfluctuation data were examined at postoperative 2-3 (2 M) and 6 months (6 M). The relationships between the HFCs and patient age, manifest refraction, and axial length were analyzed. RESULTS Increased HFC values (>65) were observed at a constant rate after cataract surgery, with prevalence rates of 33.4% at 2 M and 34.7% at 6 M. Postoperatively, at 2 M, increased HFC values were significantly more common for eyes with axial length ≥26 mm than for those with axial length <26 mm (p = 0.0056). However, they were not significantly correlated to age or postoperative manifest refraction. CONCLUSIONS At 2 M postoperatively, increased HFC values presented more frequently in eyes with a greater axial length; hence, the precise detection and understanding of postoperative accommodative spasms in high myopia patients is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kaida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyazaki 885-0051, Japan (T.T.); (S.T.)
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyazaki 885-0051, Japan (T.T.); (S.T.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Tadatoshi Tokunaga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyazaki 885-0051, Japan (T.T.); (S.T.)
| | - Keita Takada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyazaki 885-0051, Japan (T.T.); (S.T.)
| | - Shota Tokuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyazaki 885-0051, Japan (T.T.); (S.T.)
| | - Naoto Kuwabara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyazaki 885-0051, Japan (T.T.); (S.T.)
| | - Takushi Kawamorita
- Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kamiya
- Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shoji
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyazaki 885-0051, Japan (T.T.); (S.T.)
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Lee SH, Kim M, Kim H, Park CY. Visual fatigue induced by watching virtual reality device and the effect of anisometropia. ERGONOMICS 2021; 64:1522-1531. [PMID: 34270388 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1957158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of small anisometropia on visual fatigue when using virtual reality (VR) devices was investigated. Participants (n = 34) visited three times. In the first visit, VR exposure (10 min) was conducted with the full correction of the refractive error of both eyes. Experimental anisometropia was induced by adding a + 1.0 dioptre spherical lens either on the dominant eyes in the second visit or on the non-dominant eyes in the third visit. At each visit, the participants played a predetermined video game using a head-mounted display VR for 10 min. Visual fatigue was assessed before and after playing VR game using the Virtual Reality Symptom Questionnaire (VRSQ) and high-frequency component of accommodative microfluctuation. Results showed that watching VR induced significant increase of VRSQ score, significant decrease in the maximum accommodation power and objective increase in visual fatigue. Experimental anisometropia induction either on the dominant or non-dominant eyes did not aggravate visual fatigue. Practitioner summary: Mild differences in refractive error (up to 1.0 dioptre) between both eyes do not significantly increase ocular fatigue by viewing virtual reality device (10 min). The impact of small anisometropia may be limited in developing a virtual reality device. Abbreviations: VR: virtual reality; VRSQ: virtual reality symptom questionnaire; HMD: head-mounted display; HFC: high-frequency component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyeok Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Martha Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Hyosun Kim
- Samsung Display, Display R&D center, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Choul Yong Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
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Gifford KL, Schmid KL, Collins JM, Maher CB, Makan R, Nguyen E, Parmenter GB, Rolls BM, Zhang XS, Atchison DA. Multifocal contact lens design, not addition power, affects accommodation responses in young adult myopes. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41:1346-1354. [PMID: 34605581 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prolonged nearwork has been implicated in myopia progression. Accommodation responses of young-adult myopes wearing different multifocal contact lenses were compared. METHODS Twenty adults, 18-25 years, with myopia (spherical equivalent refraction -0.50 to -5.50 D, mean -2.1 ± 1.6 D) wore five lens types in random order: Proclear single vision distance (SV), MiSight concentric dual-focus +2.00 D Add (MS), Biofinity aspheric centre distance +1.50 D Add (CD1) and +2.50 D Add (CD2) (all Coopervision), and NaturalVue aspheric (Visioneering Technologies) (NVue). Using a Grand-Seiko WAN-5500 autorefractor with binocular correction and viewing right eye accommodative responses were measured after a 10 min adaptation period at 4.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.33 and 0.25 m distances. Dynamic measurements were taken for 4 s at 6 Hz. Accommodative stimuli and responses were referenced to 4 m (i.e., refraction differences between 4 m and nearer distances). Accommodation lags and refraction instabilities (standard deviations of dynamic responses) were determined. For comparison, results were obtained for an absolute presbyopic eye, where trial lenses counteracted the accommodation stimulus. RESULTS For SV and MS, accommodation responses were similar to the stimulus values. For aspheric lenses CD1, CD2 and NVue, accommodation responses were approximately 1.0 D lower across the stimulus range than with SV and MS, and rates of change were approximately 0.84 D per 1 D stimulus change. MS produced greater refraction instabilities than other lenses. For the presbyope, changes in refraction matched the trial lenses, indicating that corrections due to measurement through the different lenses were not needed. CONCLUSION Reductions in accommodation response occurred in young myopes wearing aspheric multifocal contact lenses independent of the labelled 'add' power. The concentric dual-focus MS lens produced minimal lags but had greater instability than the other lenses. The results indicate that the mechanism of multifocal contact lenses slowing myopia progression is unlikely to be through relaxing accommodation, at least in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Gifford
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katrina L Schmid
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Josh M Collins
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clare B Maher
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Riya Makan
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Evonne Nguyen
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gemma B Parmenter
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bronte M Rolls
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xinyue S Zhang
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David A Atchison
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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She M, Li T, Hu Q, Zhu J, Zhou X. Relationship between age, refractive errors and motor fusion in a normal Chinese adult population: a cross-sectional study. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:345. [PMID: 34556073 PMCID: PMC8461894 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the relationships between motor fusion and sex, age and spherical equivalent (SE). Methods This observational study enrolled 243 healthy, nonstrabismic adults, including 94 men and 149 women aged 20 to 59 years. The subjects were divided into three groups according to SE: myopic, emmetropic and hyperopic groups. The subjects were also divided into four groups according to age: 20–29, 30–39, 40–49 and 50–59 years groups. Motor fusion was measured with a synoptophore, including subjective angle (SA), divergence, convergence and fusional vergence range (FVR). Results The mean values of divergence, convergence and FVR for the whole sample group were 9.72 ± 0.26°, 19.34 ± 0.54°, and 29.06 ± 0.62°, respectively. A higher value of divergence was found in the myopic group than in the emmetropic group (p < 0.05). SE and divergence were significantly different among age groups (all p < 0.05). In addition, linear regression analysis showed that SE was correlated with divergence (p = 0.003). Age was correlated with SE, divergence and FVR (p < 0.001, p = 0.005, p = 0.002, respectively). In addition, the proportion of SA being in the comfort zone (defined as the value of SA satisfying Percival’s criterion) in the age groups was significantly different (χ2 = 8.283, p = 0.041). Conclusions Motor fusion is associated with age and SE in the normal Chinese adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man She
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, 201508, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, 201508, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, 201508, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, 201508, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, 201508, Shanghai, China.
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The Effects of Chewing Gum in Preventing Eyestrain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2470473. [PMID: 33274199 PMCID: PMC7683129 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2470473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effects of chewing gum and tablet candy to reduce eyestrain in healthy individuals. Materials and Methods A double-blinded crossover trial was conducted. Forty-six healthy individuals (23 men, 23 women) between 20 and 59 years old, feeling eyestrain, were enrolled. Each 10-year age group included 12 individuals except the 30s group, which included 10 individuals. A visual task was performed on reading material displayed on a computer screen at a fixed distance for 60 min. Gum or tablet candy of two pieces were chewed for two 15-min periods starting 15 and 45 min after starting to read. Subjects chewed gum on Day 1 and tablet candy on Day 2, and vice versa. Primary outcome is as follows: subjective eye fatigue (eye tiredness, eye heaviness, blurred vision, double vision, and eye dryness) using a visual analog scale (VAS). Secondary outcomes are as follows: subjective accommodation from near and far points of accommodation measured with a D'ACOMO, spherical equivalent refraction, and eye dryness by analyzing ring break-up time (RBUT) measured with the RT-7000 Auto Ref-Topographer. Results The VAS scores of subjective eye fatigue were not significantly changed between chewing gum and tablet candy (P = 0.397 − P = 0.909). Those scores of eye tiredness and eye heaviness were significantly longer before and after the visual task with tablet candy (P = 0.013 and P = 0.025, respectively) but not with chewing gum. The changes of subjective accommodation were significantly lower after the visual task between chewing gum and candy (P = 0.043). There were significant differences among each age group (20 s vs. 30 s, P = 0.594; 20 s vs. 40 s, P = 0.002; 20 s vs. 50 s, P = 0.002). After reading, the changes of spherical equivalent refraction did not indicate a shift toward myopia (P = 0.267). In the RBUT, there were no significant differences between the samples (P = 0.680). Conclusions Chewing gum helps improve the ability of the eye to focus, especially in young adults.
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Changes in accommodative micro-fluctuations after wearing contact lenses of different optical designs. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2020; 43:493-496. [PMID: 32201056 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accommodative micro-fluctuations (AMF) are small dioptric changes during accommodation. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare changes in AMF when wearing silicone hydrogel contact lenses of two different optical designs. METHODS A multi-centre, randomised, cross-over, non-dispensing study was conducted on 68 adapted contact lens wearers aged 25-35 years to compare AMF responses to a spherical and aspheric silicone hydrogel (comfilcon A) lens designs. A Righton Speedy "i" series Auto Refractometer in accommodation analyser mode was utilized before and after reading a standard text in font size 8 on an iPhone 5 for 20 min at a 25 cm viewing distance. Phone screen brightness was set by automatic adjustment mode and ambient illumination was controlled at all sites. RESULTS Mean ± SD AMF change from before to after the reading task was 2.25 ± 5.6 and 0.13 ± 5.7 (relative values) for the spherical and aspheric lens designs, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.017, Paired t-test). CONCLUSIONS The smaller change in AMF when using an aspheric lens design suggests reduced ciliary muscle stress when reading print on a smart phone at a close distance for short periods (20 min). Contact lens wearers who frequently use digital devices and are experiencing eye strain may benefit from switching from a spherical design to one that incorporates aspheric optics.
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Kosehira M, Machida N, Kitaichi N. A 12-Week-Long Intake of Bilberry Extract ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Improved Objective Findings of Ciliary Muscle Contraction of the Eye: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Comparison Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030600. [PMID: 32106548 PMCID: PMC7146147 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 12-week-long randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison trial was conducted to determine the effects of long-term standardized bilberry extract (SBE) intake on tonic accommodation of ciliary muscle caused by visual display terminal (VDT) tasks. This study was compliant with the accordance with CONSORT 2010 statement. A total of 109 healthy adult men and women aged 20–60 years were recruited and randomized into SBE and placebo groups. The subjects in the SBE and placebo groups were administered 240 mg of SBE and placebo, respectively, once daily for 12 weeks. Tests were performed before and after VDT tasks at week 0, 4, 8, and 12; high-frequency component (HFC)-1 value was the evaluation outcome. Results showed that post-load HFC-1 values at weeks 8 and 12 were significantly improved in the SBE group than in the placebo group (p = 0.014 and 0.017, respectively). This study shows that oral consumption of 240 mg SBE extract for 12 weeks relieves the tonic accommodation of the ciliary muscle caused by VDT tasks and near-vision tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kosehira
- Research Department, Omnica Co., Ltd, 4-21-7 Itabashi, Itabashi Ward, Tokyo 173-0004, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (N.M.); Tel.: +81-3-5944-4201 (M.K. & N.M.); Fax: +81-3-5944-4211(M.K. & N.M.)
| | - Naomichi Machida
- Research Department, Omnica Co., Ltd, 4-21-7 Itabashi, Itabashi Ward, Tokyo 173-0004, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (N.M.); Tel.: +81-3-5944-4201 (M.K. & N.M.); Fax: +81-3-5944-4211(M.K. & N.M.)
| | - Nobuyoshi Kitaichi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo 002-8072, Japan;
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Lee SH, Kim M, Kim H, Park CY. Relationship between Ocular Fatigue and Use of a Virtual Reality Device. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2020.61.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyeok Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Martha Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
- Sensory Organ Research Center, Dongguk University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyosun Kim
- Display R&D Center, Samsung Display Co., Ltd, Yongin, Korea
| | - Choul Yong Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
- Sensory Organ Research Center, Dongguk University, Goyang, Korea
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Redondo B, Vera J, Luque-Casado A, García-Ramos A, Jiménez R. Associations between accommodative dynamics, heart rate variability and behavioural performance during sustained attention: A test-retest study. Vision Res 2019; 163:24-32. [PMID: 31374236 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the time-on-task effect of a sustained attention task on the accommodative response, explored the link between ocular accommodation, cardiac autonomic regulation and behavioral performance, and tested the inter-session repeatability of these results by performing the same experimental procedure on different days. The accommodative response was measured in 25 university students using a WAM-5500 autorefractor, while participants performed a 10-minute psychomotor vigilance task at 50 cm. There were no time-on-task effects for the lag of accommodation, whereas the microfluctuations of accommodation and reaction time were modulated as a function of time-on-task, observing a progressive increment of both variables over time. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the microfluctuations of accommodation were a reasonably good predictor of behavioral performance. Analysis of inter-session repeatability showed that ocular accommodation, heart rate variability and reaction time had a low to moderate level of repeatability between two measurements. The microfluctuations of accommodation were sensitive to time-on-task effects during sustained attention, with a lower stability of accommodation being linked to reduced behavioral performance. The predictive capacity of the variability of accommodation for behavioral performance might be explained by the brain mechanisms shared by the ocular dynamics and attentional state; however, future studies would be required to elucidate this association. The low to moderate inter-session repeatability indicated that results in two measurement periods cannot be considered interchangeable, and therefore, the results of this study should be interpreted cautiously in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Redondo
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Vera
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Antonio Luque-Casado
- Center for Sport Studies, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain; Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Raimundo Jiménez
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Hirota M, Kanda H, Endo T, Miyoshi T, Miyagawa S, Hirohara Y, Yamaguchi T, Saika M, Morimoto T, Fujikado T. Comparison of visual fatigue caused by head-mounted display for virtual reality and two-dimensional display using objective and subjective evaluation. ERGONOMICS 2019; 62:759-766. [PMID: 30773103 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1582805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate objective and subjective visual fatigue experienced before and after performing a visual task while using a head-mounted display for virtual reality (VR-HMD) and two-dimensional (2D) display. Binocular fusion maintenance (BFM) was measured using a binocular open-view Shack-Hartmann wavefront aberrometer equipped with liquid crystal shutters. Twelve healthy subjects performed the BFM test and completed a questionnaire regarding subjective symptoms before and after performing a visual task that induces low visually induced motion sickness (VIMS). BFM (p = .87) and total subjective eye symptom scores (p = .38) were not significantly different between both groups, although these values were significantly lower after the visual task than before the task within both groups (p < .05). These findings suggest that visual fatigue after using a VR-HMD is not significantly different from that after using a 2D display in the presence of low-VIMS VR content. Practitioner summary: Objective and subjective evaluation of visual fatigue were not significantly different with the use of a head-mounted display for virtual reality (VR-HMD) and two-dimensional display. These results should be valuable not only to engineers developing VR content but also to researchers involved in the evaluation of visual fatigue using VR-HMD. Abbreviations: VR: virtual reality; VR-HMD: head-mounted display for virtual reality; BFM: binocular fusion maintenance; BWFA: binocular open-view Shack-Hartmann wavefront aberrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hirota
- a Department of Applied Visual Science , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanda
- a Department of Applied Visual Science , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
| | - Takao Endo
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyoshi
- c Department of Integrative Physiology , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
| | - Suguru Miyagawa
- a Department of Applied Visual Science , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
- d Topcon Corporation , Itabashi , Japan
| | | | | | | | - Takeshi Morimoto
- a Department of Applied Visual Science , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
| | - Takashi Fujikado
- a Department of Applied Visual Science , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Japan
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Park SM, Lee HM. Objective Evaluation of Asthenopia Using Accommodative Microfluctuation in the High-Frequency Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.14479/jkoos.2018.23.4.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Morita Y, Jounai K, Miyake M, Inaba M, Kanauchi O. Effect of Heat-Killed Lactobacillus paracasei KW3110 Ingestion on Ocular Disorders Caused by Visual Display Terminal (VDT) Loads: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Parallel-Group Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10081058. [PMID: 30096952 PMCID: PMC6116181 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual display terminals (VDTs) emitting blue light can cause ocular disorders including eye fatigue. Some dietary constituents have been reported to be effective in improving ocular disorders while few clinical studies have been performed. We evaluated the effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus paracasei KW 3110 on improving ocular disorders and symptoms of eye fatigue among healthy human subjects with VDT loads. METHODS In vitro, the effect of L. paracasei KW3110 on blue light-induced human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cell damage. For clinical studies, 62 healthy Japanese volunteers of 35 to 45 years of age who had experienced eye fatigue were randomized into two groups and given a placebo or L. paracasei KW3110-containing supplements for eight weeks. The primary endpoint was changes in VDT load-induced eye fatigue as determined by critical flicker frequency four and eight weeks after the start of supplementation. RESULTS In vitro, blue light-induced human retinal cell death was suppressed with the culture supernatants of cells treated with L. paracasei KW3110. In clinical study, the VDT load-induced reduction of critical flicker frequency tended to be milder in the L. paracasei KW3110 group when compared with the placebo group during the fourth week. Subgroup analysis classified by the degree of eye fatigue showed that the VDT load-induced reduction of critical flicker frequency was significantly better in the high-level eye fatigue subjects from the L. paracasei KW3110 group when compared with the placebo group during the fourth week (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS L. paracasei KW3110 suppressed blue light-induced retinal pigment epithelial cell death. In the clinical study, ingestion of L. paracasei KW3110 had a potential to improve eye fatigue induced by VDT loads especially high levels of eye fatigue. However, further studies should be required to show more dependable clinical efficacy of L. paracasei KW3110.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Morita
- Research Laboratories for Health Science & Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd., 1-13-5 Fukuura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Kenta Jounai
- Technical Development Center, Koiwai Dairy Products Co. Ltd., Sayama, Saitama 350-1321, Japan.
| | - Mika Miyake
- Research Laboratories for Health Science & Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd., 1-13-5 Fukuura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
| | | | - Osamu Kanauchi
- Research Laboratories for Health Science & Food Technologies, Kirin Company, Ltd., 1-13-5 Fukuura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
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Hirota M, Morimoto T, Kanda H, Endo T, Miyoshi T, Miyagawa S, Hirohara Y, Yamaguchi T, Saika M, Fujikado T. Objective Evaluation of Visual Fatigue Using Binocular Fusion Maintenance. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:9. [PMID: 29600117 PMCID: PMC5868862 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In this study, we investigated whether an individual's visual fatigue can be evaluated objectively and quantitatively from their ability to maintain binocular fusion. Methods Binocular fusion maintenance (BFM) was measured using a custom-made binocular open-view Shack-Hartmann wavefront aberrometer equipped with liquid crystal shutters, wherein eye movements and wavefront aberrations were measured simultaneously. Transmittance in the liquid crystal shutter in front of the subject's nondominant eye was reduced linearly, and BFM was determined from the transmittance at the point when binocular fusion was broken and vergence eye movement was induced. In total, 40 healthy subjects underwent the BFM test and completed a questionnaire regarding subjective symptoms before and after a visual task lasting 30 minutes. Results BFM was significantly reduced after the visual task (P < 0.001) and was negatively correlated with the total subjective eye symptom score (adjusted R2 = 0.752, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the diagnostic accuracy for visual fatigue was significantly higher in BFM than in the conventional test results (aggregated fusional vergence range, near point of convergence, and the high-frequency component of accommodative microfluctuations; P = 0.007). Conclusions These results suggest that BFM can be used as an indicator for evaluating visual fatigue. Translational Relevance BFM can be used to evaluate the visual fatigue caused by the new visual devices, such as head-mount display, objectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hirota
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morimoto
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanda
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Endo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyoshi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Suguru Miyagawa
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Topcon Corporation, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Takashi Fujikado
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Sato T, Bakhit MS, Suzuki K, Sakuma J, Fujii M, Murakami Y, Ito Y, Sugano T, Saito K. Utility and safety of a novel surgical microscope laser light source. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192112. [PMID: 29390016 PMCID: PMC5794154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue injuries caused by the thermal effects of xenon light microscopes have previously been reported. Due to this, the development of a safe microscope light source became a necessity. A newly developed laser light source is evaluated regarding its effectiveness and safety as an alternative to conventional xenon light source. METHODS We developed and tested a new laser light source for surgical microscopes. Four experiments were conducted to compare xenon and laser lights: 1) visual luminance comparison, 2) luminous and light chromaticity measurements, 3) examination and analysis of visual fatigue, and 4) comparison of focal temperature elevation due to light source illumination using porcine muscle samples. RESULTS Results revealed that the laser light could be used at a lower illumination value than the xenon light (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in visual fatigue status between the laser light and the xenon light. The laser light was superior to the xenon light regarding luminous intensity and color chromaticity. The focal temperature elevation of the muscle samples was significantly higher when irradiated with xenon light in vitro than with laser light (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The newly developed laser light source is more efficient and safer than a conventional xenon light source. It lacks harmful ultraviolet waves, has a longer lifespan, a lower focal temperature than that of other light sources, a wide range of brightness and color production, and improved safety for the user's vision. Further clinical trials are necessary to validate the impact of this new light source on the patient's outcome and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mudathir S. Bakhit
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kyouichi Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Red Cross Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jun Sakuma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masazumi Fujii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuhei Ito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sugano
- Kyoto Office, Mitsubishi Electric Engineering Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Kaido M, Kawashima M, Shigeno Y, Yamada Y, Tsubota K. Relation of accommodative microfluctuation with dry eye symptoms in short tear break-up time dry eye. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184296. [PMID: 28886090 PMCID: PMC5590915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate accommodative microfluctuations (AMFs) and visual function in short tear break-up time (BUT)-type dry eye (DE) and non-DE subjects. Methods This prospective comparative study included 48 volunteers with DE symptoms (mean age 34.8 ± 5.5 years, age range 25–42 years) and 73 without DE symptoms (mean age 30.6 ± 4.7 years, age range 25–42 years). The eyes were divided into two groups: (1) DE group with DE symptoms and BUT ≤ 5 s and (2) non-DE group without DE symptoms and BUT > 5 s. We excluded eyes with Schirmer score ≤ 5 mm and positive keratoconjunctival epithelial damage. Tear evaluation, AMF, and functional visual acuity (VA) examinations were performed. AMF parameters included total high-frequency component (HFC), HFC with low accommodation for the task of staring into the distance (HFC1), and HFC with high accommodation for deskwork (HFC2). Functional VA parameters included starting VA, functional VA, visual maintenance ratio, and blink frequency. Results A total of 33 and 34 eyes were categorized in the DE and non-DE groups, respectively. Mean blink frequency and HFC1 values were significantly higher in the DE group than they were in the non-DE group. Conclusions DEs with symptoms showed abnormal AMF and visual function, which may be associated with DE symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Kaido
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Shinanozaka Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoko Kawashima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Shigeno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kaido M, Kawashima M, Ishida R, Tsubota K. Severe symptoms of short tear break-up time dry eye are associated with accommodative microfluctuations. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11:861-869. [PMID: 28503063 PMCID: PMC5426475 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s128939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Validating the hypothesis that accommodative microfluctuations (AMFs) may be associated with severe symptoms in short tear break-up time (BUT) dry eye (DE). METHODS This study included 12 subjects with short BUT DE (age: 49.6±18.3 years). Diagnoses were performed based on the presence of DE symptoms, BUT ≤5 s, Schirmer score >5 mm, and negative keratoconjunctival epithelial damage. Tear evaluation, AMF, and functional visual acuity (VA) examinations were conducted before and after DE treatment. The AMF parameters evaluated were: total high-frequency component (HFC), HFC with low accommodation for the task of staring into the distance (HFC1), HFC with high accommodation for deskwork (HFC2). A subjective questionnaire of DE symptoms was also performed. RESULTS Mean BUT increased from 1.9±2.0 to 6.4±2.5 s after treatment (P<0.05). The mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution functional VA significantly improved (from 0.19±0.19 to 0.12±0.17; P<0.05). Mean power spectrum values for total HFC and HFC1 decreased (from 61.3±5.7 to 53.8±6.6 dB and from 62.9±10.5 to 52.4±6.2 dB, respectively; P<0.05), while the mean HFC2 power spectrum values did not differ before and after treatment (P>0.05). Subjective DE symptoms were reduced in nine patients. CONCLUSION Along with the improvement of BUT after treatment, DE symptoms diminished and HFC1 and functional VA improved, suggesting that tear film instability is associated with deterioration of functional VA, AMF, and DE symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Kaido
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo.,Wada Eye Clinic, Chiba
| | - Motoko Kawashima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Reiko Ishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo.,Ishida Eye Clinic, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo
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Charman WN, Heron G. Microfluctuations in accommodation: an update on their characteristics and possible role. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2015; 35:476-99. [DOI: 10.1111/opo.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Neil Charman
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Gordon Heron
- Vision Sciences; Glasgow Caledonian University; Glasgow UK
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Jeng WD, Ouyang Y, Huang TW, Duann JR, Chiou JC, Tang YS, Ou-Yang M. Research of accommodative microfluctuations caused by visual fatigue based on liquid crystal and laser displays. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:H76-H84. [PMID: 25322435 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.000h76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Different levels of visual fatigue in the human eye depend on different color-formation methods and image quality. This paper uses the high-frequency component of the spectral power of accommodative microfluctuations as a major objective indicator for analyzing the effects of visual fatigue based on various displays, such as color-formation displays and 3D displays. Also, a questionnaire is used as a subjective indicator. The results are that 3D videos cause greater visual fatigue than 2D videos (p<0.001), the shutter-type 3D display causes visual fatigue more than the polarized type (p=0.012), the display of the time-sharing method causes greater visual fatigue than the spatial-formation method (p=0.008), and there is no significance between various light source modules of displays (p=0.162). In general, people with normal color discrimination have more visual fatigue than those with good color discrimination (p<0.001). Therefore, this paper uses the high-frequency component of accommodative microfluctuations to evaluate the physiological stress or strain by overexerting the visual system, and can compare the level of visual fatigue between various displays.
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Iwasaki T, Nagata T, Tawara A. Potential preventive effects of a new visual intervention for accommodative insufficiency and asthenopia due to sustained near task. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 228:181-7. [PMID: 22261636 DOI: 10.1159/000334621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate whether a new visual intervention with optical and binocular vergence demands prevents accommodative insufficiency and asthenopia after sustained periods of visual task. METHODS Fourteen female students were given the intervention with optical and binocular vergence demands for 1.5 min immediately after 20 min of a sustained task on a three-dimensional display. Before and after the trial, their ocular functions were measured and their symptoms assessed. A new type of intervention was developed that can vary optical and binocular vergence demands. For control, the subjects rested with eyes closed for 1.5 min after the task instead of the intervention. RESULTS In the control group, accommodative contraction time (from far to near) and accommodative relaxation time (from near to far) was delayed from 1.13 to 1.68 s and from 1.36 to 1.60 s, respectively, and the symptom of asthenopia increased after rest. In the intervention group, however, changes in those functions were smaller than those in the control group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the new intervention with optical and binocular vergence demands is effective for the treatment of accommodative insufficiency that follows sustained periods of visual task, and consequently, the symptom of asthenopia induced by accommodative insufficiency may decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneto Iwasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan. kabosu @ med.uoeh-u.ac.jp
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Influence of three-dimensional image viewing on visual function. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2011; 55:175-182. [DOI: 10.1007/s10384-011-0011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Meek R, Sullivan A, Favilla M, Larmour I, Guastalegname S. Is Homatropine 5% effective in reducing pain associated with corneal abrasion when compared with placebo? A randomized controlled trial. Emerg Med Australas 2010; 22:507-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2010.01346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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